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在放置于恒温室内的真空装置内,对合成的冰粉-气体水合物(包括甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷-氮气、异丁烷、混合气水合物)、冰粉-不同粒度多孔介质甲烷水合物和祁连山冻土区及南海神狐海域天然气水合物进行了分解实验研究,初步探讨了不同气体水合物分解动力学特征和分解规律。实验结果表明,合成的冰粉-气体水合物的分解过程相似,除丙烷水合物和异丁烷水合物外,分解压力基本呈单调增长,均未出现明显的自保护效应;不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物分解过程,压力增长呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,主要原因可能是多孔介质中的水合物尺寸较大,分解时更易产生自保护效应;祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的分解压力曲线与不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物的相似,总体呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,水合物自保护效应明显;南海神狐海域天然气水合物分解气体压力变化虽然总体与祁连山冻土区天然气水合物压力增长过程相似,但同时呈现“阶梯状”增长,这可能与两种不同水合物岩心的岩性和水合物在岩心中的分布模式和赋存状态有关。 相似文献
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深海天然气水合物分解与全球变暖密切相关.南海北部是重要的天然气水合物蕴藏区,ZHS-176、ZHS-174、17940和MD2905孔CaCO3含量记录均表明,11.3~8.0 ka B.P.神狐海域存在一次典型的“低钙事件”(CM),该事件具有“快速降低、缓慢升高”不对称的变化结构,CaCO3含量降幅高达9%.“低钙事件”期间,底栖有孔虫Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi和Cibicidoides kullenbergi壳体δ13C分别负偏了1.4 ‰和0.7 ‰,海底有机碳的堆积速率(MAR)也突然升高了1倍.综合分析表明,新仙女木末期南海北部天然气水合物很可能发生了一次较大规模的快速分解,大量甲烷气体从天然气水合物中逸散,氧化后使底层海水快速酸化,从而导致了神狐海域碳酸盐的溶解.底层水团温度上升很可能是神狐海域天然气水合物分解的主要触发因素. 相似文献
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天然气水合物是一种新型的洁净能源。甲烷天然气水合物是储量最丰富的一种类型,常出现在深海中或极地大陆上,其生成的过程中会发生同位素的分馏效应。通过实验室模拟水合物生成的过程,利用天然海水与甲烷或二氧化碳气体反应,以及更接近实际生成环境的甲烷-海水-沉积物动态聚散实验,对甲烷水合物和二氧化碳水合物生成前后δ13C值进行测定,研究水合物生成过程中δ13C的变化情况。实验证明,水合物反应中碳同位素分馏是存在的,其变化程度明显小于氧同位素和氢同位素。甲烷水合物碳同位素的分馏系数αC的值为1000 3~1000 9。二氧化碳水合物生成反应后气相的碳、氧同位素变轻,重同位素趋向于进入水合物中,二氧化碳水合物碳同位素的分馏系数αC的值为1000 7~1001 2。海水中溶解的CO2气体在甲烷水合物形成过程中会被水合物捕获,从而使得δ13CDIC值变小,重的碳同位素趋于进入水合物中,而较轻的碳同位素留在海水中。但由于海水中含有的溶解CO2气体有限,经过多轮水合物动态聚散后δ13CDIC值的变化幅度会越来越小。 相似文献
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海底多相流动区域沉积物孔隙内流体迁移-甲烷输运-水合物形成是一种普遍模式,形成的水合物在孔隙内沉淀并与多孔介质骨架胶结从而改变当地的地层结构和性质。水合物的不断形成将减少沉积地层孔隙度,改变孔隙内各相间界面张力,增大当地孔隙的进入压力及毛细压力,增强地层滞后效应,降低地层渗透率,同时多相流体流动前缘气液分离带变厚而使得气柱变长。建立了在这类环境里水合物-水-气-盐共同作用下的水合物成藏模型,选择合适的参数分析了水合物形成对沉积地层静水力学性质等的影响关系。最后根据资料估算了南海北部神狐海域沉积物内甲烷气柱的分布,结果表明：随着水合物在沉积物孔隙内逐渐饱和,临界甲烷气柱长度将在接近海底面处达到最大,约为09 m。 相似文献
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海洋天然气水合物的类型及特征 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
根据天然气水合物的产出条件,海洋环境水合物可以分为二类扩散系统水合物和渗漏系统水合物。扩散系统水合物分布广泛,在水合物稳定带内是水-水合物两相共存的热力学平衡体系,游离气仅发育于稳定带之下,在地震剖面上发育有指示水合物底界的强反射面(BSR)。该类水合物含量低,埋藏深。除温度和压力外,水合物的沉淀受甲烷溶解度和扩散速度的控制,并与气体组分、孔隙水盐度、天然气供应和有机碳转化等有关。渗漏系统与断层等通道相伴生,水合物发育于渗漏系统整个水合物稳定带,是水-水合物-游离气三相共存的热力学非平衡体系,水合物的沉淀受动力学控制。该类水合物含量高,埋藏浅,但一般不发育BSR。而且,天然气渗漏活动在海底沉积物和上覆水体中形成了一系列特殊的地质、地球物理、地球化学和特异生物群异常。 相似文献
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神狐钻探区天然气水合物成藏地质条件分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以天然气水合物成藏系统理论为指导,对神狐钻探区天然气水合物成藏地质条件进行了系统研究。研究结果表明：神狐钻探区具有优越的烃类生成体系和流体运移体系。天然气水合物气源以生物气-热成因气混合气为主,气源岩生烃潜力大;断层、气烟囱以及断层滑脱面可以为含烃流体在纵向和横向上的运移提供优势运移通道。地温特征和成藏就位体系-沉积物岩性及其岩性组合特征是控制该区水合物层在空间尺度上分布不均匀的主要原因,地温和地温梯度越低,沉积物粒度越粗,且具备“上细下粗”的沉积物岩性组合更有利于水合物的形成。 相似文献
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《地学前缘》2017,(4):89-101
