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1.
Erin D. Dascher 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):616-630
The rate of dam building has declined in the United States, but dam building is still considered an integral part of water supply management, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding how dams affect river connectivity is a key component of river basin management. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of fragmentation in the Guadalupe–San Antonio River System (GSARS) and how these patterns were related to dam size, age, and purpose. Using a shapefile of registered dams and the National Hydrography Dataset High Resolution (NHD-HR) as input data for the Barrier Assessment Tool (BAT), six successive connectivity models were created. The average length of functional river networks (FRNs) decreased over time but the number of FRNs over 100?km stayed relatively stable. Fragmentation in the GSARS was concentrated around urban centers, and the majority of fragmentation occurred gradually as dams separated small FRNs along tributaries and headwaters. This gradual decline in longitudinal connectivity was punctuated by sporadically large separations of river networks by particular dams based on their location and time of commissioning. The methodology presented here provides a way to analyze both the extent and the temporal evolution of fragmentation in a river system. Key Words: Barrier Assessment Tool (BAT), fragmentation, functional river networks, river connectivity. 相似文献
2.
Molly Pohl 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(3):422-431
Dams are a major source of fragmentation and degradation of rivers. Although substantial research has been conducted on the environmental impacts of large structures in the United States, smaller dams have received less attention. This study evaluated the impact of two dams of moderate size, the Elwha Dams, on the downstream channel system using field data collection at river cross‐sections. The relationship of average boundary shear stress (τo) to critical shear stress (τcr) served as the basis for determining channel bed material mobility under the two‐year and ten‐year flood events. The channel had the greatest channel bed mobility at the natural cross‐section upstream from the dams, low bed mobility between the structures, and an increase in channel bed mobility in the low gradient river segment near the mouth of the river. Low bed mobility tended to be associated with a lack of channel system complexity, including reduction or loss of bars and low alluvial terraces and their associated young riparian communities. Although these run‐of‐the‐river dams do not modify streamflow greatly, the loss of sediment from the channel system has had a substantial impact on bed mobility and geomorphic and biotic complexity of the Elwha River. 相似文献
3.
AbstractSmall dams fragment river landscapes, disrupting channel connectivity and impacting water quality and quantity. Although they impound volumetrically less total water than large dams, the ubiquity of small dams suggests their cumulative impacts could be significant. Documenting the distribution and characteristics of small dams is necessary to understanding and mitigating their impacts. In this study, we compare datasets of small dams in Oregon, compile a new comprehensive dataset, and document geographic variations in small dam distributions between different ecoregions. We used Oregon Water Resources Department dam and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife fish passage barrier datasets to compare dam heights and contributing drainage areas between different ecoregions. Over 61% of Oregon’s land area is above one or more small dam. We highlight the location of Oregon’s small dams at valley margins, transition zones between flat plains and mountains, and areas of high population density. Given the hidden nature of small dams, evaluation of small dam impacts using public imagery is not effective. However, knowledge of small dam distributions given their association with landforms can aid in finding unrecorded dams, assessing approaches for evaluating their geomorphic impacts, and informing their management. 相似文献
4.
淤地坝是黄土高原水土流失防治的主要措施之一,明确淤地坝的分布、规模等重要参数信息对流域水土保持研究具有重要意义。利用遥感技术（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,结合陕北地区无定河流域高分二号卫星影像、野外踏勘及资料收集到的研究区淤地坝情况,对其进行预处理获取矢量数据,通过对比分析,得到淤地坝解译标志。针对榆林地区无定河流域淤地坝进行遥感解译,利用遥感及GIS软件实现淤地坝数目、淤地坝位置、水面面积、控制面积等主要信息的提取,获取淤地坝在定边、靖边、米脂、绥德、横山、榆阳、子洲和清涧8个县（区）分布状况。结果显示：研究区共解译出疑似淤地坝图斑1257个,其中榆阳区60个,横山区85个,定边县65个,靖边县19个,米脂县470个,子州县99个,绥德县316个,清涧县143个。由此发现,淤地坝主要分布于无定河下游区域的绥德、米脂、子洲和清涧4县的沟道内,且沟道内多存在耕地或水域。将淤地坝分布情况与地形、年均降雨量、农业种植面积和地质灾害等进行比较分析,显示其分布状况与这些因素相关联,表现为沟壑纵横的区域淤地坝较多,农业种植面积较少的区域淤地坝较多,年均降雨量和耕种面积比值较大区域淤地坝较多。由此,总结其分布规律,为未来淤地坝的维护和修建提供重要支持。 相似文献
5.
