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1.
Syn-orogenic deposits that occupy foredeep basins commonly experience contraction related to the migration of fold-and-thrust systems toward the foreland. This contraction may overprint the earlier extensional deformation that is related to the initiation of the basin. Although predicted by models for foredeep development, evidence for extension predating contraction at different scales is not extensively recorded in syn-orogenic deposits. Mesoscopic structures from the Contessa section, in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy, reveal a complex history, characterized by extension soon before the contractional deformation. Normal faults predate the folds and thrusts that are related to the Miocene-age orogenic event responsible for the development of the Apennines. Extensional deformation may have resulted from flexuring of a lithospheric plate induced by the load of a stacking thrust pile. The transition from extension to contraction could play an important role in the evolution of belt–foredeep–foreland systems, as it could reflect the migration of advancing thrust fronts toward the foreland. 相似文献
2.
The geometry of several thrust-related folds in the Central Apennines of Italy results from a switch in deformation regime, from extension to contraction. This switch in tectonic regime occurred during the deposition of syn-orogenic sediments, and the emplacement and migration of the thrust belt–foredeep system towards the foreland in Neogene time. The styles of positive tectonic inversion result from normal faults that were steepened, rotated and truncated by thrusts, with local development of minor folds due to buttressing. Normal fault-controlled escarpments are also locally preserved in the forelimbs and backlimbs of thrust-related anticlines. The location and amplitudes of contractional structures across the belt reflects the distribution of pre-thrusting normal faults within precursor syn-orogenic basins, a result that may improve our understanding of the evolution of Apennine, as well as other thrust belt–foredeep systems. 相似文献
3.
The geometry of extensional structures is described for the first time in the active setting of the Venezuelan Andes using remote sensing imagery. We favored the use of a mosaic of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes of the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) assisted by complementary remote sensing devices (Landsat TM, digital elevation models) and field observations to make a structural analysis at regional scale. Radar images are particularly efficient in the Venezuelan Andes where dense vegetation and frequent cloud covering earlier lent difficulties to remote sensing studies. We focused our analysis in the Valera–Rio Momboy and Bocono faults corner and in the Mucujun area. We show that, in an area where ongoing compression and strike–slip deformations occur, brittle extension can be detected independently from previous knowledge. Extensional structures correspond to elongated tilted blocks with dimension less than 10 km in width. Blocks are bounded by curved faults in plan view, the concavity being turned towards the axial part of the belt. The geometry and kinematics of such structures suggest that syn-orogenic extension started together with initiation of right-lateral strike–slip motion along the Bocono Fault in the Plio-Quaternary. 相似文献
4.
The evolution of the oceanic Maghrebian Flysch Basin and its continuation in the Southern Apennines was studied by reconstructing mainly representative stratigraphic successions. In all sectors a common evolution has been identified. Rifting and drifting phases are indicated by remnants of oceanic crust, Jurassic limestones, Cretaceous–Palaeogene turbiditic and pelagic deposits. The pre-orogenic sedimentation was mainly controlled by extensional tectonics and sea-level changes. The occurrence of a generalized foredeep stage since the Early Miocene is testified by thick siliciclastic and volcaniclastic syn-orogenic flysch successions. The deformation of the oceanic areas began in the Burdigalian and the resulting nappes were stacked in the growing chains. During the Middle Miocene, piggy-back basins developed and the building of the chains was accomplished in the Late Tortonian. Areal distribution and ages of flysch deposits represent an important tool for the study of the diachronous growth of the accretionary wedges. 相似文献
5.
Claudio Corrado Lucente 《Sedimentary Geology》2004,170(3-4):107-134
The Marnoso–arenacea basin was a narrow, northwest–southeast trending, foredeep of Middle–Late Miocene age bounded to the southwest by the Apennine thrust front. The basin configuration and evolution were strongly controlled by tectonics.
Geometrical and sedimentological analysis of Serravallian turbidites deposited within the Marnoso–arenacea foredeep, combined with palaeocurrent data (turbidite flow provenance, reflection and deflection), identify topographic irregularities in a basin plain setting in the form of confined troughs (the more internal Mandrioli sub-basin and the external S. Sofia sub-basin) separated by an intrabasinal structural high. This basin configuration was generated by the propagation of a blind thrust striking northwest to southeast, parallel to the main trend of the Apennines thrust belt.
Ongoing thrust-induced sea bed deformation, marked by the emplacement of large submarine landslides, drove the evolution of the two sub-basins. In an early stage, the growth and lateral propagation of a fault-related anticline promoted the development of open foredeep sub-basins that were replaced progressively by wedge-top or piggy-back basins, partially or completely isolated from the main foredeep. Meanwhile, the depocenter shifted to a more external position and the sub-basins were incorporated within an accretionary thrust belt. 相似文献
6.
