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铝土矿是化学风化作用的细粒终极产物,与强烈的化学风化作用密切相关。根据母岩的类别及作用过程,风化作用进一步分为铝硅酸盐岩强化学风化形成的红土化作用和碳酸盐岩强化学风化形成的钙红土化作用。在强烈的化学风化过程中,地表的原始沉积物(母岩)的原生矿物发生溶蚀、水解、水化、碳酸化、氧化,破坏原始的矿物结构,形成新的细粒矿物(主要是黏土质矿物)。在适合的地质条件下,持续的强烈化学风化作用会造成大部分活动的元素(如K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si)的流失与Al的残留富集从而形成铝土矿。现在观察到的沉积型铝土矿,虽然与古风化壳具有密切联系,但沉积型铝土矿多数是由沉积过程搬运到沉积盆地中所形成的强化学风化产物的沉积层,与古风化壳的残坡积层具有显著差别,只有少数工业价值不大(品位低、品质差)的残坡积相铝土矿。铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积环境与铝土矿(尤其是高品位、高品质的铝土矿)的成矿环境不尽相同。铝土矿主要形成于暴露于大气中的陆表环境(而非水下环境),由地下水淋滤作用形成(在渗流带由活动元素流失、Al等稳定元素残留富集而成)。本研究在铝土矿成矿作用分析等基础上,提出了以铝土矿沉积物等物源和沉积、成矿作用为依据的中国铝土矿床分类方案,包括原地或准原地残坡积物成因的红土型和喀斯特型,和异地物源沉积成因的沉积型。 相似文献
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Subaerial leaching process of sedimentary bauxite and the discussion on classifications of bauxite deposits 
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下载免费PDF全文 Bauxite is the ultimate fine-grained products of chemical weathering,and thus it is closely linked with the intense chemical weathering. Based on variations of parent rock and weathering processes,the weathering products can be subdivided into laterite and terra rossa,of which the former is formed by weathering of aluminosilicates and the latter is produced by the weathering of carbonates. During the intense chemical weathering,minerals in original subaerial sediments(parent rocks)would suffer a series of processes(dissolution,hydrolyzation,hydration,carbonation,and oxidation)and be destroyed or transformed,leading to formation of new minerals. In the favorable environment,continuously intense chemical weathering would cause the loss of most mobile elements(e.g., K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si)and the enrichment of Al,resulting in the formation of bauxite. Although sedimentary bauxites are closely linked with the weathering curst,they show obvious differences in formation processes. Sedimentary bauxites are composed of intense chemical weathering products that are transported from outside of the basin and re-deposited in the basin,while most weathering crusts are transformed from saprolite and/or deluvium in-situ,and they can only form low-grade bauxites. Sedimentary environments also differ in bauxite ore layers and bauxitic claystone layers. Bauxite ore layers are formed in the subaerial environment and controlled by the leaching process of groundwater in the vadose zone. Based on the analysis of bauxitization,this study proposes to use multiple parameters,such as provenance,sedimentation and mineralization,to build the new classification of Chinese bauxite deposits. In this classification,lateritic and karstic types of bauxite deposits are autochthonous or parautochthonous saprolite and/or deluvium,while sedimentary type is dominated by heterochthonous provenance. 相似文献
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发育完整的灰岩风化壳及其矿物学和地球化学特征 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
对于碳酸盐岩土覆土壤成因、尽管碳酸盐岩风化残积成土说被多数学者认同,但由于碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物含量极低,在风化成土过程中会伴随着巨大的体积缩小变化,原岩结构和半风化带无法保留,从而缺失了探索上覆土壤物质来源的重要中间环节,使得这种观点缺乏野外宏观证据的支持。最近,我们在贵州、湖南等地发现了数个以泥质灰岩和泥质白云岩为基岩的碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面,尚保留有较好的原岩结构,具有明显的风化壳分带和过渡现象。这些风化壳剖面的发现为深入研究碳酸盐岩风化成土过程提供了良好的研究场所。本文选取了较为典型的吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面,从矿物学地球化学的角度来探讨碳酸盐岩风化壳的形成过程和发育特征,结果表明该风化壳既遵循非碳酸盐岩（主要是结晶岩类）风化壳的发育特征,也具有自己独特的地球化学演化规律。风化壳总体特点受碳酸盐中的酸不溶物矿物组合及化学成分的影响甚至控制,风化非碳酸盐风壳相似的发育特征。吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面的发育特征和作者早先提出 的碳酸盐岩风化成土的两阶段模式是一致的,即以碳酸盐矿物大量淋失、酸不溶物逐渐堆积或残积为特征的早期阶段和残积物进一步风化成土的阶段,后一阶段的演化类似非碳酸盐岩类的风化过程。 相似文献