In this paper we assess the ways in which the topography of glaciated northern Britain has affected the siting and operations of water mills, and compare those factors and mill locations for mills in unglaciated southern Britain. We then explore the impacts of these findings on the potential downstream impacts of mill dam failure.We used a GIS to plot the locations of all 1712 localities in Britain's Ordnance Survey Gazetteer that include “mill”, “milton” (‘milltown’) and “miln” in their name. We then examined the geomorphology of mill locations in two study areas, one in northeast Scotland (glaciated; 421 localities) and one in southern England (unglaciated; 438 localities), assessing (i) mill location within the drainage net, and (ii) the steepness of an adjacent stream within a radius of 500 m of the mill locality. The large majority of mills are located within the first 10 km of the drainage net in both study areas, presumably on relatively stable bedrock channels. The data for most of the mills in both study areas indicate that catchment areas of less than 200 km2 are sufficient to supply the water necessary for operation of a mill, but the higher rainfalls and runoff in Scotland (almost twice the values in the England study area) mean that mill dams in S England must have been higher and of higher capacity than those in NE Scotland. That finding is consistent with the results related to channel steepness, which show that mills in Scotland are associated with steeper channels than is the case in England. The generally greater channel steepness in Scotland (and the greater downstream extent of those steeper channels, as also confirmed by the data) reflect both the many glacially steepened bedrock channel reaches in Scotland and the steepening of Scotland's coastal bedrock channels as a result of glacio-isostatic rebound.The technical requirements of water mill operation favour situations where water can be delivered to the top of, or at least part-way up, the mill wheel. Scotland's steeper rivers and its higher rainfalls mean that Scotland's mills require smaller mill dams, if they are needed at all. It would therefore be expected that catastrophic or managed failure of mill dam walls in northern Britain would release lower volumes of trapped sediment to the downstream fluvial system. These lower volumes would in turn result in lower geomorphological impacts downstream of the dam, both in terms of changing channel patterns and burial of the bed. Such dam failure is a key current issue in geomorphology and one case study of a small failed mill dam in western Scotland confirms the minimal downstream impacts of that failure. 相似文献
6.
Rudolf V. Zhang 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(4):0348-0355
Global climate warming which began in the second half of the twentieth century is continuing. It is associated with increased risks for ecological management, especially in permafrost areas comprising over 65% of Russia. Of special concern are dams constructed on permafrost. They are subject not only to climatic impacts, but also to additional hydrothermal loads from water reservoirs. This paper presents the concept of geocryological monitoring of dams and other water resource projects and substantiates its necessity in view of climatic change. It also presents methods, scope and implementation of geocryological monitoring at medium and small dams, considering the specific nature of Far Northern areas, as well as the complicated geotechnical, hydrogeological and permafrost conditions. 相似文献
7.
