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东北黑土区保护性耕作的发展现状与成效研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
东北黑土区承担着国家粮食安全“稳压器”的重要责任。然而,由于长期超负荷开发利用导致黑土日益退化,黑土资源的永续利用受到严重制约。理论与实践证明,保护性耕作是保护黑土地、推动黑土耕地质量和耕作效益绿色增长的发展模式。综述了保护性耕作的基本内涵及其在东北黑土区的发展现状与技术概况,从保护性耕作在土壤保持、保墒效益、结构改善、固碳培肥和土壤生物多样性增加、节本增效等方面系统评估了东北黑土区实施保护性耕作后的生态与经济效益,提出黑土区实施保护性耕作存在的问题与未来发展方向,以促进黑土地保护与利用协调发展、推动保护性耕作高质量跨越式发展。 相似文献
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Soil erosion is a significant factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment and soil conservation is an important ecological service of National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Here, climate, terrain, soil and vegetation cover, soil erosion and soil conservation spatial data in 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 were analyzed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation by ArcGIS tool. We found that soil conservation effects due to vegetation cover and soil conservation measures are obvious and that micro and slight erosion areas in National Key Ecological Function Areas have increased by 26.2%. The area of intensive erosion decreased by 25.1%, and the soil conservation amount in southern National Key Ecological Function Areas is high. The conservation amount of soil nutrients within National Key Ecological Function Areas is related to amount of soil conservation and content of each nutrient element in soil. The sequence of nutrient conservation amounts from high to low is soil organic carbon, total K, total N and total P in soil. The conservation amount of various soil nutrient elements in the Alkin Grassland function area and Yunnan and Sichuan function area was highest. Based on our findings, we recommend the strengthening of vegetation protection and management in the areas with high per unit area soil erosion, enhancement of vegetation cover and improvement of soil conservation measures in order to improve soil conservation functions and reduce soil nutrient losses. Vegetation protection and soil conservation measures should be consolidated in the areas with high potential erosion to prevent further deterioration. 相似文献
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《Geomorphology》2002,42(1-2):1-24
The proposal that climate change can drive the uplift of mountain summits hinges on the requirement that glacial erosion significantly enhances the relief of a previously fluvially sculpted mountain range. We have tested this hypothesis through a systematic investigation of neighbouring glaciated and nonglaciated drainage basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, CA. We present a simple, objective method for investigating the relief structure of a drainage basin, which shows noticeable differences in the spatial distribution of relief between nonglaciated and glaciated basins. Glaciated basins on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada have only ∼80 m greater mean geophysical relief than nonglaciated basins. This “extra” relief, though, is attributable principally to the larger size of the glaciated basins, as geophysical relief generally increases with basin size. The glaciers on this side of the range were only responsible for relief production if they substantially increased headward erosion rates into low relief topography, such as an elevated plateau, and thus enlarged previously fluvial basins. We carried out a preliminary morphometric analysis to elucidate the importance of this effect and found that the glaciers of the eastern Sierra Nevada may have eroded headward at considerably faster rates than rivers, but only when they were not obstructed from doing so by either competing larger glaciers in adjacent valleys or transfluent ice at the head of the basin. Our results also suggest that, in temperate regions, alpine glaciers are capable of eroding downward at faster rates than rivers above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). Although we can rule out significant peak uplift in response to local relief production, in the special case of the Sierra Nevada the concentration of mass removal above the ELA could have contributed to flexural uplift at the edge of a tilting block. 相似文献
