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1.
The early Permian Vryheid Formation is a fluviodeltaic tongue of sediment deposited on the passive northern margin of an asymmetric, intracontinental linear trough (Karoo basin). In the study area these strata attain a maximum thickness of about 270 m, comprising three informal lithostratigraphic members (Lower zone, Coal zone and Upper zone).The Coal zone is characterized by arkosic, coarse to very coarse, pebbly sandstones and subordinate fines arranged in upward-fining sequences, many of which are coal-capped. These units are interpreted as distal outwash fan deposits.Sedimentation patterns in the Upper and Lower zones are dominated by superimposed upward-coarsening sequences representing repeated wave/fluvially-dominated fan delta progradation.Peat accumulation in the cool, seasonal climate which prevailed during Vryheid Formation sedimentation was slow. Significant peat thicknesses were deposited only in areas of low basin/compaction subsidence in the Coal zone during a period of general stability. Extensive upper delta plain and alluvial plain peats formed on broad platforms created by abandonment of braided channel systems. The thickest peats accumulated in raised swamps where vegetation-stabilized contemporaneous channels promoted a high water table. Peat erosion by later channel activity was slight since channel widening rather than stream-bed erosion prevailed. Coals thin, split and contain more ash near loci of contemporaneous channel activity. Upper delta plain coals were not marine-influenced. Some lower delta plain coals also formed on broad abandoned deltas and are likewise extensive. Rapid compaction subsidence rates attracted channel activity or marine incursions and the seams are thin. Peats also accumulated in restricted emergent interdistributory bays during delta construction. These coals are thin, discontinuous, marine-influenced and contain numerous clastic partings.  相似文献   

2.
Recent research has identified two fundamental unit processes that build delta distributary channels. The first is mouth-bar deposition at the shoreline and subsequent channel bifurcation, which is driven by progradation of the shoreline; the second is avulsion to a new channel, a result of aggradation of the delta topset. The former creates relatively small, branching networks such as Wax Lake Delta; the latter generates relatively few, long distributaries such as the Mississippi and Atchafalaya channels on the Mississippi Delta. The relative rate of progradation to aggradation, and hence the creation of accommodation space, emerges as a controlling parameter on channel network form. Field and experimental research has identified sea level as the dominant control on Holocene delta growth worldwide, and has empirically linked channel network changes to changes in the rate of sea level rise. Here I outline a simple modeling framework for distributary network evolution, and use this to explore large-scale changes in Holocene channel pattern that have been observed in deltas such as the Rhine-Meuse and Mississippi. Rapid early- to mid-Holocene sea level rise forced many deltas into an aggradational mode, where I hypothesize that avulsion and the generation of large-scale branches should dominate. Slowing of sea level rise in the last ～6000 yr allowed partitioning of sediment into progradation, facilitating the growth of smaller-scale distributary trees at the shorelines of some deltas, and a reduction in the number of large-scale branches. Significant antecedent topography modulates delta response; the filling of large incised valleys, for example, caused many deltas to bypass the aggradational phase. Human effects on deltas can be cast in terms of geologic controls affecting accommodation: constriction of channels forces rapid local progradation and mouth-bar bifurcation, while accelerated sea level rise increases aggradation and induces more frequent channel avulsion.  相似文献   