The hydrology and geomorphology of large rivers in America reflect the pervasive influence of an extensive water control infrastructure including more than 75,000 dams. One hundred thirty-seven of the very large dams, each storing 1.2 km3 (106 acre feet) of water or more, alter the flows of every large river in the country. The hydrologic effects of these very large dams emerge from an analysis of the stream gage records of 72 river reaches organized into 36 pairs. One member of each pair is an unregulated reach above a dam, whereas the other is a regulated reach downstream from the same structure. Comparison of the regulated and unregulated reaches shows that very large dams, on average, reduce annual peak discharges 67% (in some individual cases up to 90%), decrease the ratio of annual maximum/mean flow 60%, decrease the range of daily discharges 64%, increase the number of reversals in discharge by 34%, and reduce the daily rates of ramping as much as 60%. Dams alter the timing of high and low flows and change the timing of the yearly maximum and minimum flows, in some cases by as much as half a year. Regional variation in rivers, dams, and responses are substantial: rivers in the Great Plains and Ozark/Ouachita regions have annual maximum/mean flow ratios that are 7 times greater than ratios for rivers in the Pacific Northwest. At the same time, the ratio of storage capacity/mean annual water yield for dams is greatest for Interior Western, Ozark/Ouachita and Great Plains rivers and least for Pacific Northwest streams. Thus, in many cases those rivers with the highest annual variability have the greatest potential impact from dams because structures can exert substantial control over downstream hydrology. The hydrologic changes by dams have fostered dramatic geomorphic differences between regulated and unregulated reaches. When compared to similar unregulated reaches, regulated reaches have 32% larger low flow channels, 50% smaller high flow channels, 79% less active flood plain area, and 3.6 times more inactive flood plain area. Dams also affect the area of active areas, the functional surfaces that are functionally connected to the present regime of the river. Regulated reaches have active areas that are 72 smaller than the active areas of similar unregulated reaches. The geomorphic complexity (number of separate functional surfaces per unit of channel length) is 37% less in regulated reaches. Reductions in the size of hydrologically active functional surfaces are greatest in rivers in the Great Plains and least in Eastern streams. The largest differences in geomorphic complexity are in interior western rivers. The shrunken, simplified geomorphology of regulated large rivers has had direct effects on riparian ecology, producing spatially smaller, less diverse riparian ecosystems compared to the larger, more complex ecosystems along unregulated reaches of rivers. 相似文献
8.
陕北黄河中游淤地坝拦沙功能失效的判断标准 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用2011 年第一次全国水利普查中4157 座骨干坝数据、1989 年陕北淤地坝调查中1640座中小坝数据,分别计算了1950-2011 年期间骨干坝、1956-1989 年期间中小坝的逐年平均淤积比例,得到截至2011 年,1980 年前修建骨干坝的平均淤积比例基本稳定,平均值为0.77,1980 年后开始逐渐下降;截至1989 年,1980 年前修建中小坝的平均淤积比例基本稳定,平均值为0.88,1980 年后开始逐渐下降的变化趋势,确定平均淤积比例0.77、0.88 分别为骨干坝、中小坝拦沙能力失效的判断标准。利用陕北淤地坝调查数据计算得到的骨干坝拦沙功能失效判断一致;在无定河、延河流域,水文站输沙数据的变化趋势与淤地坝是否拦沙显著相关。最后从淤地坝工程结构的角度,剖析了排水排沙位置的改变是判断标准形成的原因。 相似文献
9.
无定河流域产沙量变化的淤地坝效应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
无定河流域1971~1989年的年均流量、悬移质含沙量及输沙率比1954~1970年的明显变小,而月均水沙过程曲线也发生了明显变化。上述水沙过程的变化受到1970年以来人类活动的强烈影响,而淤地坝建设是主因。为探讨淤地坝的减沙效应,提出淤地坝有效减沙面积这一概念,并拟合了动态变化的淤地坝有效减沙面积与年份之间的关系,发现该关系曲线与无定河流域各年代产沙量的变化情况相符。自1990年以来无定河流域淤地坝有效减沙面积呈明显递减趋势,导致了自上世纪90年代以来该流域的产沙量出现增大现象。为了抑制该流域的产沙量,势必需要加大淤地坝建设的力度。如果想使该流域的产沙量逐渐减少,则至少要使流域内年淤地坝有效减沙面积逐年增加。 相似文献
10.