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保护性农业的研究现状、进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
保护性农业是相对较新的一个概念,它强调了农业的可持续发展。保护性农业的三个重要要素包括少耕或免耕、永久地面覆盖和轮作。从生态学的角度,保护性农业对土壤生态系统的有益效应包括改善土壤系统的化学、物理及生物特性。然而,目前保护性农业在全世界的推广应用范围还很有限,特别是在发展中国家更是如此。在发展中国家,农民主要把秸秆用于煮饭和取暖的燃料,同时还用作家畜饲草。因此,我们面临的主要问题是研究和解决把秸秆用于土壤保护和提高土壤肥力与其它用途的矛盾。本文较系统地评述了世界保护性农业的研究现状、主要进展及展望。还讨论了实行保护性农业中存在的问题及注意事项。 相似文献
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黑龙江克拜黑土区50多年来侵蚀沟时空变化 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
中国东北黑土资源以土壤肥沃、有机质含量高、土质疏松、最适宜耕作而闻名于世。长期以来,由于人类的过度垦殖和不合理耕作, 造成大规模的水土流失,侵蚀沟不断切割地表,蚕食耕地,冲走沃土,降低了大型机械的耕作效率。侵蚀沟研究是土壤侵蚀研究的重要组成部分,在遥感和GIS 技术支持下,选取黑龙江克拜地区作为典型研究案例,以侵蚀沟密度为主要指标,分析了研究区侵蚀沟密度的动态变化、侵蚀沟变化的高程分异特征、坡度分异特征、坡向分异特征以及侵蚀沟变化与地貌类型的关系,揭示了典型黑土区50多年来侵蚀沟的动态变化特点和空间分异规律。 相似文献
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等高固氮植物篱技术——山区坡耕地保护开发利用的有效途径 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
固氮植物篱近年来被热带地区用作防治坡耕地的水土流失和肥力退化的有效手段。在地处亚热带金沙江干热河谷区的中国科学院成都生物研究所宁南持续发展实验站的研究结果表明：与传统顺坡耕作方式相比，利用新银合欢(L．1eucocephala)或山毛豆(T．candida)在坡耕地上每隔4m培植高密度的双行等高植物篱可使坡耕地的径流量平均减少49．6％以上，土壤侵蚀及其产生的养分流失均减少98％以上，土壤有机质、全氮、阳离子交换量等养分有很大程度的恢复和改善。农作物产量得以维持和提高，这说明等高固氮植物篱对我国亚热带坡耕地的水土保持和土壤改良同样具有十分良好的效果。 相似文献
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本文利用遥感技术通过典型区的分析,对黄土高原土地退化现状及其成因过程进行了深入研究。结果表明,黄土高原地区由于特殊的自然条件,加以长期人类活动影响,土地退化十分严重,并处于不断发展之中,主要表现为水土流失和土地沙化等。 相似文献
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This study addresses anthropogenic and ecological factors affecting a 50 hectare farmer-managed reforestation project in the cone karst of the central Philippine island of Bohol. Climate, soil moisture, micro-topographic features, soil fertility, management practices, and pre-plantation land use history are all related to, and assist in explaining the variability in, gmelina and mahogany survival and growth rates. Pre-plantation land use affects soil fertility and structure (affecting moisture-holding capacity), and micro-geomorphologic features such as slope angle, slope length, breaks in slope, and size and distribution of talus influenced tree growth and survival rates because of their relationship to soil erosion and deposition. 相似文献
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流域侵蚀产沙和物质转移* 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
联系当前全球土壤流失的现状,本文阐明研究侵蚀产沙和物质输移规律的重要性,从侵蚀产沙和物质输移的流域系统概念出发,并结合我国黄土高原的治理,扼要介绍国内外这一领域的研究概况. 相似文献
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In arid and semiarid rangelands, soil erosion has been widely considered an important soil degradation process and one of the main factors responsible for declining soil fertility. In this study, we determined the sediment production and the enrichment ratios of clay, organic C, and total N by using rainfall simulations on runoff plots (0.60 × 1.67 m) in three plant communities of northeastern Patagonia: grass (GS), degraded grass with scattered shrubs (DGS), and degraded shrub steppes (DSS). Our results clearly indicate that spatial variability in soil loss rate and enrichment process exists as a result of the local differences in both plant composition and soil surface characteristics. Sediment production was significantly lower in the GS (14.2 g m−2) compared with the DGS and DSS (38.2 and 51.5 g m−2, respectively). In the GS, the enrichment ratio of clay was significantly greater (3.9) and enrichment ratio of organic C was lower (3.1) than in the DGS and the DSS, though differences in enrichment ratios of total N were not significant. The high rate of soil loss and nutrients through overland-flow may limit the opportunities that promote the pathway from DGS back to GS community, favoring the dominance of shrubs. 相似文献
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黑土坡耕地土壤有机质空间变异及其与土壤侵蚀的关系——以黑龙江省鹤山农场为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取黑龙江省鹤山农场面积为0.91 km2的典型黑土区的坡耕地作为研究样地。按横纵100 m间隔共采集101个样点,运用地理信息系统和地统计学相结合的方法研究分析0~15 cm土层有机质空间变异及其与土壤侵蚀的关系。结果表明：位于典型黑土区样地的有机质含量集中在3%~5%范围内,均值为4.13%,高于黑龙江省的有机质平均水平。有机质含量空间变异明显,且主要受土壤侵蚀的影响：高侵蚀区对应低有机质区,中度侵蚀区对应中等有机质区,沉积区对应高有机质区。顺坡种植平均坡度2.2°时,每侵蚀1 000 t/km2土壤,有机质含量降低0.8%。土壤有机质空间变异可采用球状模型表达,自相关明显,进一步表明土壤侵蚀导致的再分布。对比分析确定200 m采样间距能够能准确表达该区表层有机质含量的空间特征,为精准施肥提供了采样依据。 相似文献
