共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 734 毫秒
1.
2.
河西地区的植被资源由于人们对它开发利用和管理不当已产生了明显的衰退, 例如: 森林植被资源、灌丛植被资源、草原植被资源分布面积的缩小和质量的下降, 荒漠植被资源变得愈来愈稀少, 草甸植被资源产生明显的衰退以至植物大量死亡, 等等。为了改善河西地区植被资源的质量和防止衰退, 必须对它进行合理利用、治理和保护, 积极种草种树, 合理地利用, 严禁乱砍滥伐和毁草毁林开荒, 适当进行封育和建立自然保护区等措施。 相似文献
3.
黄土高原农户可持续生计评估及未来生计策略——基于陕西延安市和宁夏固原市1076 户农户调查 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
农户可持续生计问题是黄土高原自实施生态退耕政策以来备受关注的关键科学问题之一。通过构建可持续生计效益评价模型, 对农户可持续生计效益进行了分级评价, 并分析了不同类型农户的可持续生计效益差异。结果表明:① 具有较高可持续生计效益指数的农户生计收入构成趋向于多元化, 不同生计策略收入所占比重也趋向平均化, 而生计效益指数较低的农户主要依赖于外出打工、卖粮菜等个别生计策略;② 各类型农户的人均生计效益指数和人均年收入排序呈现出:发展果园型>做小生意型>外出打工型>大棚种植型>舍饲养殖型。基于可持续生计效益评价并结合主体功能区战略, 提出4 种黄土高原未来生计策略:① 推进人口城镇化, 有序引导生态脆弱地区人口外迁;② 促进农地流转, 扩大农业生产规模;③ 拓展生计策略, 增强收入来源多样性;④ 加强技术培训, 提高农户非农生计可持续性。 相似文献
4.
Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following: (1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more “transfer-into” than “transfer-out”. Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household > non-labor household > adequate labor household. (2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor. (3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%–29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%–72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus. (4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, while potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household > half-labor household > non-labor household. (5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to off-farm household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture. Hence, significant decreases in the planting pollution load necessitate the development of control measures to enhance transformations from agricultural to off-farm livelihoods. 相似文献
5.
《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(1):6-36
How does labor migration affect Indonesian forests? In the mountains of Java, where political forests and plantations date back to colonial state land acquisitions in the nineteenth century, forests are being reconstituted and reconfigured by unusual subjects: the wives and daughters of contracted forest workers and other forest farmers. Working as maids and other domestic laborers in Hong Kong and other prosperous Asian cities, these landless women are sending home remittances to invest in rural resources and changing the understory of the political forest where their husbands and fathers are required to remain available for formal forest labor. Slowly, without really intending to, these women have regendered the forest, not completely ousting the men or the masculine associations with logging and resin collection, but making inroads into the control of the forest lands via the under‐used understory. This article tells how poor, landless women, marginalized as forest residents and as free household labor, reforestation farmers, and poor agricultural laborers, signed up to work as maids in Hong Kong and ended up remaking the forest. 相似文献
6.
生态补偿方式对农户可持续生计影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对长汀县2000年以来的生态补偿措施进行分类,总结出各生态补偿方式的具体形式和补偿客体;并基于可持续生计分析框架,系统阐述了各生态补偿方式对农户生计资本、生计策略和生计结果的影响．结果表明,现金补偿部分缓解了因封山育林等措施对农户生计造成的不利影响;实物补偿增强了主要参与农户的物质资本,并确定了以农业为主的生计策略和相对稳定的纯收入;政策补偿主要使主要参与农户获得具有稳定产权的山地资源;技术补偿和产业补偿的作用相对较弱．最后,为增强今后各类农户可持续生计,提出技术补偿、政策补偿和产业补偿方式方面的具体对策． 相似文献
7.
8.
Ian G. Baird 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2014,35(3):328-344
The concepts of degraded forest (pa mai xout xom) and degraded land (din seuam xom) have been variously applied in official Lao government policy narratives and law over the last couple of decades. In this article I focus on the concepts of degraded forest and land, and the relationship with industrial tree plantations, using two examples from southern Laos. I argue that the concepts have been significant in both facilitating and obstructing the development of large‐scale industrial tree plantations in different times and spaces, thus significantly influencing access and exclusion, as well as the spatialization of tree plantations. I provide a tentative genealogy regarding the emergence of these concepts in land and forestry policy in Laos, and briefly explain the links between degradation and ‘the land rush’ presently affecting Laos. 相似文献
9.
