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《应用地球物理》2017,(1)
最小二乘偏移能够压制不规则地震数据偏移时产生的偏移假象,但存在计算量巨大、收敛速度缓慢等问题。为了快速地压制偏移噪音,发展了基于奇异值谱约束的叠前平面波最小二乘逆时偏移方法(Plane-wave prestack least-squares reverse time migration,PLSRTM)。一方面,通过奇异值谱分析(Singular spectrum analysis,SSA)方法对角度域共成像点道集(Take-Off Angle Domain Common-Image Gathers,TADCIGs)进行预处理,以压制偏移假象,同时引入随机奇异值分解减小SSA的计算量。另一方面,由于偏移速度不准确时叠加成像结果不能有效地压制偏移噪音,将相邻角度平面波偏移结果的差异作为正则化约束加入误差泛函,以改善这一问题。对Marmousi模型数据的成像测试结果表明该方法能够快速压制平面波道集及不规则地震数据偏移产生的偏移假象,改善PLSRTM的成像质量;当偏移速度不准确时,该方法能够得到偏移噪音更少、构造更加连续的成像结果。 相似文献
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当前的三维VSP地震数据偏移成像实现都是在共炮点道集或共检波点道集中逐个道集循环进行的,计算效率相对较低.根据三维VSP观测系统中炮点和检波点布置的特殊性和地震波场满足线性叠加的特性,本文提出了一种三维VSP数据的高效偏移成像方法,即首先通过对三维VSP共接收点道集进行地震数据的广义合成得到一种超道集,然后在共接收点道集的波场深度外推过程中逐步应用多震源波场对超道集进行偏移成像,即利用一次波场深度外推循环完成对所有共检波点道集数据的偏移成像.通过三维VSP模型数据与实际地震数据的偏移成像试验验证了这种高效的超道集偏移成像方法可取得与常规共检波点道集相当的偏移成像效果,还具有极高的计算效率,其计算量与单个共检波点道集的偏移成像计算量相当. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2015,(5)
在偏移速度分析领域,共成像点道集对偏移速度分析(MVA)而言是非常重要的.目前,用于偏移速度分析的共成像点道集主要有偏移距域共成像点道集(ODCIG)和角度域共成像点道集(ADCIG).由于ODCIG是一种能量聚焦型道集,且在复杂介质条件下存在运动学假象,使其在MVA中的应用受到限制.ADCIG的出现解决了这些问题,它能够适应射线传播的多路径现象,避免假象的产生,波动方程偏移得到的ADCIG被证明是没有假象的道集,也被认为是当前最为合理的道集.论文在CMP域,利用双平方根算子对记录波场进行反向延拓,因为双平方根算子偏移具有倾角假频少、边界处理简单、无需求取震源子波、无需考虑偏移孔径问题以及计算效率高等特点;在频率-波数域将偏移距信息映射到角度域得到ADCIG.ADCIG的提取过程实际是转化了地震数据中的多偏移距信息,本质上,它仍旧是对地震数据中多偏移距信息的体现.最后论文将ADCIG道集应用在SEG/EAGE岩丘模型中,结果表明,不同反射角下的ADCIG可以对地下不同的区域进行成像,且角度域成像具有地震波成像剖面分辨率高,边界干扰较小等特点. 相似文献
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叠前深度偏移速度分析是地震数据处理方法研究的重点,是影响地震成像效果的关键技术之一。本文的基于角度域共成像点道集剩余曲率的偏移速度分析方法,旨在通过角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs)来建立局部入射角与偏移深度之间的联系,通过角度道集剩余速度分析来修正、更新偏移速度。不同于偏移距域共成像点道集(ODCIGs),ADCIGs较少地受到由于多路径问题而产生的波场干涉假象的影响,更适合于偏移速度分析。本文在推导出基于ADCIGs的水平地层深度剩余量公式的基础上,提出了基于ADCIGs的沿层扫描法速度更新流程,凹陷模型和实际资料的试处理表明了本方法的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
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共聚焦点(CFP)偏移技术是一种基于等时原理,将Kirchhoff积分法的一步偏移分两步聚焦（即激发聚焦和检波聚焦）来完成的叠前地震成像方法.该方法借助于逆时聚集算子和共聚焦点道集来实现叠前偏移成像.基于共聚焦点道集的叠前深度偏移是把基于共炮集的深度偏移的算法引入到CFP技术上来,基于波场延拓的理论来实现偏移成像,该方法首先生成共聚焦点道集,然后基于面炮合成的理论合成聚焦震源,最终通过相关成像来实现叠前偏移成像.该方法选取较少的聚焦点就可以实现对于地下构造的偏移成像,和炮域波动方程偏移相比,其计算效率得到了提高.通过模型试算和实际资料的试处理,验证了该方法在实现叠前深度偏移成像上的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
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共偏移距道集已被广泛地应用于地震速度建模及振幅随偏移距变化(AVO)的研究中,但复杂构造及射线多路径产生的共偏移距道集不保幅性等一系列缺陷给AVO研究带来很大的困难.共反射角道集包含有能反映地下速度和岩性变化的信息,更有利于速度模型优化、地震振幅属性分析及地下岩性和断裂的研究.本文通过研究共反射角深度偏移方法和理论,完善了基于目标的共反射角深度偏移技术,提出了获得相对保幅共反射角道集方法.该方法克服了共偏移距域道集在复杂介质中遇到的困难,更能有效地反映波场和地质结构方面的信息.通过理论模型数据进行了试算,并采用实际地震数据对此方法进行了验证,在陡倾角成像方面取得较好效果. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2020,(4)
为了提高叠前数据质量,将叠前时间偏移/反偏移与共散射点道集相结合,提出了一种新的时间偏移/反偏移方法.利用改进的CRS参数建立精确的速度模型,提高偏移成像质量.将振幅映射到共偏移距顶点来生成共散射点道集,将偏移和中点上的多参数叠加,通过叠加数据,实现了叠前数据增强,道集的数量远高于传统叠前时间偏移的叠加数量.利用基于中点位移、半偏移距和偏移速度的算子进行反偏移处理,能量重新分配回时间域中的每个绕射同相轴,压制噪声,地震资料信噪比和成像精度均得到了提高.提高质量后的叠前数据可用于后续的速度分析、叠加、偏移等常规处理中,效果好于原始CMP道集.模型和实际数据的计算结果均验证了该方法的正确性和有效性,该方法在低信噪比资料的处理中将会有广阔的应用前景. 相似文献
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传统炮检距域共像集（CIG）在复杂介质中因波传播的多路径而存在反射体位置不确定的问题. 角度域CIG由于克服了这一缺陷而逐步成为速度分析、AVA以及振幅保真偏移成像等研究的主要手段. 以波动理论为基础的地震偏移成像方法的发展为获得高质量的角度域CIG提供了可靠的实现途径. 其中,基于波场局域化分解和传播的小波束域波场延拓和偏移成像方法,因其波场分解基本函数和传播算子在空间和方向上的双重局域特性,而成为角度相关分析研究的有效工具. 本文在采用Gabor Daubechies框架分解的小波束叠前角度域偏移成像基础上,利用不同的叠加方法由局部角度域像矩阵得到了反射角域CIG（CRAIG）和倾角域CIG（CDAIG）. 以SEG EAGE二维盐体模型为例,通过对CRAIG和CDAIG的对比,探讨了这两种角度域CIG的特点及其在地震偏移成像中的潜在应用. 相似文献
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Pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration local space-shift imaging condition: synthetic and data examples
