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1.
针对非饱和农田在降雨引起肥料溶质地表径流迁移流失的实际问题,建立了二层结构溶质地表径流迁移模型,根据溶质质量守恒定律和水量平衡原理,求得模型的解析解,并采用室内非饱和土壤实验验证解析模型的合理性。通过敏感性分析,探讨了模型参数和土壤物理参数对溶质地表径流迁移流失过程的影响。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸附性增大将增强土壤溶质迁移流失到地表径流水的能力;土壤干容重增大将减少土壤溶质的地表径流迁移;土壤的初始体积含水率越高,土壤溶质的地表径流运移作用越强。 相似文献
2.
为了研究岩体裂隙网络中矿物溶解-沉淀的变化规律及其对溶质运移的影响,联合矿物溶解-沉淀动力学模型、渗流模型和溶质运移模型建立了岩体裂隙网络矿物溶解-沉淀-迁移模型,经过水溶液络合物计算和矿物成分分析,对研究区域方解石溶解-沉淀作用及溶质运移进行了数值模拟。得出的结论主要有:(1)受裂隙网络分布的影响,溶质运移分布极不均匀,溶质主要通过连通的裂隙从上游向下游迁移;(2)考虑方解石的溶解-沉淀作用之后,在溶解区域溶质浓度增加,在沉淀区域溶质浓度减少;(3)通过对比分析,可知方解石溶解-沉淀受水溶液中CO23-浓度影响较大。 相似文献
3.
岩溶区地下水数值模拟研究进展 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
岩溶含水介质的不均一性导致岩溶地下水流动、溶质运移和热量迁移的数学模拟研究成为地下水模拟的难点。本文综述了岩溶区地下水流模拟的几种方法,重点阐述了等效多孔介质法、双重连续介质法和三重介质法的定义、发展过程和适用范围,并回顾了这几种方法的研究成果。从等效多孔介质法到三重介质法,模拟精度不断提高,适用范围也逐渐由大区域实际问题向小区域理论研究过渡。介绍了溶质运移模拟和热迁移模拟的研究方法及实例。溶质运移模拟以对流弥散方程为基础,其中尺度效应是溶质运移模拟的重点研究问题;热量迁移模拟应考虑地下热水密度变化对地下热水运动的影响。溶质运移模拟和热量迁移模拟往往是将迁移模型和已经调试成功的地下水流动模型相耦合,从而达到模拟溶质及热量迁移的目的。由于溶质运移和热量迁移的复杂性,现阶段水流模型多数处于等效多孔介质模型阶段。综合理论及实际应用,指出精确刻画裂隙及管道和注重基础数学算法是岩溶水数值模拟进步的关键。 相似文献
4.
建立多组分平衡化学模型研究溶质在地下水中的迁移是溶液理论的基本要求,这是非确定型模型预测地下水溶质迁移中尚未解决的课题.本文利用CM(1.1)模型同时预测水中全部化学组分浓度值约束于电中性定律和最大溶度积理论,求得预测优化值,为这一问题的解决提供了范例.模型运行的结果证明,灰色系统理论不仅可用于预测水中单个离子,也可预报平衡多组分. 相似文献
5.
`土壤-地下水耦合数值模拟是定量刻画水流和溶质运移的主要手段。现有大范围场地尺度的研究受到数据采集难度及模拟计算量的限制,多是将土壤和地下水分成两个系统,这种方式不利于模型之间的计算反馈,易出现计算误差,因此将土壤和地下水作为整体系统研究具有重要意义。为精确刻画实际场地土壤-地下水系统中污染物迁移规律,揭示变饱和反应溶质迁移模型的参数敏感性,以某铬污染场地为研究对象,基于现场试验及前人研究所获数据,采用Galerkin有限元法建立三维土壤-地下水模型,定量描述六价铬在土壤-地下水中的迁移规律。在此基础上,通过改变补给条件,研究潜水面在土壤-地下水系统中的波动。并讨论阻滞系数和反应常数对溶质运移的影响。结果表明:在土壤中,污染物最大水平迁移距离为场地东南侧300 m;地下水中污染晕最大分布面积约为1.632 km2;垂向上土壤中的六价铬仅需15.6 h即可下渗至潜水面,第6天贯穿含水层。当潜水面随着补给量变化而波动时,地下水中六价铬会随水流进入土壤,影响土壤中污染分布。对溶质运移参数的讨论显示,当反应常数由0增大至10?6 s-1时,迁移出场区边界时地下水中污染物浓度约减少2000 mg/L,较难迁移至涟水河。基于FEFLOW的数值模型,能够解决各系统之间交互性差的问题,提供较为精确的模拟结果。 相似文献
6.