基于多源数据的皇甫川淤地坝信息提取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
淤地坝是黄土高原水土流失防治的主要工程措施之一,明确淤地坝重要参数信息对流域水土保持研究具有重要意义。利用皇甫川流域不同数据来源资料包括地形图（1976年）、TM影像（1990年、2007年）、Google Earth影像（2010年）对其进行预处理获取矢量数据,利用遥感及GIS软件实现淤地坝数目、淤地坝位置、水面面积、控制面积等主要信息的提取并分析其动态变化,采用相关系数、NDAI和DAI进行提取误差评定。结果表明：皇甫川流域淤地坝数目随年代递增而增加,水面面积和控制面积也随之增大,流域西部淤地坝数目明显少于东部。TM数据上提取的淤地坝水面面积与通过Google Earth数据提取的结果相关系数为0.98,实测淤地坝控制面积与TM影像上提取结果相关系数为0.96,NDAI和DAI值平均误差绝对值均<5%。由此得出,基于多源数据淤地坝信息提取技术具有很好的可行性及较高的准确性,本文为淤地坝减水减沙效益及黄河粗泥沙来源研究提供必要的决策支持。 相似文献
11.
Moshe Inbar 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):305-319
This study examines the adjustment of river systems in the Golan Heights to reservoir construction in small basaltic mountainous catchments where total water flow is impounded, and discusses comparisons with the effects of large dams on alluvial rivers. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 900 mm, and no major springs are found in the area. About 3/4 of total runoff is in the form of floods caused by rainstorms. The 11 dams receive drainage from about 20% of the total catchment, and a third of the total runoff. Changes in the river channels were studied at 28 field stations. Flood marks provided peak stage levels for largest season discharge, and 8 nearby hydrometric stations provided a continuous hydrological record. Bed material was sampled at each cross-section site. The main effect of river impoundment is a sharp decrease in flood peaks below the reservoirs to about one-third of their previous natural regime. The channel cross-sectional area decreased, but no temporal adjustment can be established, as most of the reservoirs were built in the last 5–8 years. Channel-flow hydraulics are competent enough to transport the suspended material, but evidence of aggradation was found in the channel reaches close to the dams. Bedload transport and the size of transported cobbles and boulders decreased downstream from the dams. Increased vegetation cover downstream from the dams was the most pronounced effect. Adjustment of the fluvial system to dam building in mountainous streams seems to be less sensitive than in alluvial channels. [Key words: fluvial geomorphology, dams, water reservoirs, environmental changes, Israel.] 相似文献
12.
城市化背景下嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
基于1960s,1980s和2010s的三期水系数据,通过构建定量描述河流水系变化特征的指标体系,对嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化特征及其与城市化的关系进行研究.结果表明:① 近50年来,嘉兴市的河流水系呈现出剧烈衰减的趋势,其中河流发育系数,河网密度和水面率分别减少了58.91%,28.49%和14.09%,但在城市化不同阶段,河流水系衰减的程度并不完全一致.② 在整个城市化进程中,河流发育系数和干流面积长度比变化的空间差异非常大,河网密度和水面率变化的空间差异相对较大,而盒维数和河流曲度变化的空间差异相对较小.③ 河流发育系数,盒维数和河网密度的衰减趋势为城区>近郊>远郊,水面率的衰减趋势为远郊>近郊>城区,河流曲度的衰减趋势为近郊>城区>远郊,但干流面积长度比的空间变化趋势不明显.④ 城市化对河流水系变化的影响十分显著,且城市化水平越高的地区河流水系的变化越剧烈,而城市化对干流面积长度比与河流曲度的影响大于其对河流发育系数与河网密度的影响. 相似文献
13.
截止 2018 年,全疆（含兵团）已建、在建及拟建水库 722 座（包括电站水库）,总库容 295.0 × 108 m3。有力地改善了水资源调控和利用效率,在灌溉、供水、防洪、发电、旅游等方面发挥了极其 重要的作用。新时期按照水利部“水利工程补短板、水利行业强监管”的工作总基调,针对南北疆 水资源配置不平衡问题、水资源利用不充分问题,谋划提出了兴建数十座大中型山区水库,以及提 升已建水库大坝信息化管理水平、加强水库调度运行管理,在满足生态需水的前提下统筹生活、生 产供水,最大程度发挥水库效益、确保水库安全运行。针对新时期气候变化条件下水库洪水风险 分析、大坝建设需要重点关注的几项关键技术、山区水库替代平原水库、河流健康与生态调度、水库 清淤与能力提升、水库信息化与智能调度以及延长服役期等问题进行了探讨,提出若干对策建议。 相似文献
14.