3.
This paper illustrates the response of a fluvial depositional system to the interplay between peat compaction and clastic sediment supply, at a range of spatial and temporal scales, as documented by extensive exposures in an open-cast mine in the Most Basin, part of the Oligo-Miocene Ohře Rift (Eger Graben) basin system in the Czech Republic. The Most Basin is characterized by the occurrence of a number of phenomena resulting from syn- and post-depositional interactions between clastic sedimentary systems and the underlying accumulation of organic material that was the precursor of the main lignite seam of up to 45 m thickness. The studied strata are interpreted as deposits of an avulsive, mixed-load fluvial system. The large-scale depositional architecture documents an existence of at least five stratal packages up to 1500 m wide and up to several tens of metres thick, representing a record of long-term evolution of a clastic floodplain bordered by accumulating peat. Within each of the packages, several small-scale channel-belts were documented. Individual packages are separated by carbonaceous mudstones indicating a period of reduced clastic input and interpreted as due to avulsion of the fluvial channels out of the floodplain limit. Two main, mutually linked, processes controlled the evolution of the studied fluvial system: (i) syndepositional compaction of the underlying peat and (ii) avulsions of the channels away from the original floodplain, resulting in formation of a new floodplain. The processes which caused the channels of the Hrabák fluvial system to reach the avulsion threshold were: (i) decrease of rate of creation of accommodation leading to increased sinuosity and thus to a decreased channel slope, and (ii) cross-floodplain tilting of the channel belt caused by differential compaction of underlying organic-rich substratum.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
Most of the world’s major river deltas are sinking relative to local sea level. The effects of subsidence can include aquifer salinization, infrastructure damage, increased vulnerability to flooding and storm surges, and permanent inundation of low-lying land. Consequently, determining the relative importance of natural vs. anthropogenic pressures in driving delta subsidence is a topic of ongoing research. This article presents a review of knowledge with respect to delta surface-elevation loss. The field is rapidly advancing due to applications of space-based techniques: InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar), GPS (global positioning system), and satellite ocean altimetry. These techniques have shed new light on a variety of subsidence processes, including tectonics, isostatic adjustment, and the spatial and temporal variability of sediment compaction. They also confirm that subsidence associated with fluid extraction can outpace sea-level rise by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in effective sea-level rise that is one-hundred times faster than the global average rate. In coming years, space-based and airborne instruments will be critical in providing near-real-time monitoring to facilitate management decisions in sinking deltas. However, ground-based observations continue to be necessary for generating complete measurements of surface-elevation change. Numerical modeling should seek to simulate couplings between subsidence processes for greater predictive power.  相似文献   

6.
In this paper, we discuss historical and recent land subsidence in the Modern Yellow River Delta. Integrated analysis of leveling and relevant background data, including groundwater level, oil extraction, and geological structure, has revealed that land displacement is driven by natural and induced components acting at various depths. Since the 1950s, intense settlements occurred in the modern estuary delta lobes. Between 2002 and 2008, the subsidence center of Dongying and Guangrao exhibited a typical subsidence area with subsidence rates of 28.2 and 64.7 mm/years, respectively. Higher magnitudes are associated with groundwater withdrawals and oil–gas field exploitations, which induce the compaction of a deep clayey layer. There existed a significant linear positive correlation between groundwater level and elevation in the center of the deep groundwater depression cone. The major contributor of natural subsidence is tectonic movements, while moderate sinking due to the natural consolidation of the recent delta subsoil is still acting.  相似文献   

7.
Alluvial strata of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah are part of a transgressive systems tract associated with a foreland basin developed adjacent to the Sevier orogenic belt. These strata contain valley fill deposits, anastomosed channel systems and widespread coals. The coals constitute a relatively minor part of the Dakota Formation in terms of sediment volume, but may represent a substantial amount of the time represented by the formation. The coals are separated by clastic units up to 20 m thick. The stratigraphically lowest clastic unit of the Dakota Formation lies above an unconformity cut into Jurassic rocks. Incised valleys associated with the unconformity are up to 12 m deep. Two discrete episodes of valley fill sedimentation are recognized, including a lower sandstone unit with conglomerate layers, and an upper, discontinuous, coal-bearing unit. After the valleys filled, the area became one of low relief where extensive mires formed. Peat accumulation was interrupted at least three times by deposition of clastic sediment derived from the west. The clastic units consist of sandstone, mudstone or heterolithic ribbon bodies, stacked tabular sandstones, and laminated mudstones, and contain minor coal beds less than 0·35 m thick. Ribbon bodies are 1–9 m thick and 15–160 m wide, have pronounced basal scours, and are filled with both lateral and vertical accretion deposits. An anastomosed channel complex is suggested by the large number of coeval channels of varying dimensions, the variation in the structure and grain size of channel fills, and the presence of abundant tabular sandstones interpreted as crevasse splays. Although some sandstone bodies have well developed lateral accretion surfaces, the overall ribbon geometry indicates that mature meandering streams were not well developed. This is in contrast to modern anastomosed systems, which are commonly thought to be a transitional morphology caused by avulsion of a meander belt to a new position on its floodplain. Rather than being a transitional channel pattern related to river avulsion, the anastomosed channels of the Dakota Formation may have formed part of a large inland delta that episodically invaded widespread mires. The mires developed during periods when clastic influx was reduced either by high rates of subsidence close to the thrust belt or by deflection of rivers by emergent thrusts.  相似文献   