We relocate the 1990–1991 Potenza (Southern Apennines belt, Italy) sequences and calculate focal mechanisms. This seismicity clusters along an E–W, dextral strike–slip structure. Second-order clusters are also present and reflect the activation of minor shears. The depth distribution of earthquakes evidences a peak between 14 and 20 km, within the basement of the subducting Apulian plate. The analysed seismicity does not mirror that of Southern Apennines, which include NW–SE striking normal faults and earthquakes concentrated within the first 15 km of the crust. We suggest that the E–W faults affecting the foreland region of Apennine propagate up to 25 km of depth. The Potenza earthquakes reflect the reactivation of a deep, preexisting fault system. We conclude that the seismotectonic setting of Apennines is characterized by NW–SE normal faults affecting the upper 15 km of the crust, and by E–W deeper strike–slip faults cutting the crystalline basement of the chain. 相似文献
7.
The Marathon portion of the Ouachita thrust belt consists of a highly deformed allochthonous wedge of Cambrian-Pennsylvanian slope strata (Marathon facies) that was transported to the northwest and emplaced over Pennsylvanian foredeep sediments. The foredeep strata in turn overlie early-middle Paleozoic shelfal sediments which are deformed by late Paleozoic basement-involved reverse faults. The Dugout Creek thrust is the basal thrust of the allochthon. Shortening in this sheet and overlying sheets is 80%. Steep imbricate faults link the Dugout Creek thrust to upper level detachments forming complex duplex zones. Progressive thrusting and shortening within the allochthon folded the upper level detachments and associated thrust sheets. The Caballos Novaculite is the most competent unit within the Marathon facies and controlled development of prominent detachment folds.Deeper imbricate sheets composed of the Late Pennsylvanian foredeep strata, and possibly early-middle Paleozoic shelfal sediments developed concurrently with emplacement of the Marathon allochthon and folded the overlying allochthon. Following termination of thrusting in the earliest Permian, subsidence and deposition shifted northward to the Delaware, Midland and Val Verde foreland basins. 相似文献
8.
The aim of this paper was to provide a significant case‐history concerning the evolution of a segmented system of extensional faults and related basins, investigated by a set of seismic reflection profiles. We investigated two kinematically linked semi‐grabens, developed at the hangingwall of two opposite‐dipping normal faults: the Vallo di Diano and Auletta basins, located in the southern Apennines, one of the most seismically active regions of the Italian peninsula. Our interpretation suggests that the Pliocene–Quaternary tectonic history consists of a single extensional phase, where the major NW–SE trending normal faults, generating the basins, and the strike‐slip and transtensional faults connecting adjacent normal fault segments, simultaneously act, being part of the same extensional system. We also conclude that major normal faults, bordering the basins, should be considered as potential seismogenic sources in the seismic hazard evaluation. 相似文献
9.
碰撞带前陆盆地的建立是大陆碰撞的直接标志和随后造山带构造变形的忠实记录。本文对欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞前后发育在拉萨地块上的冈底斯弧背前陆盆地,同碰撞产生的雅鲁藏布江周缘前陆盆地,以及碰撞后陆内变形产生的喜马拉雅前陆盆地的沉积地层演化以及碎屑锆石物源特征等进行了系统分析,结合前人及我们近些年的研究成果,认为冈底斯岛弧北侧发育一个典型的弧背前陆盆地系统而不是以前普遍接受的伸展盆地。除传统认为的喜马拉雅前陆盆地系统外,在碰撞造山带中还发育一个雅鲁藏布江前陆盆地系统,它是欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞以后,欧亚板块加载到印度被动大陆边缘产生的典型周缘前陆盆地。上述2个造山带前陆盆地系统的识别,大大提高了对新特提斯洋俯冲、碰撞过程的认识。造山带前陆盆地证据指示,新特提斯洋至少于140 Ma以前就已开始俯冲, 110 Ma俯冲速度开始提高,在65 Ma前后印度大陆与欧亚大陆发生碰撞,喜马拉雅山于40 Ma开始隆升,其剥蚀物质大量堆积在喜马拉雅前陆盆地中。 相似文献
10.