2011—2015年对东沙和神狐水合物钻探区进行了连续5年7个航次的海上调查工作,获取了大量研究区海水水文、水化学及溶解甲烷含量数据,为天然气水合物勘查与试采环境评价提供了良好的基础数据及采前环境基线。调查期间,研究区海水甲烷浓度范围为0~31.4nmol·L~(-1),平均浓度为6.7nmol·L~(-1),高于全球平均海水甲烷浓度,表明南海海水甲烷浓度本底值高于全球平均水平;研究区海水溶解甲烷浓度及其分布特征不受区域海水水文特征、海水化学特征及季节等因素影响,且表层海水-大气甲烷交换并非单一的汇或者源的关系,而是根据时间的不同,海水-大气甲烷交换存在汇源转换;综合调查结果表明,研究区甲烷渗漏对海水、大气甲烷含量没有明显影响,且水合物钻探对区域环境没有明显的影响。 相似文献
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海洋型天然气水合物以固态形式赋存于尚未固结的泥质粉砂和粉砂质泥地层中,不同于常规油气藏在固结砂岩地层中的赋存模式,因此造成水合物储层测井评价的难题。2007年以来我国南海神狐地区实施了4次水合物钻探,取得丰富的地球物理与岩心资料并且证实该区存在着巨大的天然气水合物资源潜力。本文通过对神狐地区常规测井、特殊测井资料以及取心资料的研究分析,总结水合物地层各项测井响应特征,利用岩心数据刻度测井,建立储层岩性、物性以及水合物饱和度计算模型,形成一套适合神狐地区天然气水合物储层参数的定量评价技术。利用本文方法对研究区部分井进行综合评价,水合物地层孔隙度平均为49.91%,水合物饱和度平均为29.75%,孔隙结构以小孔隙为主,渗透性较差,评价结果与岩心实验结果基本一致,符合率达85%。该研究成果为神狐海域水合物资源量评价及成藏研究提供了新的参考。 相似文献
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海底天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿研究进展 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
综述了近年来天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿等方面的研究成果。天然气水合物的汇聚与地质构造或地层圈闭有关,其溶解受物质转换控制,分解则受热转换控制。水合物释放甲烷的运移方式包括分散式、中心式和大规模排放式。缺氧氧化和耗氧氧化是甲烷在海洋环境中的2种主要转化方式。天然气水合物释放甲烷的最终归宿主要为：①重新形成天然气水合物;②形成化能自养生物群落和沉淀出碳酸盐沉积;③与氧发生氧化后转变为CO2;④直接排放进入到大气中。沉积物中的微构造、化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐矿物及其碳氧同位素组成是水合物释放事件的指纹记录。 相似文献
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This study provides new estimates for the global offshore methane hydrate inventory formed due to microbial CH4 production under Quaternary and Holocene boundary conditions. A multi-1D model for particular organic carbon (POC) degradation, gas hydrate formation and dissolution is presented. The novel reaction-transport model contains an open three-phase system of two solid compounds (organic carbon, gas hydrates), three dissolved species (methane, sulfates, inorganic carbon) and one gaseous phase (free methane). The model computes time-resolved concentration profiles for all compounds by accounting for chemical reactions as well as diffusive and advective transport processes. The reaction module builds upon a new kinetic model of POC degradation which considers a down-core decrease in reactivity of organic matter. Various chemical reactions such as organic carbon decay, anaerobic oxidation of methane, methanogenesis, and sulfate reduction are resolved using appropriate kinetic rate laws and constants. Gas hydrates and free gas form if the concentration of dissolved methane exceeds the pressure, temperature, and salinity-dependent solubility limits of hydrates and/or free gas, with a rate given by kinetic parameters. Global input grids have been compiled from a variety of oceanographic, geological and geophysical data sets including a new parameterization of sedimentation rates in terms of water depth.We find prominent gas hydrate provinces offshore Central America where sediments are rich in organic carbon and in the Arctic Ocean where low bottom water temperatures stabilize methane hydrates. The world’s total gas hydrate inventory is estimated at (at STP conditions) or, equivalently, 4.18-995 Gt of methane carbon. The first value refers to present day conditions estimated using the relatively low Holocene sedimentation rates; the second value corresponds to a scenario of higher Quaternary sedimentation rates along continental margins.Our results clearly show that in-situ POC degradation is at present not an efficient hydrate forming process. Significant hydrate deposits in marine settings are more likely to have formed at times of higher sedimentation during the Quaternary or as a consequence of upward fluid transport at continental margins. 相似文献