8.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(3):897-930
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9.
The architectural framework and Holocene evolution of the Zeballos fjord‐head delta on west‐central Vancouver Island was established through a multidisciplinary field‐based study. The Zeballos delta is a composite feature, consisting of an elevated, incised, late Pleistocene delta and an inset Holocene delta graded to present sea level. Both deltas have a classic Gilbert‐type tripartite architecture, with nearly flat topset and bottomset units and an inclined foreset unit. Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, borehole data, and gravel pit exposures provided information on the internal form, lithologies and substrate of both deltas. Both sets of deltaic deposits coarsen upward from silt in the bottomset unit to gravel in the topset unit. The TDEM survey revealed a highly irregular, buried bedrock surface, ranging from 20 m to 190 m in depth, and it delineated saltwater intrusion into the deltaic sediments. Late Quaternary sea‐level change at Zeballos was inferred from delta morphology and the GPR survey. The elevated, late Pleistocene delta was constructed when the sea was about 21 m higher relative to the land than it is today. It was dissected when sea‐level fell rapidly as a result of glacio‐isostatic rebound. Relative sea‐level reached a position about 20 m below the present datum during the early Holocene. Foreset beds that overlap and progressively climb in a seaward direction and topset beds that thicken to 26 m landward imply that the delta aggraded and prograded into Zeballos Inlet during the middle and late Holocene transgression. Sea‐level may have risen above the present datum during the middle Holocene, creating a delta plain at about 4 m a.s.l. Remnants of this surface are preserved along the valley margins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
国际地面沉降研究综述   总被引：20，自引：2，他引：18  
文章在介绍国际地面沉降会议历史及２０００年第六届国际地面沉隆会议简况的基础上,并根据２０００年第六届国际地面沉降会议论文,对国际地面沉降研究进展情况分成如下六个方面进行了综述。地面沉降地质因素介绍了古代地面沉降、泥炭层沉降、地震砂土液化地面沉降和海平面上升研究状况。地下流体运移地面沉降方面介绍了以地下水开采为主的地面沉降问题及地面塌陷、天然气开采引起的地面沉降、均匀沉降对建筑结构的破坏和欠固结石英  相似文献   

11.
Recent research has provided a high-resolution map that depicts the effect of land subsidence on the Venice coastal plain of Italy. The map, which covers the decade of 1992 to 2002, was obtained by an innovative “Subsidence Integrated Monitoring System” (SIMS), which efficiently merges the different displacement measurements obtained by high precision-leveling, differential and continuous Global Positing System data (GPS), and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-based interferometry. The displacement rates exhibit significant spatial variability, ranging from a slight 1 to 2 mm/yr uplift, to a serious subsidence of more than 10 mm/yr. This paper aims to describe the many natural and anthropogenic mechanisms that drive the pattern of the ground displacement. The movement sources are presented based on their depth of occurrence. Deep causes act at depths generally greater than 400 m below m.s.l. (mean sea level), and are recognizable in the movement of the pre-Quaternary basement. Medium causes act at depths between 400 and 50 m below m.s.l., and include geological features, such as a major presence of compressible clay layers in the southern and northern portions of the study area and groundwater withdrawals, mainly in the north-eastern coastland and western mainland. Shallow causes, i.e. those occurring from a depth of 50 m up to the ground surface, are related to the architecture and geomechanical properties of the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, which are more thick and compressible approaching the littoral belt; geochemical compaction, due to the increasing salt concentration in the clayey sediments; and oxidation of the outcropping organic soils drained by land reclamation. These two latter factors primarily involve the southern portion of the Venice coast. The building loads in newly developed areas also cause local compaction of shallow deposits. We conclude that the consolidation of Holocene deposits and anthropogenic activities (groundwater withdrawal, land reclamation, and urban land use) are the major factors that contribute to the present land subsidence in the Venice coastland.  相似文献   

12.
Sedimentary rocks of late Mesozoic age exposed at Camp Hill, northern Antarctic Peninsula, are associated with calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. They represent deposition on a fault-controlled floodplain, with marginal alluvial fans, on a volcanic arc. Finely laminated mudstone and occasional graded laminae were deposited from suspension and by density underflow currents, respectively, in small shallow lakes. Thickening- and coarsening-upward sandstone bodies overlying the lake deposits are interpreted as lacustrine deltas of which two types are preserved: (1) Gilbert-type with steep foresets and (2) mouth-bar type which lack steep foresets. Sections through the latter type reveal the presence of sub-environments characteristic of fluvial-dominated marine deltas, i.e. prodelta, distributary mouth-bar and distributary channel. Abandoned mouth-bars resulting from avulsion are recognized. It is suggested that the processes which operated during formation of the mouth-bar deltas resulted from hyperpycnal flow. By contrast, the Gilbert-type delta is thought to be the consequence of a reduced inflow of suspended sediment causing homopycnal flow, and thorough mixing of the river and lake waters.  相似文献   