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河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤的可风蚀性 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对河北坝上农田、退耕地和天然草地土壤干团聚体稳定性（DASt）、土壤可蚀度（EF）和理化性质进行分析,讨论了这3种土地利用类型土壤风蚀可蚀性的差异及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：农田和天然草地EF与DASt值差异性显著（P<0.05）,天然草地和退耕地、退耕地和农田差异性不显著,对于EF和DASt,天然草地 > 退耕地> 农田;对于平均粒径,农田≈退耕地>天然草地;对于土壤机械组成黏粒与粉粒含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田;对于砾石含量,农田 > 退耕地 > 天然草地;对于土壤有机质和全氮含量,天然草地 > 退耕地 > 农田。农田、退耕地、天然草地的DASt、EF系数与砾石含量、平均粒径有着显著相关性,有机质、全氮含量和DASt在天然草地上极显著负相关;EF与有机质、全氮含量在3种地类显著负相关。坝上地区草地和退耕地土壤肥力较高,但表层土壤具有很高的风蚀潜力,因此要限制开垦草地,在必要的地区继续退耕还林还草,提高地表植被的覆盖度,防风固沙,提高土壤肥力,减少土壤风蚀。 相似文献
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The typical patchy structure of dryland vegetation is a result of soil–plant feedbacks occurring in water-limited areas. The resilience of dryland ecosystems depends largely on the persistence of fertility islands associated with vegetated patches, which determines the efficiency of the vegetation regarding recolonising the gaps that result from disturbances. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying soil–plant interactions throughout the process of the growth and senescence of alpha grass (Macrochloa tenacissima) and the subsequent disintegration of islands of fertility and microtopography formed during the process at two nearby alpha grass communities exhibiting different degrees of development. The life cycle of alpha grass and the rise and disintegration of the underlying microrelief were accompanied by feedback changes in the content of soil C fractions presenting different times of cycling and incorporation to the soil, the collection of particles from splash erosion, redistribution phenomena related to particles of different sizes, and erosion of the most easily erodible materials. Despite their ecological and geographical proximity, the study sites differ with respect to the persistence, after plant death, of fertility islands, which almost disappear in one case, while they remain in the other, constituting a resource for the growth of new plants and resulting in greater development and resilience in the community. A subtle erodibility threshold emerges as a cause of the considerable differences in vegetation between the two sites. 相似文献
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半干旱区植物篱侵蚀及养分控制过程的试验研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
针对目前国内外对于温带及半干旱地区植物篱的侵蚀及养分控制过程研究较少的状况,利用冀西北黄土丘陵区较为完备的试验小区的长年观测资料,并结合野外全坡面的大型人工模拟降雨试验,定量地分析黄土丘陵区坡面侵蚀分异规律,得到了在暴雨条件下细沟产生并导致侵蚀剧烈增加的临界坡长为10～15m,从而以此作为植物篱在该区域布设的理论依据。本研究模拟和分析了植物篱对养分流失拦蓄的形态、植物篱改变坡面侵蚀过程、控制细沟产生以及拦蓄泥沙而达到控制侵蚀及养分的目的,对于植物篱———农作复合农林技术在温带及半干旱地区的实践具有科学价值。 相似文献
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西藏"一江两河"中部地区的农业发展与农田沙漠化 总被引：18，自引：6，他引：12
一江两河中部地区是西藏农业生产的主要区域, 也是沙漠化土地最集中、危害最严重的区域之一。作者分析了区域内农业开发、农业耕作制度改变和土壤肥力变化对农田风蚀的影响, 初步得出: 盲目开垦、不合理的农作制度和薄弱的农田基础条件加剧了农田沙漠化的发生、发展, 造成目前区域内约5万hm2占区域内总耕地面积47%以上的农田遭受风沙危害, 并呈扩展态势。为了有效的防治农田沙漠化的发生、发展, 建议加强农田防护林等基础建设, 大力发展草田间作、草田轮作等草地农业模式, 建立适宜的传统农作与现代技术结合、经济效益与生态效益结合的农作制度, 扩大冬小麦、冬青稞、油菜和豆科作物、豆科饲料等冬春季节覆盖农田地表的作物面积。 相似文献
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Historically land reserve programs have been used to reduce soil erosion. Slippage, which occurs when the number of acres enrolled in a reserve program is not met by an equivalent reduction of acreage in production, has limited reserve success, however. This study addresses the effect of slippage on conservation reserves in southwestern Kansas from 1988–1994. Slippage has varied considerably on both spatial and temporal bases. At one extreme the programs were 100% successful in removing land from production, but at the other extreme, slippage rendered reserve programs nearly useless. Overall, slippage in the study area has greatly reduced conservation reserve effectiveness. 相似文献