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The methane hydrate formation and the resource estimate resulting from free gas migration in seeping seafloor hydrate stability zone 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Jinan Guan Deqing Liang Nengyou Wu Shuanshi Fan 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,36(4-5):277-288
It is a typical multiphase flow process for hydrate formation in seeping seafloor sediments. Free gas can not only be present but also take part in formation of hydrate. The volume fraction of free gas in local pore of hydrate stable zone (HSZ) influences the formation of hydrate in seeping seafloor area, and methane flux determines the abundance and resource of hydrate-bearing reservoirs. In this paper, a multiphase flow model including water (dissolved methane and salt)-free gas hydrate has been established to describe this kind of flow-transfer-reaction process where there exists a large scale of free gas migration and transform in seafloor pore. In the order of three different scenarios, the conversions among permeability, capillary pressure, phase saturations and salinity along with the formation of hydrate have been deducted. Furthermore, the influence of four sorts of free gas saturations and three classes of methane fluxes on hydrate formation and the resource has also been analyzed and compared. Based on the rules drawn from the simulation, and combined information gotten from drills in field, the methane hydrate(MH) formation in Shenhu area of South China Sea has been forecasted. It has been speculated that there may breed a moderate methane flux below this seafloor HSZ. If the flux is about 0.5 kg m−2 a−1, then it will go on to evolve about 2700 ka until the hydrate saturation in pore will arrive its peak (about 75%). Approximately 1.47 × 109 m3 MH has been reckoned in this marine basin finally, is about 13 times over preliminary estimate. 相似文献
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Natural gas hydrate contains a specific amount of heavy hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, etc., aside from the primary guest gas of methane. Although the coexistence of two or even three hydrate structures has been discovered at several hydrate sites, the requisite formation mechanism is still not well understood. In-situ observation of the formation process of mixed methane-propane hydrate in a confined space was conducted using confocal Raman imaging microscopy. The Raman imaging results reveal that sI methane hydrate and sII mixed methane-propane hydrate are formed and coexist in the reaction system. In the confined space, the sI hydrate originates from the dissolved gas in water, while the sII hydrate is formed from free gas. The results obtained can help explain the coexistence of sI and sII hydrates found in natural hydrate samples, as well as providing insights into a possible dynamic scenario of hydrate reservoirs in geological history. 相似文献