径向弥散是指溶质在径向流场下的迁移规律,被广泛用于描述含水层修复领域中污染物的迁移过程.然而,在现有描述径向弥散的模型中,往往忽略了井内混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响.建立新的注入井附近溶质径向运移动力学模型,同时考虑井内混合效应与弥散度的尺度效应.采用Laplace变换推导该模型的半解析解,利用Stehfest数值逆变换获取溶质在实数空间的解.通过与不考虑混合效应的模型对比研究混合效应对溶质径向弥散的影响,并利用室内渗流槽中的溶质径向弥散实验数据验证模型的合理性与适用性.结果表明:混合效应和尺度效应对注水井附近溶质径向弥散有显著影响.具体地讲,井内的混合效应越显著,在井壁处及含水层中的穿透曲线越低,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长,与不考虑混合效应模型的差异越明显;随尺度效应的增强,溶质提前穿透且扩散范围变大,溶质浓度达到峰值所需时间越长;与前人的模型相比,本研究模型能更好地模拟注水井附近的溶质径向弥散问题. 相似文献
7.
在地下水的相关研究中,农药和石油等地下水污染、土地盐碱化、海水入侵等诸多实际问题主要的研究方法都涉及地下水溶质迁移模拟. 相比地下水水流模拟的相对完善,对溶质迁移的模拟比较薄弱且迁移过程本身复杂性较高,目前地下水溶质迁移的研究工作还处在全面发展的阶段. 文中阐述了反映地下水溶质迁移机理和过程的数学模型,综述了溶质迁移模拟在地下水污染物防治、土地盐碱化、海水入侵、石油和放射性废物扩散等问题的诸多应用,归类了目前溶质迁移模拟所使用的对流迁移、对流-弥散模拟等主要数值方法,并对这些方法的优缺点和应用实例做了总结. 最后,分析了目前溶质迁移模拟中存在的不足,展望了未来在参数确定、裂隙介质运移机理和多相介质条件下运移模拟可能取得的突破. 相似文献
8.
分数微分对流-弥散方程(FADE)是模拟溶质迁移问题的新理论,但应用FADE来模拟溶质迁移时能否克服弥散的尺度效应尚待验证。利用长土柱实验资料结合FADE的解析解拟合推求FADE的弥散系数,并分析其与尺度之间的相关关系。研究结果表明,FADE的弥散系数具有随尺度增大而增大的现象,且均质土柱中FADE的弥散系数尺度效应小于非均质土柱中弥散系数尺度效应。在均质土柱中,弥散系数与尺度之间成指数相关关系,在非均质土柱中,弥散系数与尺度之间成幂相关关系。考虑了弥散系数分别与迁移时间和迁移距离呈线性递增两种相关关系,进而分别构建了3种考虑弥散尺度效应的FADE模型,并提出了求解的差分方法。利用上述3种考虑弥散尺度效应的FADE来模拟和预测不同空间位置处的溶质迁移过程。结果表明,对均质土柱中的溶质迁移可得到较好的模拟结果;对于非均质土柱,其模拟结果与实测结果仍然存在一定的差异。 相似文献
9.
PHREEQC在研究地浸溶质迁移过程中的应用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
应用地球化学模式PHREEQC，揭示地浸过程中溶质迁移的存在形式及各种形式之间的转化关系。通过计算饱和指数，确定溶质水解沉淀的水文地球化学条件临界值。 相似文献
10.
地浸过程中铀迁移特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
通过室内溶质迁移试验，对地浸过程中铀迁移的规律进行了研究。结果表明：地浸过程中溶质铀主要以铀酰、硫酸铀酰为主要存在形式；铀迁移经历了溶解迁移、沉淀、再溶解迁移的多次旋回；浸出铀浓度最大值和浸出速度与浸出距离和浸出时间密切相关。 相似文献
11.