生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
依托三峡库区典型村农户访谈数据,基于收益最大目标决策框架,设定农村转型发展中3种农户生计类型情景：农业主导生计、兼业转向生计和非农主导生计,解析种植业产污负荷随主导生计非农转向的演变特征,探讨主导生计类型转向的动力机制。结果表明：① 样区耕地经营现状呈自耕、流转与撂荒并存的多元化发展格局,且表现出“入”小于“出”的特征,不同农户家庭类型间实际人均耕种规模为“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”>“劳动力家庭”;② 种植业单位面积产污负荷中,“半劳动力家庭”最高,“劳动力家庭”次之,“无劳动力家庭”最低,“劳动力家庭”内部又随劳动力人数增加呈先增再减趋势;③ 样区农户生计类型由农业主导向非农主导转型过程中,种植业产污负荷最大减幅达72.01%,兼业转向生计情景下削减幅度为19.61%~29.85%,非农主导生计情景下减幅为35.20%~72.01%,但TN、TP的减量特征并不一致;④ 劳动力配置与生计来源“非农化”促使农户主导生计类型向非农转化,生计非农演变的潜在农户收入/福祉权衡亦驱使生计决策转向非农化,不同农户家庭类型对生计转向的敏感程度表现为“劳动力家庭”>“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”;⑤ 在新型城镇化快速推进和创新新型工业体系构建过程中,山区农户生计类型进一步向非农转变,而这一过程又将促使种植业产生的污染负荷量进一步减少,要大幅削减种植业产污负荷,就必须制定有助于山区农户生计非农化的调控对策。 相似文献
10.
Even two decades after independence in 1991, the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan remains regulated by the government, prescribing the number of cattle head per agricultural area or imposing mandatory cash crops. The policy makers are insufficiently informed about the bottlenecks in the different livestock production units and base their policies mainly on general knowledge. This study analyzed the two major cattle farm types in the Khorezm province, 56 medium-scale farms (LS; on average 22 ha) and 80 household farms (HH; on average 0.2 ha). While LS farms produced more metabolizable energy and crude protein than required by their own ruminant livestock, the feeds produced by HH farms covered only a third of the requirements. Despite their limited farm size, the HH farmers took an active part in the commercial farming sector, for example, through the purchase of inputs for cattle and crop production, and product sales. The HH farms generated higher relative crop yields than their LS counterparts, while cattle productivity of both was comparable, albeit low. The present findings can be considered as a benchmark for monitoring developments in the cattle sector and as a source of information for directing improvements in feed supply, cattle health and husbandry. 相似文献
11.
半城镇化农民可持续生计与农村可持续发展——理论框架、研究进展及未来展望 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
可持续生计理论方法不仅可以应用于城市务工的半城镇化农民,服务于有序推进中国的城镇化,而且可广泛应用于中国西部农村地区和农户尺度的研究,服务于农村可持续发展。本文首先梳理了当前可持续生计的概念及分析框架,并基于半城镇化农民可持续生计与农村可持续发展,从地理学的综合视角提出了一个适应于中国实证研究的理论分析框架。然后依托国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“半城镇化农民生计状态评估及市民化阻滞因素与政策调控”,梳理了可持续生计的国际国内研究进展以及半城镇化农民市民化与农村地区可持续发展的中国实证研究成果。最后提出了未来的研究展望,包括半城镇化农民市民化与农村地区可持续发展的联动研究,半城镇化农民市民化转变的主观意愿与客观阻滞因素综合研究,半城镇化农民与农村发展作用机理及其市民化效应,可持续生计与农村可持续发展的集成研究。 相似文献
12.
Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.
How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood
assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect
in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region
to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and
proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the
increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative
with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies
of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less
farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences
of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments
should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build
up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
13.