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红土型镍矿床是全球镍矿成因体系中资源储量最大的一类.为探讨红土型镍矿床成因机制的多样性,基于全球广域尺度,选择以载镍矿物为分类视角,开展铁氧化物型、水镁硅酸盐型和粘土型等3类矿床的对比研究.铁氧化物型矿床在矿化剖面上以铁质红土层为优势岩(土)相层,以针铁矿为主要载镍矿物,矿石中镍品位偏低但伴生钴矿化.矿床的成矿条件依赖于热带气候环境、稳定大地构造背景、纯橄榄岩母岩和剪切构造带等多种因素的集成耦合.强氧化和水解作用是载镍铁氧化物和氢氧化物发育的主要机制,镍在红土化过程中主要以类质同象进入低结晶度针铁矿晶格或被吸附的方式富集成矿;水镁硅酸盐型矿床以风化壳中出现厚大腐岩层为标志,以镍蛇纹石、镍滑石等水镁硅酸盐矿物为主要载镍矿物相,矿石多为高品位硅镁镍矿.矿床的发育严格受控于热带雨林或热带草原气候环境,与活跃大地构造背景及富镁橄榄岩母岩条件密切相关,属强淋滤表生作用的产物.离子交换作用和次生沉淀作用共同构成了水镁硅酸盐矿床发育的成矿机制;粘土型矿床以红土剖面中出现稳定的粘土矿物层为标志,局限于偏干旱的热带气候背景,与低缓的地形地貌、排水受阻的水文环境及蛇纹岩母岩条件等具有专属性联系,属未遭受充分表生淋滤作用的产物.镍与次生蒙脱石类矿物发生离子交换作用是粘土型矿床发育的主要机制. 相似文献
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The Çalda? nickel laterite deposit located in the Aegean region of W. Turkey contains a reserve of 33 million tons of Ni ore with an average grade of 1.14% Ni. The deposit is developed on an ophiolitic serpentinite body which was obducted onto Triassic dolomites in the Late Cretaceous. The deposit weathering profile is both laterally and vertically variable. A limonite zone, which is the main ore horizon, is located at the base of the profile. A hematite horizon is located above the limonite, which in the south of the deposit is capped by Eocene freshwater limestones and in the north by a siliceous horizon. The deposit is unusual in lacking a significant saprolite zone with little development of Ni-silicates. The boundary between the limonite zone and serpentinite below is sharp with a marked decrease in concentrations of MgO from 13 to 1 wt.% over a distance of 2 mm representing the ‘Mg discontinuity’. Ni concentrations within goethite, the main ore mineral, reach a maximum of ~3 wt.% near the base of the limonite zone. Silica concentrations are high throughout most of the laterite with up to 80 wt.% silica in the upper portion of some profiles. The combination of a serpentinite protolith and a high water table at Çalda?, in association with an aggressive weathering environment in a tropical climate, resulted in the formation of an oxide-dominated deposit. The precipitation of silica may coincide with a change in climate with silica precipitation linked to an increase in seasonality. Additional variations within profile morphology are attributed to transportation during and after laterite development as a result of faulting, pocket type laterite formation and slumping, each of which produces a contrasting set of textural and geochemical features. 相似文献
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Kolonodale矿床是东南亚红土镍矿带上一处典型矿床,位于印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东部。矿床产自富镁超基性岩红土风化壳,矿化剖面自上而下出现红土层→腐岩层→基岩层垂向分带。红土镍矿石产在红土剖面上部,载镍矿物是铁质氧化物。硅镁镍矿石产在红土剖面中下部,载镍矿物为镍蛇纹石、镍滑石等含水层状硅酸盐矿物。地球化学分析显示,沿矿化剖面元素地球化学分异非常显著,Ni次生富集效应明显。超基性岩红土化过程的元素地球化学行为具有多样性,Fe、Al、Ti、Cr属残留富集组分,Si、Mg属淋滤缺失组分,Mn、Ca、Co、Ni属次生富集组分。通过典型矿床对比,Kolonodale矿床属原地自生硅酸盐型红土镍矿床,其发育受地质背景和地表环境条件的综合制约。富镁超基性岩、良好的构造组合、稳定的大地构造环境、湿热热带雨林气候、有利地形地貌等均是成矿有利条件。综合分析认为,Kolonodale矿床的成矿过程可划分为腐岩化、红土化和次生富集3个成矿阶段。 相似文献
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Lateritization processes of ultramafic rocks in Cretaceous times: The fossil weathering crusts of mainland Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The lateritic weathering crusts exposed in mainland Greece were developed on ophiolitic ultramafic lithologies during lower Cretaceous times. The lateritic profile consists of four zones: bedrock, saprolite clay (nontronite) and goethitic. The profiles show large variations in thickness, continuity, mineralogy and chemical characteristics. They are broadly similar to clay nickel laterite deposits. The uppermost gravelly ferruginous sector was eroded and the material reworked and redeposited partly on the lateritic crust. Silcrete layers, characteristic of groundwater silcretes, were formed into the clay and goethitic zones. Significant supergene nickel enrichments occur in the clay and saprolite zones, indicating that water moved downward to a very low water table. The structure and mineralogy of the weathering crusts indicates that environmental conditions were likely to have been dominated by alternating wet and dry periods. 相似文献