13.
刘妍君  马腾  杜尧  刘锐 《地学前缘》2021,28(5):59-67
弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。  相似文献   

14.
Holocene histories of two polygonal peatlands in the low arctic of south-central Nunavut, Canada, are reconstructed using plant macrofossil and pollen stratigraphies of four cores. Peat accumulation began in both basins between 7600 and 8000 cal. yr BP, within less than 1000 years after deglaciation. Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation changes recorded in the peat cores may be related to permafrost aggradation, associated with a regional cooling trend inferred from a nearby lake sediment record. However, differences in the timing of changes among the peatland coring sites indicate that local autogenic processes have also played an important role. Peat accumulation rates have decreased considerably in the past 3000 to 5000 years compared to the early Holocene. Our results illustrate the complexity of peatland development and peat accumulation dynamics in areas of permafrost, resulting from the important influences of both internal autogenic factors and external environmental forces such as climatic change.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT
The Westphalian B sediments of NE England were deposited on part of a coastal plain with subdued relief. Most of the fine-grained sediments were deposited by small fluvially dominated muddy deltas which fed into shallow freshwater lakes in tectonic depressions a few metres deep and a few tens of kilometres across.
Coalfield lakes contained an abundant low-diversity bivalve fauna and existed for thousands of years before delta infill. Pro-delta clay rhythmites, formed by flood turbidites, coarsened up into wide silty mouth bars, which merged up into channel mouth sands, inversely-graded subaqueous levee deposits and sandy channel fills. Delta complexes were either abandoned below water level leaving a lake, or were colonized by plants, which resulted in trapping of suspended sediment and build-up of a seatearth to near water level when peats could accumulate. These swamps were analogous to the present raised bogs of Indonesia and had a lateral zonation of vegetation to a central low-diversity flora. Upwards reversal of this zonation and the succession of coals by lake sediments show that peat floras were killed by drowning due to rapid tectonic subsidence. Subsurface data show that seam splits and sand-body locations were tectonically controlled, and that the lake deltas in this area were distant from any major sand distributary.  相似文献   

16.
Analysis of 92 engineering core logs located in the Balize sector of the eastern Mississippi delta focuses on the late Wisconsin unconformity and lithofacies of strata lying immediately below and above this stratigraphic horizon. This major sequence boundary is a key feature used to correlate strata across shelf and slope to the basin. Observations emphasize lithofacies distributions of the latest Pleistocene sediments underlying the unconformity, the late Pleistocene to early Holocene transgressive facies, and the immediately overlying deltaic deposits. Maps and a cross-section compiled with this information highlight the critical relation between lithofacies distributions and late Wisconsin sea-level oscillations. Core analysis reveals that the transgressive facies comprises distinct environments of deposition, offshore to onshore. Findings identify criteria to determine the approximate position of the shoreline at the late Wisconsin maximum sea-level lowstand and at the extent of early Holocene maximum marine inundation in the Balize complex. Mapping of lithologies along the late Wisconsin unconformity serves to improve correlation of sediment facies with changes in acoustic response along high-resolution seismic profiles. An estimate of long-term averaged land subsidence suggests lowering of at least 1 mm/year near the shelfedge during the past 18 000 years. This mapping also refines sea-level response models for the Mississippi delta, including criteria to locate key paleogeographic features such as shelfedges and maximum flooding surfaces in other Recent marine deltas and in older, stacked deltaic sequences.  相似文献   

17.
River delta plains (deltas) are susceptible to subsidence producing undesirable environmental impact and affecting dense population. The City of Shanghai, located in the easternmost of Yangtze Delta in China, is one of the most developed regions in China that experiences the greatest land subsidence. Excessive groundwater withdrawal is thought to be the primary cause of the land subsidence, but rapid urbanization and economic development, mass construction of skyscrapers, metro lines and highways are also contributing factors. In this paper, a spatial–temporal analysis of the land subsidence in Shanghai was performed with the help of the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Twenty l-band ALOS PALSAR images acquired during 2007–2010 were used to produce a linear deformation rate map and to derive time series of ground deformation. The results show homogeneous subsidence within the research area, but exceptionally rapid subsidence around skyscrapers, along metro lines, elevated roads and highways was also observed. Because groundwater exploitation and rapid urbanization responsible for much of the subsidence in the Shanghai region are expected to continue, future subsidence monitoring is warranted.  相似文献   