V. Del Gaudio P. Pierri A. Frepoli G. Calcagnile N. Venisti G.B. Cimini 《Tectonophysics》2007,436(1-4):9-35
Northern Apulia is an emerged portion of the Adriatic microplate, representing the foreland–foredeep area of a stretch of the Apennine chain in southern Italy. The interaction between the relatively rigid microplate and the contiguous more deformable domains is responsible for the intense seismicity affecting the chain area. However strong, sometimes even disastrous, earthquakes have also hit northern Apulia on several occasions. The identification of the causative faults of such events is still unclear and different hypotheses have been reported in literature. In order to provide guidelines and constraints in the search for these structures, a comprehensive re-examination and reprocessing of all the available seismic data has been carried out taking into consideration 1) the characteristics of historical events, 2) the accurate relocation of events instrumentally recorded in the last 20 years, 3) the determination of focal mechanisms and of the regional stress tensor.The results obtained bring to light a distinction between the foreland and foredeep areas. In the first region there is evidence of a regional stress combining NW compression and NE extension, thus structures responsible for major earthquakes should be searched for among strike–slip faults, possibly with a slight transpressive character. These structures could be either approximately N–S oriented sinistral or E–W dextral faults. In the foredeep region there is a transition toward transtensive mechanisms, with strikes similar to those of the previous zone, or maybe also towards NW oriented normal faults, more similar to those prevailing in the southern Apennine chain in relation to a dominant NE extension; this appears to be the effect of a reduction of the NW compression, probably due to a decrease in efficiency of stress transmission along the more tectonised border of the Adriatic microplate. 相似文献
11.
Matías C. Ghiglione Javier Quinteros Daniel Yagupsky Pedro Bonillo-Martínez Julio Hlebszevtich Victor A. Ramos Gustavo Vergani Daniel Figueroa Santiago Quesada y Tomás Zapata 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2010,29(2):262-277
The common elements and differences of the neighboring Austral (Magallanes), Malvinas and South Malvinas (South Falkland) sedimentary basins are described and analyzed. The tectonic history of these basins involves Triassic to Jurassic crustal stretching, an ensuing Early Cretaceous thermal subsidence in the retroarc, followed by a Late Cretaceous–Paleogene compressional phase, and a Neogene to present-day deactivation of the fold–thrust belt dominated by wrench deformation. A concomitant Late Cretaceous onset of the foreland phase in the three basins and an integrated history during the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic are proposed. The main lower Paleocene–lower Eocene initial foredeep depocenters were bounding the basement domain and are now deformed into the thin-skinned fold–thrust belts. A few extensional depocenters developed in the Austral and Malvinas basins during late Paleocene–early Eocene times due to a temporary extensional regime resulting from an acceleration in the separation rate between South America and Antarctica preceding the initial opening of the Drake Passage. These extensional depocenters were superimposed to the previous distal foredeep depocenter, postdating the initiation of the foredeep phase and the onset of compressional deformation. Another pervasive set of normal faults of Paleocene to Recent age that can be recognized throughout the basins are interpreted to be a consequence of flexural bending of the lithosphere, in agreement with a previous study from South Malvinas basin. Contractional deformation was replaced by transpressive kinematics during the Oligocene due to a major tectonic plate reorganization. Presently, while the South Malvinas basin is dominated by the transpressive uplift of its active margin with minor sediment supply, the westward basins undergo localized development of pull-apart depocenters and transpressional uplift of previous structures. The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere for different sections of each basin is calculated using a dynamic finite element numerical model that simulates the lithospheric response to advancing tectonic load with active sedimentation. 相似文献
12.
川西前陆盆地中—新生代各构造层的残余厚度展布和沉积特征分析发现,四川克拉通周缘的前陆盆地在晚三叠世时期发育于龙门山山前,明显属于龙门山褶皱逆冲构造载荷所形成的前渊凹陷;侏罗纪早期的沉积地层呈面状分布,没有表现出显著的挠曲沉降,指示了一个构造相对平静的阶段;中侏罗世早期前渊凹陷迁移至龙门山北段和米仓山山前,前渊沉积从晚三叠世的北东向转换为近东西向,广泛的湖泊相沉积预示了前陆盆地的欠充填状态;中侏罗世中晚期,川西盆地沉降中心又迁移到大巴山山前,相应的挠曲变形又从近东西向转化为北西向,构成了大巴山的前渊凹陷;晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期,沉降中心再次回到米仓山山前,巨厚的前渊凹陷沉积指示了米仓山冲断带的主要活动时期;白垩纪末—古近纪的前渊凹陷则跃迁至雅安—名山地区。川西前陆盆地的同造山沉降中心以四川盆地中心为核心在西部和北部呈弧形迁移,沉积序列不断更替和叠加。中生界各构造层底界构造图显示现今的构造低部位位于川西北地区和川西南地区,在川西北地区均有东西走向的等值线分布,而川西南地区等值线走向则为北东-南西向。因此分析认为,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的构造变形可能控制了川西盆地现今的地层变形,形成了川西北地区的南北向构造挤压结构,而晚期的新生代构造变形则主要体现在川西盆地的西南部,形成北东-南西向的地层展布特征。 相似文献
13.