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Kolonodale矿床是东南亚红土镍矿带上一处典型矿床,位于印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东部。矿床产自富镁超基性岩红土风化壳,矿化剖面自上而下出现红土层→腐岩层→基岩层垂向分带。红土镍矿石产在红土剖面上部,载镍矿物是铁质氧化物。硅镁镍矿石产在红土剖面中下部,载镍矿物为镍蛇纹石、镍滑石等含水层状硅酸盐矿物。地球化学分析显示,沿矿化剖面元素地球化学分异非常显著,Ni次生富集效应明显。超基性岩红土化过程的元素地球化学行为具有多样性,Fe、Al、Ti、Cr属残留富集组分,Si、Mg属淋滤缺失组分,Mn、Ca、Co、Ni属次生富集组分。通过典型矿床对比,Kolonodale矿床属原地自生硅酸盐型红土镍矿床,其发育受地质背景和地表环境条件的综合制约。富镁超基性岩、良好的构造组合、稳定的大地构造环境、湿热热带雨林气候、有利地形地貌等均是成矿有利条件。综合分析认为,Kolonodale矿床的成矿过程可划分为腐岩化、红土化和次生富集3个成矿阶段。 相似文献
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Concentration of Fe-oxides and alumina in weathering processes are main geological reactions for lateritization and bauxitization, respectively. In western Japan, red-coloured soil formed by weathering processes developed in many places. This soil is composed of hydrous Fe-oxide minerals, hydrous alumina minerals and other minerals. It was formed in the upper part of deep weathering crust by weathering processes under some kind of sub-tropical climate, probably in the Pliocene. One of these occurrences is observed in the upper part of Goshikidai and Konodai, west part of Takamatsu city, northeast Shikoku Island, west Japan. A deep weathering crust is distributed on wide hilly plains ranging from 250 to 400 m a.m.s.l. in the northwestern region of Takamatsu city. Original rock of the weathering crust is bronzite andesite and glassy bronzite andesite, so-called ‘sanukite’. The andesites had been weathered under some special climate, and the geological age of the weathering is the same as above. The mineral assemblage and formation mechanism are similar to those of laterite and bauxite. The weathering crust developing in this region are subdivided into the three following zones: (1) A zone, composed of hydrous Fe-oxides and metahalloysite with small amounts of gibbsite and it is associated with white veins of metahalloysite; (2) B zone, composed of hydrous Fe-oxides and metahalloysite (some material is associated with -cristobalite); and C zone, composed of metahalloysite or halloysite and -cristobalite with relict crystals of feldspar and quartz, and some material is associated with montmorillonite. Chemical analyses of the materials of the three zones show the formation mechanisms of the weathering crust. 相似文献
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The present study examines a fossil saprock–saprolite–laterite-profile beneath the sub-Cambrian peneplain in the Pan-African Roded Granite, Israel, with regard to structure and magnetic fabrics (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, AMS), and image analysis of compaction. The deformed granite shows two pre-weathering foliations, S1m (magmatic) and S2g (gneissic). Pre-Early Cambrian weathering comprised weathering-brecciation in saprock and saprolite, and chemical weathering with clay-formation in saprolite and laterite. During subsequent Phanerozoic burial the laterite was vertically compacted to 73% of its original thickness. In the laterite, compaction produced an unconformity-parallel cleavage (S3d) with increasing intensity towards the unconformity. Bulk susceptibility (κbulk) and anisotropy (P′) decrease from the unweathered granite into the saprolite, as a result of progressive magnetite breakdown, martitization and weathering-brecciation. In the laterite, an enrichment of haematite and relic Fe–Mg–mica lead to increased κbulk. Here, magnetic fabrics trace the compaction fabrics. The subhorizontal, compactional clay–/mica-fabric S3d defines a structurally weak and impermeable layer. The mechanical weakness of a clay-enriched weathering horizon with an unconformity-parallel, planar shape-preferred orientation, combined with the potentially overpressured state due to the sealing character of such a zone provides a viable explanation for the abundant localization of decollement horizons at or beneath basement-cover interfaces. 相似文献