18.
珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组发育陆架边缘三角洲,其不仅是深水区勘探重要的油气储层类型,也是沉积地质学和石油地质学研究的热点。根据高精度三维地震资料,应用三级层序格架内等时地层切片技术,对珠江口盆地白云南洼珠海组陆架边缘三角洲的沉积结构和平面演化开展了详细研究。研究表明,区内存在北部和西北部两个物源方向的陆架边缘三角洲物源供给体系,进而形成连续4期三角洲前积复合体,各期次通过解剖三角洲前积结构和叠置样式可细分为2~5套三角洲前积体,地震上表现为切线斜交型和S型反射结构。不同物源供给体系下的三角洲进积和加积速率差异明显,根据陆架边缘三角洲的演化阶段可划分为初始形成期、发展期和稳定期三个阶段。初始形成期为珠海组四段中晚期,三角洲垂向上均表现为进积,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲形成面积小,西北部物源供给的三角洲面积相对大;发展期为珠海组三段,三角洲垂向上进积和加积均存在,陆架边缘三角洲沉积厚度达到最大,平面上北部物源供给的陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇体系发育一定规模,西北部物源供给的陆架三角洲前缘发育陆架条带砂脊;稳定期为珠海组二段和一段,三角洲垂向结构表现为先进积后加积,三角洲前缘规模变大,陆坡水道和深水扇最为发育。珠海组时期陆架边缘三角洲形成演化受双物源差异供给、相对海平面的先升后降和构造活动的相对稳定共同控制。北部物源供给的珠海组陆架边缘三角洲—深水陆坡沉积体系可作为区内最有利的油气勘探目标。  相似文献   

19.
Overbank and channelfill deposits of the modern Yellow River delta   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The Huanghe is noted for its high transport rate of silt and clay, which may reach depth-averaged values of 200 kg m−3 during peak discharge. The sediment load transported through the river on entering the delta plain, amounts to 1012 kg per year. In contrast to most other large deltas only one distributary channel is active at any one time. The high sediment load causes the rivermouth to prograde at a yearly rate of 1–4 km into the shallow (less than 20 m deep) Bohai gulf. The vertical aggradation of the channel belt and mouth bar complex is also rapid (decimetres per year on average), so that after a normal average of twelve years increasing channel instability and avulsion create the start of a new delta lobe.

A series of satellite images covering the last fifteen years has provided insight in the evolution of the river pattern as well as the progradation of the delta front. A newly developed distributary passes from a multichannel to a single, straight channel system, and ends with the formation of meanders. The protruding mature delta lobe shows a radiating pattern of crevasse channels.

Overbank/ crevasse deposits are made of vertically stacked dm-scale waning flow sequences, structurally characterized by (from bottom to top) small scour-and-fills, even (parallel) lamination, and climbing-ripple crosslamination. Accumulation rates on crevasse splays can be predicted on the basis of estimated river sediment discharge. It can be concluded that each sequence has been deposited within a few hours, and that tidal waterlevel fluctuations may have played a role in the generation of a single sequence.  相似文献   


20.
During the Early Tertiary epoch a basin of deposition covered almost all the present Himalayan foot hill zone. Large quantities of detrital sediments were transported from the northern source area to the depositional basin. The rivers carrying the sediment load formed large delta complexes. In the area studied at least two such delta complexes, one around Kalka and the other around Nahan, were formed; of these the one around Kalka contains the greatest volume of sediments.

The recognition of the deltas is based on: (a) greater abundance of stream deposits than deposits of other environments; (b) lithologic criteria, particularly sedimentary structures, repetitive lithologic associations; (c) the general coarsening-upward nature of the sediments; (d) strong unimodal current direction; (e) the typical lenticular lithogenetic model, common in recent deltas.

The rocks of the Nahan Group are divisible into three formations at Kalka and two formations at Nahan where central formation did not develop. Himalayan tectonism has largely controlled both delta formation and stratigraphy.

The differential rates of sedimentation greatly influenced the rates of subsidence within the Nahan basin. The sediments of the Nahan Group are roughly bounded between two major phases of Himalayan uplift, namely Eocene and middle Miocene tectonic movements. The effects of intermittent tectonic pulses are well depicted in rocks of the Nahan Group. The intensity of the tectonism that controlled both the source-area rise and basin subsidence during deposition of the Nahan Group of sediments was nonuniform, both in vertical and lateral directions. Because of a generally higher rate of deposition compared to the rate of subsidence, the rocks of the Nahan group represent a normal regressive basin-filling sedimentation, forming thick detrital deposits due to progradation of younger deltas beyond the distal end of older deltas.  相似文献   


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