Amir Kalifi Philippe Sorrel Philippe-Hervé Leloup Vincenzo Spina Bastien Huet Albert Galy Jean-Loup Rubino Bernard Pittet 《Sedimentology》2020,67(5):2455-2501
A comprehensive sedimentological study was undertaken in the Miocene of the subalpine massifs and southern Jura (France) with the aim to constrain the evolution of process changes in third-order sequences of peripheral foreland basins during the overfilled phase (i.e. sediment supply higher than accommodation space). Fieldwork analyses based on 35 sedimentological sections allowed the identification of four depositional models: wave dominated, mixed wave-tide, river to tide and river dominated. The sections were dated using chemostratigraphy (i.e. marine strontium isotopic ratios), revealing three-third-order sequences between the Upper Aquitanian and the Langhian. Chronostratigraphical and sedimentological results document prominent and recurrent changes in depositional models along third-order sequences: (i) in the earliest stage of the transgression, mixed-energy coastal environments influenced by the local coastal morphology prevailed (in palaeo-highs or incised valleys); (ii) during the course of the transgression, Gilbert delta deposits suggest a prominent steepening linked to a tectonic uplift in the proximal depozone (between the tectonically active frontal part of the orogenic wedge and the proximal foredeep). Instead, in the distal depozone (between the proximal foredeep and the proximal border of the flexural uplifted forebulge), deposits were characterized either by wave-dominated or mixed wave-tide environments and are likely eustatically-driven; (iii) during the maximum flooding stage, water depth remained shallow below the storm-weather wave base; and (iv) during the regression, the proximal depozone is characterized by the progradation of gravel-rich fan deltas. In the distal depozone, mixed wave-tide systems preceded the development of river to tidal depositional environments. These results were integrated and compared with facies models from other basin analogues worldwide. A model tackling the evolution of process changes within third-order sequences (of the overfilled phase) of foreland basins is proposed, thereby improving sequence stratigraphic predictions in foreland basins. 相似文献
14.
雪峰山志留系前陆盆地分布在湘中-湘西北-四川盆地,是上扬子板块主要的盆地类型,目前针对该前陆盆地沉积特征和页岩气勘探潜力的研究少见.根据野外资料、测井资料和分析测试资料分析了湘西北和湘中地区前陆盆地沉积建造过程和页岩气勘探潜力.结果表明湘中前陆盆地前渊带以浊积扇和浅海陆棚相沉积为主,而湘西北隆后盆地沉积相类型丰富,包括潮坪相、浅海陆棚相、滨岸相、三角洲相和碳酸盐岩台地相等.虽然前渊带和隆后盆地沉积相类型和沉积厚度差异较大,但沉积旋回的划分却是一致的,因此前渊带和隆后盆地相互连通,雪峰山对其两侧盆地的遮挡作用有限.地球化学测试分析表明研究区隆后盆地页岩的有机碳含量、有机质类型均较四川盆地的焦石坝差.湖南地区志留系页岩各项地化指标较差的主要原因是其缺少龙马溪组第一旋回的黑色碳质页岩. 相似文献
15.
The Cantabrian Mountains, containing about 70% of the total coals of the country and 95% of the anthracitic and bituminous resources, is the most important coal-mining district of Spain. Coal-bearing successions are Late Carboniferous in age and their deposition took place in a syn-orogenic context during the Hercynian activity, mainly in three different time-successive locations: foreland basins, intrathrust basins and intramontane fault-controlled basins. Foreland deposition occurred in strongly asymmetrical basins located ahead of thrust sheets units. Intrathrust basins resulted from folding and tightening of these units during or after their emplacement. Intramontane and fault-controlled basins were developed along lineaments with strike-slip movements and as a result of fold and fault reactivation. Peat mires in foreland and intrathrust coal basins mainly occupied broad areas on abandoned delta and fan delta lobes. Coals in intramontane and fault-controlled basins were related with alluvial fan and lacustrine environments. Coal ranks vary from high volatile bituminous coals to anthracite, depending on the structural location of the coalfields. Hydrothermal activity seems to be the most important factor in coal evolution. 相似文献
16.