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《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2000,13(1-2):47-65
Chemical, mineralogical, and petrographic data from the Los Pijiguaos bauxite deposit, together with the water chemistry of the streams draining the area, were used to study the problem of lateritic bauxite formation at this location. The Los Pijiguaos bauxite, located at the northwestern edge of the Guayana Shield in Venezuela, is a lateritic bauxite developed on a Precambrian Rapakivi Granite Batholith, the Parguaza Granite. This deposit is situated on a planation surface at elevations between 600 and 700 m; it is believed to have originated during an erosional event that took place during Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary times.The weathering profile is composed of an upper bauxite zone, followed by a saprolite, and merging gradually to the fresh granite. The upper bauxitic zone contains gibbsite, quartz, hematite, and goethite. The saprolite contains kaolinite, quartz, and goethite and is characterized by a relict granitic texture that indicates little bulk volume change associated with the weathering process. The upper bauxitic zone has lost any textural resemblance with the parent granite, consistent with extensive volume loss.Bauxite and saprolite are separated by a transition zone where gibbsite and kaolinite coexist. Textures indicating the replacement of kaolinite by gibbsite point to the dynamic nature of the weathering profile, characterized by advancing reaction fronts.The chemical composition of the deposit defines trends that can be traced back to the composition of the parent granite and shows enrichment of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2, and depletion of SiO2, relative to the parent granite. The uppermost part of the profile is characterized by a further enrichment of Fe2O3 with respect to the other components of the bauxite. Important volume and mass losses in the bauxite have also been calculated, based on chemical composition and density measurements. The calculated losses are consistent with the textural observations in the bauxite.The chemical composition of the waters of streams draining the area shows strong seasonal patterns, consistent with the seasonal nature of the local climate (one dry and one rainy season per year, both about six months long). The balance between dissolved and suspended loads in these streams indicates that the magnitudes of chemical and physical denudation are similar, leading to approximately constant thicknesses of the weathering profiles. These observations are consistent with model calculations based on current climatic conditions and suggest that the bauxitization process is still active. 相似文献
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头寨滑坡玄武岩腐岩的岩石化学和矿物学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用化学全分析、薄片鉴定及扫描电镜等测试、观察手段,分析了头寨滑坡发生的岩体玄武岩及其腐岩玄武岩腐岩的岩石化学和矿物学特征。化学全分析结果表明新鲜玄武岩与核心石在除Fe外,其它组分无明显的改变;核心石在转变为腐岩过程中Si、Ca、Na、Mg等元素逐渐流失,Fe、Al等逐渐富集,同时烧失量LOI和化学蚀变指数CIA显著增加,硅铝比逐渐减少。薄片鉴定表明主要矿物化学风化作用顺序为玻璃质、辉石、斜长石,与造岩矿物风化稳定性序列一致,腐岩中主要的次生矿物为蒙皂石及绿泥石。在扫描电镜下观察到风化前锋形态曲折,风化前锋附近矿物呈现物理裂痕,沿着解理面更易出现,风化前锋两侧的岩石矿物形态差异显著。岩体的化学-物理耦合风化作用不仅表现在宏观尺度上,而且在细观-微观的尺度上更为明显。铁元素的价态变化存在于玄武岩腐岩形成的整个过程之中并导致岩石体积增大,从而产生物理裂纹。 相似文献
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东南亚地区红土型镍矿分布较广,成矿地质条件优越。该类矿床产于超基性岩带顶部红土型风化壳内,矿石多为含镍的褐铁矿化黏土,其产出规模、分布范围和品位高低与原岩类型、气候变化、地形地貌和构造条件关系密切。成矿物质主要来源于超基性岩体,是镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体风化-淋滤-淀积的产物,矿石的矿物组分与风化土的矿物组分大体一致,属黏土硅酸盐镍矿床。本文在收集前人资料的基础上,系统地阐述了矿床区域地质背景、矿床地质特征及成矿分布规律初步研究,总结出了该类矿区找矿标志及成矿规律,对寻找红土型镍矿床具有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
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Klaus Germann Torsten Schwarz Mario Wipki 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(4):787-798