Landscapes in southeastern Australia have changed dramatically since the spread of European colonisation in the 19th century. Due to widespread forest clearance for cultivation and grazing, erosion and sediment yields have increased by a factor of more than 150. In the 20th century, erosion and sediment yield were reduced again due to an increasing vegetative cover. Furthermore, during the last decades, thousands of small farm dams were constructed to provide drinking water for cattle. These dams trap a lot of sediment, thereby further reducing sediment delivery from hillslopes to river channels. Changes in sediment delivery since European colonisation are documented in sediment archives. Within this study, these changing rates in hillslope erosion and sediment delivery were modelled using a spatially distributed erosion and sediment delivery model (WATEM/SEDEM) that was calibrated for Australian ecosystems using sediment yield data derived from sedimentation rates in 26 small farm dams. The model was applied to the Murrumbidgee river basin (30,000 km2) under different land-use scenarios. First, the erosion and sediment yield under pre-European land-use was modelled. Secondly, recent land-use patterns were used in the model. Finally, recent land-use including the impact of farm dams and large reservoirs was simulated. The results show that the WATEM/SEDEM model is capable of predicting the intensity of the geomorphic response to changes in land-use through time. Changes in hillslope erosion and hillslope sediment delivery rates are not equal, illustrating the non-linear response of the catchment. Current hillslope sediment supply to the river channel network is predicted to be 370% higher compared to the pre-European settlement period, yet farm dams have reduced this back to 2.5 times the pre-19th century values. The role of larger reservoirs is even more important as they have reduced the current sediment supply downstream to their pre-European values, thus completely masking the increased hillslope erosion rates from land-use change. However, the model does so far not include valley widening and sediment storage in river systems. Therefore, modelled rates of sediment delivery are lower than observed values. 相似文献
15.
On the basis of analyzing long-term field data, we investigated the vertical thermal structure of 66 lakes of the North-West of Russia during the freeze-up period. The largest variability in thermal structure is characteristic for low-drainage shallow water bodies. Detailed data were obtained at self-contained buoy stations located in a small Lake Vendyurskoe (southern Karelia) were used to identify water temperature changes at the depths for a winter season as well as making assessments of het flows at the water–bottom and water–ice interfaces. The interannual water temperature variability at the depths reaches 2°C. The main geographical factors influencing the formation of thermal stratifications in the 66 lakes used in the study during the winter period are their mean depth, area, water residence time and geographical latitude. The largest vertical water temperature gradients are characteristic for the group of the smallest and shallow lakes, in the bottom layers of which the water temperature exceeds the temperature of maximum density, whereas in the deep lakes (more than 15 m) the water temperature is below 4°C. The lowest values of water temperature are observed in large lakes. The water temperature in the upper layer (up to 10 m) of drainage water bodies also decreases to 0–1°C as the result of the removal of heat with the river discharge. According to the thermal stratifications, the lakes are categorized as small (shallow, deep and drainage lakes), medium-sized and large shallow and large deep lakes. The suggested regression model permits a typical water temperature to be assessed at standard depths at the end of a winter season for any water body in the study region using available geographical information. The verification of the model is done from independent data for eight lakes of Finland. 相似文献
16.