The structure of Alpine-type orogenic belts is widely assumed to have been strongly influenced by the inherited structure of the rifted continental margins from which they were formed. The challenge lies in deciphering these influences when orogenic contraction is strong. Contractional deformation in the Kamchia basin (SW Black Sea), caught between the Balkan orogenic belt and the stable Moesian block, has been arrested, preserving the early development of an Alpine-type orogen. We use 3D seismic and well-data to examine the tectonic and stratigraphic structure of this basin. Significant deformation has occurred underwater, through inversion tectonics within the basin itself. However, the basin margin structures have not reactivated. This margin is marked by a low-angle unconformity across which sediment was routed from the platform into the fledgling syn-orogenic basins. Such pathways may explain non-orogen-derived sediment within parts of the ancestral Apennine foredeep, for example. The role of platform margins to focus contractional deformation may have been over-emphasised elsewhere in the Alpine system. Further, the more strongly subsided portions of rifted margins may have accommodated significant contractional deformation through reactivation of basin faults. In the western Alps the complexity of structural juxapositions across thrust sheets in the Brianconnais may reflect these early-orogenic deformations rather than be the product of deformation that happened after tectonic burial. These early deformations are likely to be recorded in early syn-tectonic depositional sequences. 相似文献
17.
许多前陆盆地同时存在着下部的裂陷正断裂和上部的造山期的挠曲正断裂。作用在均质不分层和非均质分层板块中的挠曲正断裂具有不同的外观形态和形变的空间协调机制，前者断面陡直、贯穿深远；后者则呈坡坪式形态。裂陷正断裂和挠曲正断裂具有3种相互作用方式、差异甚殊的断裂总体形态和中性面分布位置不同的应力体制。Ⅰ类，挠曲正断裂局限在陆缘期或坳陷期层序中；Ⅱ类，裂陷期正断裂断至断陷期层序，且以裂陷正断裂为基础而存在，二者构成完整而独特的断裂组合；Ⅲ类，挠曲正断裂亦断穿至断陷期层序，但和裂陷正断裂并不存在直接关系。这三类关系对孔隙—裂缝网络体具有不同的影响，并和应力体制一道，对流体尤其是烃类的作用过程有差异很大的影响。地层在跨越同生正断裂和挠曲正断裂时所发生的厚度的变化，起因于二者在物源方向上的完全不同。 相似文献
18.
Macro‐ and meso‐scale structural criteria for identifying pre‐thrusting normal faults within foreland fold‐and‐thrust belts: Insights from the Central‐Northern Apennines (Italy) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Reliable macro‐ and meso‐scale structural criteria for identifying pre‐thrusting normal faults within inversion‐dominated foreland thrust belts are here reappraised by showing field cases from the Central‐Northern Apennines of Italy. Field‐based analyses of relative chronologies among the structures allow determination of the timing of pre‐thrusting normal faulting, the positive inversion of the faults and their post‐thrusting reactivation when absolute chronostratigraphic constraints are lacking. The correct identification of pre‐thrusting normal faults allows recognition of shortcut and reactivation anticlines, and these have important implications for the definition of the thrust‐belt structural style and for the estimation of post‐orogenic extension. 相似文献
19.
前陆盆地是世界上油气资源最丰富、大油气田最多的一类盆地。笔者通过分析发现中国中西部的前陆盆地有丰富的烃源岩,配套的生储盖组合,油气在纵横向上的发育都有其有序性：前陆盆地的沉积演化控制着盆地油气纵向上的有序性,构造单元控制着油气横向上的有序性。前陆冲断带构造活动强烈,主要形成背斜油气藏,中浅层都含气,适宜采用立体勘探思路。前渊凹陷带主要发育有岩性油气藏,前缘隆起由于地层向克拉通方向尖灭,常形成岩性油气藏。 相似文献
20.
秦岭加里东晚期-华力西早期复式前陆盆地 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
南秦岭西段的志留纪－早泥盆世及中秦岭北缘的志留纪－早石炭世的沉积特征表明,两区均存在有早期理里石相和晚期磨拉石相,构成完整的前陆盆地充填序列,并由冲断造山 －前渊－前隆３部分构成完整的前陆盆地体系,南秦岭前陆盆地是扬子北缘裂陷盆地闭合的产物,形成于４３０Ｍａ,结束于３９０Ｍａ,历时４０Ｍａ,属板内前陆盆地,中秦岭前陆盆地位于扬子北缘的边缘,是秦岭洋闭合后的产物,形成于４４０Ｍａ,结束于３２３Ｍａ,历时１０７Ｍａ,属周缘前陆盆地,北秦岭二郎坪弧后陆盆地的上限是３２０Ｍａ,是在另里东晚期－华力西早期于陆－弧－陆碰撞的背景下形成３种类型的前陆盆地,它们组成了秦岭复式前陆盆地,总历程达１２０Ｍａ。 相似文献