This study deals with transport of solutes through a saturated sub-surface rock formation with well-defined horizontal parallel fractures. For this purpose, a simplified conceptual model consisting of a single fracture and its associated rock-matrix is considered in the presence of a fracture-skin in order to study the mobility and mixing of solutes along the fracture. In this paper, a coupled fracture-skin-matrix system is modeled numerically using finite difference method in a pseudo two-dimensional domain with a constant continuous source at fracture inlet. Flow and transport processes are considered parallel to the fracture axis, while the transport processes in fracture-skin as well as in rock-matrix are considered perpendicular to the fracture axis. Having obtained the concentration distribution along the fracture, method of spatial moments is employed to study the mobility and spreading of solutes. Sensitivity analyses have been done to understand the effect of various fracture-skin parameters like porosity, thickness, and diffusion coefficient. Further, the influence of non-linear sorption and radioactive decaying of solutes are carried out for different sorption intensities and decay constants. Results suggest that the presence of fracture-skin significantly influences the mobility and spreading of solutes along the fracture in comparison with a coupled fracture-matrix system without fracture-skin. 相似文献
12.
According to the transport theory of soil solutes and the conditions of soil, geology and climate in the karst region of Guizhou
Province, a numerical simulation model of edaphic nitrogen element transport under field conditions is initially established.
In this model, NO−
3 and NH+
4 are regarded as soil solutes. Transformation mechanisms such as biological release, bio-immobilization, ammonium adsorption-desorption,
nitration-denitrification and factors of crop root uptaking are considered in this model. It is hoped that the data from this
model could directly be used to guide agricultural production in this region and offer feasible ways to improve the use of
nitrogen element, sustainable development of agriculture in karst mountainous areas and natural environment. 相似文献
13.
The geochemical cycles of iron and sulphur in marine sediments are strongly intertwined and give rise to a complex network of redox and precipitation reactions. Bioturbation refers to all modes of transport of particles and solutes induced by larger organisms, and in the present-day seafloor, bioturbation is one of the most important factors controlling the biogeochemical cycling of iron and sulphur. To better understand how bioturbation controls Fe and S cycling, we developed reactive transport model of a coastal sediment impacted by faunal activity. Subsequently, we performed a model sensitivity analysis, separately investigating the two different transport modes of bioturbation, i.e. bio-mixing (solid particle transport) and bio-irrigation (enhanced solute transport). This analysis reveals that bio-mixing and bio-irrigation have distinct—and largely opposing effects on both the iron and sulphur cycles. Bio-mixing enhances transport between the oxic and suboxic zones, thus promoting the reduction of oxidised species (e.g. iron oxyhydroxides) and the oxidation of reduced species (e.g. iron sulphides). Through the re-oxidation of iron sulphides, bio-mixing strongly enhances the recycling of Fe and S between their reduced and oxidised states. Bio-irrigation on the other hand removes reduced solutes, i.e. ferrous iron and free sulphide, from the sediment pore water. These reduced species are then reoxidised in the overlying water and not recycled within the sediment column, which leads to a decrease in Fe and S recycling. Overall, our results demonstrate that the ecology of the macrofauna (inducing bio-mixing or bio-irrigation, or both) matters when assessing their impact on sediment geochemistry. This finding seems particularly relevant for sedimentary cycling across Cambrian transition, when benthic fauna started colonizing and reworking the seafloor. 相似文献
14.
Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake. 相似文献
15.
盐渍土壤中的物理化学作用对溶质运移具有重要影响.吸附和离子交换作用是土壤中常见的反应.利用室内土柱出流实验对这两种作用下的单组分和多组分溶质运移进行了探讨,用CXTFIT软件模拟了只考虑对流-弥散的常规溶质运移;用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC进行了耦合吸附和离子交换反应的模拟.结果表明,土壤质地对单组分溶质的运移具有重要影响,而在多组分溶质运移中,组分之间的相互作用对溶质运移具有更为重要的影响,并且耦合物理化学作用的模拟精度更高. 相似文献
16.