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天然气水合物分解及其生态环境效应研究进展 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
了解大陆／大洋边缘地区天然气水合物形成与分解及其在海底沉积物、水体及海底化学自氧生物群落中的一系列物理、化学及生物作用有助于我们在全球和区域尺度上探讨天然气水合物分解对气候变化的影响;天然气水合物在碳循环中的作用和大陆边缘流体活动与物质交换机制等问题。从水合物分解与全球变暖、贫／缺氧甲烷氧化作用、自生矿物沉淀、化学自养生物群落等方面综述了水合物的环境生态效应研究进展。天然气水合物的形成／分解及
其对海洋乃至全球环境生态变化的影响,深刻地反映了地球上岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈之间相互联系与相互作用,生物,特别是微生物对全球CH 4的平衡和自生矿物沉淀至关重要。 相似文献
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A.F. Safronov E.Yu. Shits M.N. Grigor'ev M.E. Semenov 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2010,51(1):83-87
Natural gas hydrate deposits have been estimated to store about 10% of gas in hydrate form (even with regard to a higher concentration of gas in hydrates), proceeding from the known ratio of dissolved-to-deposited gas. This high percentage is largely due to the fact that the buffer factor in natural gas hydrate deposits is lower than that for free gas because of less diverse structural conditions for gas accumulation. Therefore, the available appraisal of world resources of hydrated gas needs a revision.Hydrates in rocks are either syngenetic or epigenetic. Syngenetic hydrates originate from free or dissolved gas which was present in rocks in situ at the time when PT-conditions became favorable for gas hydrate formation. Epigenetic hydrates are derived from gas which came by migration into rocks with their PT-conditions corresponding to formation of gas hydrates.In addition to the optimum PT-conditions and water salinity, economic gas hydrate accumulation requires sustained supply of natural gas into a specific zone of gas hydrate formation. This condition is feasible only in the case of vertical migration of natural gas along faults, fractured zones, and lithologic windows, or, less often, as a result of lateral migration.Of practical importance are only the gas hydrate deposits produced by vertical or lateral gas migration. 相似文献
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沉积物与流体流动的性质是影响水合物形成和聚集的两个重要因素,为研究水合物在沉积地层中的赋存机制必须探明高压环境下含水合物沉积物在非饱和渗流条件下的相互影响关系。以逸度差为水合物反应驱动力,反应动力学常数为Arrhenius类型,建立了包括非饱和流体流动-沉积物特征-水合物形成动力学耦合的二维模型,从理论上研究了多孔介质内流体与沉积物参数如含水率、去饱和系数、水力分布和水合物饱和度等在孔隙内的相互影响规律。结果表明,在设定的条件下,随着反应的进行孔隙水压力随时间逐渐大,在相同条件下水合物饱和度与温度增加导致孔隙水压力变大,其中水合物饱和度的影响较小,而沉积物基质吸力、去饱和系数与本征动力学常数则与孔隙水压力成反向变化,其中本征动力学常数的影响较大。 相似文献
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Christian Hermanrud Jon Marius Venstad Joe Cartwright Lars Rennan Kristine Hermanrud Hege M. Nordgård Bolås 《Mathematical Geosciences》2013,45(1):1-30