Extracting accurate common image angle gathers from pre-stack depth migrations is important in the generation of any incremental uplift to the amplitude versus angle attributes and seismic inversions that can lead to significant impacts in exploration and development success. The commonly used Kirchhoff migration outputs surface common offset image gathers that require a transformation to angle gathers for amplitude versus angle analysis. The accuracy of this transformation is one of the factors that determine the robustness of the amplitude versus angle measurements. Here, we investigate the possibility of implementing an extended imaging condition, focusing on the space-lag condition, for generating subsurface reflection angle gathers within a Kirchhoff migration. The objective is to determine if exploiting the spatial local shift imaging condition can provide any increase in angle gather fidelity relative to the common offset image gathers. The same restrictions with a ray-based approach will apply using the extended imaging condition as both the offset and extended imaging condition method use travel times derived from solutions to an Eikonal equation. The aims are to offer an alternative ray-based method to generate subsurface angle gathers and to understand the impact on the amplitude versus angle response. To this end, the implementation of the space-shift imaging condition is discussed and results of three different data sets are presented. A layered three-dimensional model and a complex two-dimensional model are used to assess the space shift image gathers output from such a migration scheme and to evaluate the seismic attributes relative to the traditional surface offset common image gathers. The synthetic results show that the extended imaging condition clearly provides an uplift in the measured amplitude versus angle over the surface offset migration. The noise profile post-migration is also improved for the space-lag migration due to the double summation inside the migration. Finally, we show an example of a space-lag gather from deep marine data and compare the resultant angle gathers with those generated from an offset migration and a time-shift imaging condition Kirchhoff migration. The comparison of the real data with a well log shows that the space-lag result is a better match to the well compared to the time-lag extended imaging condition and the common offset Kirchhoff migration. Overall, the results from the synthetics and real data show that a Kirchhoff migration with an extended imaging condition is capable of generating subsurface angle gathers with an incremental improvement in amplitude versus angle fidelity and lower noise but comes at a higher computational cost. 相似文献
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Multi-source seismic technology is an efficient seismic acquisition method that requires a group of blended seismic data to be separated into single-source seismic data for subsequent processing. The separation of blended seismic data is a linear inverse problem. According to the relationship between the shooting number and the simultaneous source number of the acquisition system, this separation of blended seismic data is divided into an easily determined or overdetermined linear inverse problem and an underdetermined linear inverse problem that is difficult to solve. For the latter, this paper presents an optimization method that imposes the sparsity constraint on wavefields to construct the object function of inversion, and the problem is solved by using the iterative thresholding method. For the most extremely underdetermined separation problem with single-shooting and multiple sources, this paper presents a method of pseudo-deblending with random noise filtering. In this method, approximate common shot gathers are received through the pseudo-deblending process, and the random noises that appear when the approximate common shot gathers are sorted into common receiver gathers are eliminated through filtering methods. The separation methods proposed in this paper are applied to three types of numerical simulation data, including pure data without noise, data with random noise, and data with linear regular noise to obtain satisfactory results. The noise suppression effects of these methods are sufficient, particularly with single-shooting blended seismic data, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed methods. 相似文献
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现有的微震记录直接成像方法是将微震记录既当作入射记录,也当作散射记录,从而实现偏移成像.但此方法并不能突出透射波所携带的来自震源下方的深层散射波信息.本文在假设已知微震位置与子波的前提下,提出了对微震下方构造进行逆时偏移的成像方法.该方法类似于常规的逆时偏移,只是震源位置在地下.这使得在成像时,地下更深部的入射波场相比震源在地表时会更为精确,因此能够获得更加准确的成像结果.该方法会给成像结果带来一种尾波高频干扰：地下的震源发出的上行波与上方介质作用后,所产生的多级散射波会干扰反传波场.对此,在成像过程中,对入射场和散射场都进行左右行波分离,以压制该噪声.而在子波信息未知,无法重构入射场时,使用了激发时间成像条件,也能够实现同等效果的偏移成像,且不会出现尾波高频干扰.利用数值实验验证了本文方法的有效性. 相似文献