The movement of chemicals through soil to groundwater is a major cause of degradation of water resources. In many cases, serious human and stock health implications are associated with this form of pollution. The study of the effects of different factors involved in transport phenomena can provide valuable information to find the best remediation approaches. Numerical models are increasingly being used for predicting or analyzing solute transport processes in soils and groundwater. This article presents the development of a stochastic finite element model for the simulation of contaminant transport through soils with the main focus being on the incorporation of the effects of soil heterogeneity in the model. The governing equations of contaminant transport are presented. The mathematical framework and the numerical implementation of the model are described. The comparison of the results obtained from the developed stochastic model with those obtained from a deterministic method and some experimental results shows that the stochastic model is capable of predicting the transport of solutes in unsaturated soil with higher accuracy than deterministic one. The importance of the consideration of the effects of soil heterogeneity on contaminant fate is highlighted through a sensitivity analysis regarding the variance of saturated hydraulic conductivity as an index of soil heterogeneity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Santiago Moreira Bertram Boehrer Martin Schultze Severine Dietz Javier Samper 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2011,17(3):265-280
A geochemical model was incorporated into a stratification model for lakes to create the model package: DYCD-CORE, a numerical code that couples the thermal and hydrodynamic capabilities of DYRESM and the geochemical capabilities of the reactive transport model CORE2D V4. Based on the chemical composition of solutes calculated in each node for each time step, density was computed using specific partial molal volumes of all considered solutes and fed back into the stratification module of the program package. The density calculated each time step leads to a strong coupling of hydrodynamics and hydrogeochemistry and reflects the complex interaction as it is present in all lakes. To demonstrate the functionality of the numerical approach, an example of an iron-meromictic lake was chosen, where the reactivity of the dissolved iron kept the water body perennially stratified. To critically validate the model results, temperatures were continously measured at high vertical and temporal resolution in a field investigation of Waldsee (near Döbern, Germany). Multiparameterprobe profiles and water samples confirmed the continous chemical stratification and served as initial and boundary conditions for the simulation period. The model package DYCD-CORE could reproduce the permanent stratification as it were in the lake. A demonstration run using the standard UNESCO equation for density, and hence assuming non-reactive solutes, failed entirely. Hence, stratification models using salinity for density are not suited for simulating density created by lake-internal geochemical transformation of solutes. However, density can be based directly on the simultaneous numerical simulation of lake geochemistry. Predictive modeling of changing lake circulation in a variable climate or considering change of use will require a proper inclusion of the geochemistry as demonstrated in this paper. 相似文献
18.
Lihua Liu Roger Luff Haibing Shao Olaf Kolditz Nengyou Wu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(13):453
Early diagenesis affects the distribution of solutes and minerals in unconsolidated sediments. The investigation of diagenesis is critical to understanding the geochemical transformation and benthic fluxes of elements. During the cruise mission SO-177 in 2004, gravity coring samples were recovered in the Haiyang 4 Area of the northern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). The geochemical concentrations in interstitial water were determined onboard. The 1D C.CANDI reactive transport software was used to model the early diagenesis processes at four sites: 56-GC-3, 70-GC-9, 94-GC-11, and 118-GC-13. All of the simulations reproduced concentration profiles that matched the measurements with the implemented geochemical reactions. The degradation of organic carbon and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) primarily determine the distribution of solutes in the working area. The degradation is active in the top 150 cm, and AOM is vigorous at depths below 200 cm. The local advective flux, sediment rate, and kinetic reaction constants of organic matter, methane and sulfate were calibrated based on the existing concentrations of pore water solutes. Geochemical reactions in this area occur in considerably deeper layers compared to depths cited in the literature. The model results provide evidence for the existence of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs that provide methane to the upper sediments. 相似文献
19.
不流动水与非平衡吸附作用对溶质在孔隙介质中的运移有很大影响,“两点-两区”模型是目前研究不流动水与非平衡吸附作用的较为完善和实用的模型。在溶质运移的“两点-两区”模型的基础上,同时考虑了土壤对溶质的平衡和非平衡吸附作用,开发了MIENESOR数值模型,并给出了基于有限差和有限元法联合的数值解,编制了相应的计算机程序。对MIENESOR数值模型的案例验算表明：该模型能很好地揭示溶质在包气带和含水层中运移的规律,所开发的计算机程序稳定性较强,可用于实际。 相似文献
20.
Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach ?? with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness. 相似文献