The intra- and epicontinental basins in north-east Africa (Egypt, Sudan) bear ample evidence of weathering processes repeatedly having contributed to the formation of mineral deposits throughout the Phanerozoic.The relict primary weathering mantle of Pan-African basement rocks consists of kaolinitic saprolite, laterite (in places bauxitic) and iron oxide crust. On the continent, the reaccumulation of eroded weathering-derived clay minerals (mainly kaolinite) occurred predominantly in fluvio-lacustrine environments, and floodplain and coastal plain deposits. Iron oxides, delivered from ferricretes, accumulated as oolitic ironstones in continental and marine sediments. Elements leached from weathering profiles accumulated in continental basins forming silcrete and alunite or in the marine environment contributing to the formation of attapulgite/saprolite and phosphorites.The Early Paleozoic Tawiga bauxitic laterite of northern Sudan gives a unique testimony of high latitude lateritic weathering under global greenhouse conditions. It formed in close spatial and temporal vicinity to the Late Ordovician glaciation in north Africa. The record of weathering products is essentially complete for the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary. From the continental sources in the south to the marine sinks in the north, an almost complete line of lateritic and laterite-derived deposits of bauxitic kaolin, kaolin, iron oxides and phosphates is well documented. 相似文献
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菲律宾AREA矿区红土镍矿为硫化镍矿岩体风化-淋滤-沉积形成的地表风化壳型矿床,矿体赋存在含矿风化基岩中。为圈定该矿区红土镍矿有利地段,依据岩(矿)石物性特征、矿体地质特征,采用对称四极电阻率剖面法(简称对称四极法)面积性测量,发现低阻异常;利用高密度电阻率测深法(简称高密度电法)剖面,对成矿有利地段进行评价并确定含矿层厚度和产状,圈定镍矿富集部位。工程验证结果表明,见矿较好位置与电法结果吻合较好。研究结果表明,红土镍矿勘探在前期工作中,采用电阻率法可圈定含矿层范围和延伸产状,有效缩小勘探范围,指导工程勘探布置,节约勘探成本。 相似文献
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赣北鄱阳湖地区土塘剖面发育第四纪红土,自下而上可分为强网纹红土层、弱网纹红土层、微网纹红土层、均质红土层和下蜀黄土层。基于常量元素、粒度分析数据以及前人年代框架,初探土塘剖面化学风化特征及其古气候意义。(1)土塘剖面粒度组分均一,常量元素含量相近,风化淋溶强烈。(2)土塘剖面各地层间化学风化强度存在差异:下蜀黄土层为初期的去Na、Ca阶段;均质红土层为中期的去K阶段;微网纹红土层由去K阶段向去Si阶段过渡;网纹红土层已完全进入晚期去Si阶段。剖面常量元素的相对迁移能力为:Na2O>MnO2>CaO>P2O5>MgO>K2O>SiO2>Al2O3>TiO2>Fe2O3。(3)中更新世以来赣北鄱阳湖地区气候总体上由暖湿趋于干冷,期间伴随多个明显的干湿旋回佐证强烈的淋溶与干湿交替作用是网纹红土发育的重要驱动因子。 相似文献
20.
RON GOLDBERY 《Sedimentology》1979,26(2):229-251
Petrographical and mineralogical studies of the Lower Jurassic sequence exposed at Makhtesh Ramon, have shown the domination of a lateritic suite of epiclastic sediments of pisolite conglomerate and laterite arenite composition. Their subsequent modification by epigenetic processes of chemical weathering has given rise to the formation of flint clay, high alumina flint clay, laterite and mottled and variegated claystone. Within the Nahal Ardon area, both the transported laterite accumulates and the autochthonous lithologies occur interbedded within the same section. In all, a total of ten lithofacies have been defined and mapping of the various units, grouped into allochthonous and autochthonous classes, has established the existence of lateral facies changes between Nahal Ardon, where the sequence rests on a broad undulatory Triassic basement, and the zone to the west where it occurs as infillings of Triassic solution cavities, sink holes and irregular depressions. Vertical profile studies of the lithofacies indicate that the vertical range of ground water movements increased westwards from Nahal Ardon and resulted in the transported laterite accumulates being subjected to varying degrees of chemical weathering. The observed lateral facies changes are a direct consequence of this. Within the ‘karstic’ zone, the laterite accumulates in addition to the overlying younger carbonate lithologies have been converted to flint clay and demonstrate the intraformational genesis of the flint clay, whereby vertical ground water movements are related to recharge of aquifer zones within the underlying Triassic Mohilla Formation. 相似文献