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在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的. 相似文献
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Paul Sava 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(5):1086-1096
Waveform inversion is a velocity‐model‐building technique based on full waveforms as the input and seismic wavefields as the information carrier. Conventional waveform inversion is implemented in the data domain. However, similar techniques referred to as image‐domain wavefield tomography can be formulated in the image domain and use a seismic image as the input and seismic wavefields as the information carrier. The objective function for the image‐domain approach is designed to optimize the coherency of reflections in extended common‐image gathers. The function applies a penalty operator to the gathers, thus highlighting image inaccuracies arising from the velocity model error. Minimizing the objective function optimizes the model and improves the image quality. The gradient of the objective function is computed using the adjoint state method in a way similar to that in the analogous data‐domain implementation. We propose an image‐domain velocity‐model building method using extended common‐image‐point space‐ and time‐lag gathers constructed sparsely at reflections in the image. The gathers are effective in reconstructing the velocity model in complex geologic environments and can be used as an economical replacement for conventional common‐image gathers in wave‐equation tomography. A test on the Marmousi model illustrates successful updating of the velocity model using common‐image‐point gathers and resulting improved image quality. 相似文献
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Passive seismic has recently attracted a great deal of attention because non‐artificial source is used in subsurface imaging. The utilization of passive source is low cost compared with artificial‐source exploration. In general, constructing virtual shot gathers by using cross‐correlation is a preliminary step in passive seismic data processing, which provides the basis for applying conventional seismic processing methods. However, the subsurface structure is not uniformly illuminated by passive sources, which leads to that the ray path of passive seismic does not fit the hyperbolic hypothesis. Thereby, travel time is incorrect in the virtual shot gathers. Besides, the cross‐correlation results are contaminated by incoherent noise since the passive sources are always natural. Such noise is kinematically similar to seismic events and challenging to be attenuated, which will inevitably reduce the accuracy in the subsequent process. Although primary estimation for transient‐source seismic data has already been proposed, it is not feasible to noise‐source seismic data due to the incoherent noise. To overcome the above problems, we proposed to combine focal transform and local similarity into a highly integrated operator and then added it into the closed‐loop surface‐related multiple elimination based on the 3D L1‐norm sparse inversion framework. Results proved that the method was capable of reliably estimating noise‐free primaries and correcting travel time at far offsets for a foresaid virtual shot gathers in a simultaneous closed‐loop inversion manner. 相似文献
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Utilising ambient seismic energy naturally propagating in the Earth as an alternative approach to active body-wave seismic investigations has been a topic of interest for a number of decades. However, because ambient surface-wave arrivals typically are of much greater amplitude than ambient body-wave energy, significant data signal processing and long recording times are required to mitigate this and other coherent noise sources, and to correlate sufficient reflected body-wave energy to converge to a stable image. Even for these scenarios, identifying and validating imaged body-wave reflection events remain challenging. In active-source investigations, extended imaging condition gathers are used to examine velocity (in)accuracy. Herein, we