Both water level drops and erosion have previously been suggested as causes of fluid overpressures in the subsurface. Quantification of the relevance of these processes to supra-lithostatic fluid pressure formation with a wide selection of input parameters is lacking, and thus desired. The magnitudes and drop times that are required for water level drops to result in supra-lithostatic pore pressures in a variety of situations are calculated. Situations with pore fluids consisting of water, water with dissolved methane, water with a gas hydrate layer and dissolved methane in the underlying sediments, and water with dissolved methane, a gas hydrate layer, and free gas accumulation below the hydrate layer are separately addressed. The overpressure formation from reservoir gas expansion is also simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that high fluid overpressures can develop in a rock as a response to a water level drop without the presence of gas, provided that the rock has a sufficiently low compressibility. The contribution to fluid overpressuring is however dramatically increased if the pore water is saturated with methane prior to the water level drop, and is further amplified by the presence of gas hydrates and free gas accumulations beneath such hydrates. Gas expansion in reservoirs should be expected to significantly increase the fluid overpressures in shallow, sealed pressure compartments that experience erosion or water level drops, even if the water level drop duration exceeds one million years. Enough relationships between the calculated overpressure formation and the main controlling factors are provided in order to enable readers to make inferences about a variety of geological settings. Analyses of simulation results prompt us to suggest that pockmarks are likely to be triggered by gas expansion in vertical fluid migration pathways, that the giant craters at the seabed west of Albatross South in the Barents Sea result from hydrate dissociation, and that overpressure build-up due to gas expansion has contributed to reservoir overpressuring in many eroded basins, including the Hammerfest Basin in the Barents Sea. 相似文献
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西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学勘探及成藏模式研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
依据ODP204航次1250C站位钻井样品酸解烃数据结果,以及作者在南海西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学现场勘查中得到的多种烃类指标数据、异常点上微量甲烷碳同位素数值等资料,对海洋水合物地球化学勘探的依据和研究区气态烃异常特征、气体成因、天然气水合物成藏模式等相关问题进行了研究探讨。结果表明:气态烃指标地球化学异常主要分布在工区北部斜坡地带,并与BSR等地震标志及深部断裂关系密切;西沙海槽研究区海底沉积物气态烃甲烷以热解成因为主,但也有混合成因;推测该区天然气水合物为断层渗滤综合成藏模式。研究成果比较合理地解释了BSR分布和海底沉积物甲烷局部异常并非完全一致的原因;评价预测了该区天然气水合物有利勘探目标。成果为该区天然气水合物勘探、天然气水合物成因机制研究和天然气水合物远景预测,提供了地球化学方面的证据。 相似文献
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自然地质条件下不同气源的天然气体由于其组成不同,对天然气水合物的成藏条件产生不同影响。以2个常规天然气样品为例,在中国石油大学自行研制的水合物成藏一维模拟实验装置上进行了水合物成藏模拟实验,并对实验前后的原始气样、水合物形成后的游离气、分解气进行了气体组分分析。实验结果表明：水合物分解气中CH4、N2含量降低,而C2H6、C3H8、iC4H10、nC4H10、CO2含量增大,游离气中各组分的变化趋势刚好相反,这意味着同等的温度压力条件下,C2H6、C3H8、iC4H10、nC4H10、CO2等与CH4、N2相比更易于形成水合物;通过计算分解气体各组分相对于原始气体的相对变化量发现,在实验温度压力条件下（高压釜温度范围为4~10 ℃,气体进口压力为5 MPa）,烃类气体与水结合形成水合物的能力由甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷依次增加;由于不同烃类气体与水合物结合的条件不同,导致水合物形成过程中气体组分发生分异,水合物中甲烷含量减少、湿气含量增大,而游离气中气体变化相反,在自然地质条件下形成由水合物稳定带上部溶解气带、水合物稳定带及下部游离气带（或常规气藏）甲烷含量呈中-低-高特点,湿气和二氧化碳含量呈低-高-中的三层结构分布模式,因此,同一气源气体在不同带内表现出不同的气体组分特征。 相似文献