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue.This paper examines livelihood assets,livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau.The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy.From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region,livelihood diversification level is reduced,and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease.Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation,mainly shown in human assets and natural assets.Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets,mainly shown in natural assets,human assets and social assets.Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets,mainly raising livestock and digging herbs,and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business.Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region.Therefore,aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
15.
金沙江干热河谷植被恢复的思考 总被引：35，自引：2，他引：33
金沙江下游沿岸海1300m（阴坡）－1600m阳坡）为干热河谷,根据其环境特点、人工造林成功率低的事实例,分析指出金沙江干热河谷的自然植被恢复应以稀树灌草为主体,因地制宜提出了植被恢复的四个主要途径;（1）建立水土保持人工生态经济林,提高经济和生态效益;（2）封山育草,防治坡面侵蚀;（3）加强沟谷灌草建设,防治沟谷侵蚀;（4）城镇工矿人工生态林草建设,提高环境质量。 相似文献
16.
Hassan M. El Shaer 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(1):0007-0015
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterized by high population growth, degraded and fragile nat-ural ecosystems, and a limited amount of arable lands. It is one of the most water-sc... 相似文献
17.
大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1～3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1～3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2～3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1～3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1～4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。 相似文献
18.
四井子乡因地制宜,调整农、林、牧用地,由70年代的4:1:5调至1984年的1.5:2.5:6.森林覆盖率由6.8%提高到16.3%,从而改善了生态环境,255个沙丘基本固定.农田防护林营造后,风蚀再未形成灾害;封山育草、人工育草的措施有效地保护了草场,每头大牲畜饲草占有量由整前的3700斤增加到6000斤,粮豆耕种面积虽减少了58.33%,但因提高了单产量,总产却增加了1.4%.该乡农民由单纯种植粮食转为多种经营,人均年收入由177元提高到500元.全乡农业自然资源优势逐步向产品优势、商品优势和经济优势转变,出现了林茂、畜旺、粮丰的景象. 相似文献
19.
Michael Helt Knudsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):29-44
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 107(2):29–44, 2007 The literature on livelihoods in rural Africa has for the past decade documented and discussed the growing importance of non-farm income for rural livelihoods and often linked this to an increasing divorce of rural livelihoods from farming and land. This paper challenges the view that the increasing importance of income earned on non-farm activities is a direct expression of processes of deagrari-anisation. Drawing on empirical evidence from recent research in the Ghanaian cocoa frontier, the paper shows that a growing importance of income from non-farm activities is evident, but that incomefrom cocoa is still the determining factor for most households' income and thereby for the demand for non-farm goods and investment in the non-farm sector. By identifying two overall factors explaining the level of income diversification, the paper questions how generally applicable processes of deagrarianisation are in the Ghanaian case. Firstly, the actual crop cultivated and its price and marketing possibilities are of great importance for a farmer's choice to engage and stay in the agricultural sector or to diversify into non-farm activities. Secondly, different dynamics are evident between settlements dominated by either migrant or indigenous households, mainly due to unequal access to land. The paper argues that what on a general scale may look like processes of deagrarianisation during the last decade to a large extent can be explained by migrants without access to land who engage full-time in the nonfarm sector and by cocoa farmers diversifying their incomes, but not leaving a deteriorated agriculture. 相似文献
20.
石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为及效率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农户的土地利用行为不仅决定着土地资源能否可持续利用,更影响着农村生态环境质量。本文以石羊河下游484户农户的问卷调查为基础,采用多独立样本和数据包络分析(DEA)法分析不同区域和不同类型农户土地利用行为的差异性和土地利用效率及影响因素。结果表明:(1)越向石羊河尾闾,粮食作物的种植比例越小,而经济作物种植比例越大;(2)坝区种植多样化指数最高,湖区农户土地的投入和产出最高,坝区与湖区土地利用的综合技术效率和规模效率均高于泉山区;(3)随着非农化水平的提高,农兼户的种植多样化指数最高,纯农户、农兼户和兼农户的土地投入与产出、综合技术效率、规模效率依次降低;(4)家庭规模、户主年龄、非农业收入与土地利用效率呈显著负相关性,劳动力受教育水平、农业总投入、农业收入与土地利用效率呈显著正相关性。最后,提出改善石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为、提高土地利用效率的对策建议。 相似文献