develop an ambient direct migration approach that uses a novel ambient (deconvolution) extended imaging condition. We simulate synthetic ambient-wavefield seismic data for two different models and use a field data set from Lalor Lake in Manitoba, Canada, to conduct a series of numerical experiments to demonstrate the velocity sensitivity and long-term stationarity of ambient-wavefield seismic data in the migration image domain. Tests with varying global velocity perturbations show a characteristic reflector moveout in deconvolution extended imaging condition gathers that can serve as a diagnostic of reflected ambient body-wave energy. We illustrate that this imaging formalism, under idealised circumstances, gives comparable results to conventional seismic methods, which extends the use of extended imaging condition gather-based image validation to ambient-wavefield seismic data scenarios. We assert that this may be a valuable tool for the validation of ambient migration techniques that to date have yielded largely inconclusive results. 相似文献
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多次波偏移中的假象主要来自于不同地震事件之间的互相关,由于这种互相关满足成像条件,很难直接在偏移过程中去除.但是对于准确的速度模型,真实的成像结果在角度域内应该是平直的.根据这个判断准则,可以在角度域内移除多次波偏移中的假象.本文以数据自相关偏移为例,提出了在单程波多次波偏移中移除假象的主要流程:首先在在单程波偏移过程中高效地提取角度域共成像点道集,然后对角度域共成像点道集应用高分辨率的抛物线型Radon变换,用合适的切除函数处理后,反变换回到角度域,最后叠加各个角度成分,得到偏移结果.Marmousi模型的合成数据测试表明,这种方法可以很好地压制多次波偏移过程中产生的假象,有效地提高成像结果的信噪比. 相似文献
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G.S. O'Brien 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(6):1758-1770
Seismically derived amplitude-versus-angle attributes along with well constraints are the base inputs into inverting seismic into subsurface properties. Conditioning the common image gathers is a common workflow in quantitative inversion and leads to a more accurate inversion product due to the removal of post-migration artefacts. Here, we apply a neural network to condition the post-migration gathers. The network is a cycle generative adversarial network, CycleGAN, which was designed for image-to-image translation. This can be considered the same problem as translating an artefact rich seismic gather to an artefact free seismic gather. To assess the feasibility of applying the network to pre-stack conditioning, synthetic data sets were generated to train different networks for different tasks. The networks were trained to remove white noise, residual de-multiples, gather flattening and a combination of the above for conditioning. The results show that a trained network was able remove white noise providing a more robust amplitude-versus-offset calculation. Another network trained using synthetic gathers with and without multiples assisted in multiple removal. However, instability around primary preservation has been observed so the network works better as a residual de-multiple method. For gather conditioning, a network was trained with the unpaired artefact-rich and artefact-free training data where the artefacts included complex moveout, noise and multiples. When applied to the test data sets, the networks cleaned the artefact-rich test data and translated complex moveout into flat gathers whilst preserving the amplitude response. Finally, two networks are applied to real data where a gather based on the well logs is used to quantify the match between the conditioned gathers and the raw gathers. The first network used synthetic data to train the network and, when applied to real data, provided a better tie with the well. The second network was trained with synthetic gathers whose properties were constrained by real seismic gathers from near the well. As anticipated, the network trained on the representative training data outperforms the network trained using the unconstrained data. However, the ability of the first network to condition the gather indicates that a sweep of networks can be trained without the need for real data and applied in a manner analogous to the way parameters are adjusted in traditional geophysical methods. The results show that the different neural networks can offer an alternative or augmentation to the existing geophysical workflow for conditioning pre-stack seismic gathers. 相似文献