利用NASA AVHRR NDVI 3g遥感资料计算得出河西内陆河流域植被归一化指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）,将NDVI>0.20区域视为绿洲,通过计算绿洲区NDVI的变差系数和线性斜率分析1982—2013年绿洲面积变化,并进一步分析其对地表径流的响应特征。结果表明：河西内陆河流域绿洲整体呈扩张趋势,扩张区域主要在绿洲边缘区、河流两侧和尾闾;小规模斑块绿洲的破碎度呈增加趋势,连片的绿洲核心区相对稳定;绿洲面积随着出山径流变化呈现出阶段性特征,山区降水量对绿洲变化的贡献率约为地表径流贡献率的一半,冰川融水对绿洲面积变化的贡献率自东向西依次增加,绿洲区降水的贡献率则依次减少。 相似文献
17.
Geomorphic hazard assessment of landslide dams in South Westland, New Zealand: fundamental problems and approaches 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Quantitative assessments of landslide hazard usually employ empirical, heuristic, deterministic, or statistical methods to derive estimates of magnitude–frequency distributions of landsliding. The formation and failure of landslide dams are common geomorphic processes in mountain regions throughout the world, causing a series of consequential off-site hazards such as catastrophic outburst floods, debris flows, backwater ponding, up- and downstream aggradation, and channel instability.Conceptual and methodological problems of quantifying geomorphic hazard from landslide dams result from (a) aspects of defining “landslide-dam magnitude”, (b) scaling effects, i.e. the geomorphic long-range and long-term implications of river blockage, and (c) paucity of empirical data. Geomorphic hazard from a landslide dam-break flood on the basis of conditional probabilities is being analysed for the alpine South Westland region of New Zealand, where formation and failure of landslide dams is frequent. Quantification of the annual probability of landsliding and subsequent dam formation in the area is limited by historical and only partially representative empirical data on slope instability. Since landslide-dam stability is a major control governing the potential of catastrophic outburst flooding, the ensuing hazard is best assessed on a recurring basis. GIS-based modelling of virtual landslide dams is a simple and cost-effective approach to approximate site-specific landslide dam and lake dimensions, reservoir infill times, and scaled magnitude of potential outburst floods. Although crude, these order-of-magnitude results provide information critical to natural hazard planning, mitigation, or emergency management decisions. 相似文献
18.
The construction of multiple dams and barrages in many Indian River basins over the last few decades significantly reduced river flow to the sea and affected the sediment regime. More reservoir construction is planned through the proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP), which will transfer massive amounts of water from the North to the South of India. The impacts of these developments on fertile and ecologically sensitive deltaic environments are poorly understood and quantified at present. In this paper an attempt is made to identify, locate and quantify coastal erosion and deposition processes in one of the major river basins in India—the Krishna—using a time series of Landsat images for 1977, 1990 and 2001 with a spatial resolution ranging from 57.0 m to 28.5 m. The dynamics of these processes are analyzed together with the time series of river flow, sediment discharge and sediment storage in the basin. Comparisons are made with similar processes identified and quantified earlier in the delta of a neighboring similarly large river basin—the Godavari. The results suggest that coastal erosion in the Krishna Delta progressed over the last 25 years at the average rate of 77.6 ha yr− 1, dominating the entire delta coastline and exceeding the deposition rate threefold. The retreat of the Krishna Delta may be explained primarily by the reduced river inflow to the delta (which is three times less at present than 50 years ago) and the associated reduction of sediment load. Both are invariably related to upstream reservoir storage development. 相似文献
19.
新疆塔里木河干流堤防修建对地下水位的影响 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
通过2001—2003年对塔里木河干流3个断面18眼地下水监测井数据分析表明，沙子河口断而地下水埋深无明显变化；乌斯满河口断面地下水埋深表现为加深-变浅-加深的过程；阿其河口断面地下水埋深略呈减小趋势。地下水埋深的空间变化特征为：沙子河口断面水分条件最差；乌斯满河口断面的地下水埋深均小于3m，水分条件最好。洪、枯水期地下水埋深变化特征为：沙子河口断面地下水埋深变化很小；乌斯满河口断而和阿其河口断面，由于受提闸放水的影响，2003年地下水埋深普遍小于2002年。塔里木河中游输水堤防的修建对遏制河水在洪水期任意漫流，增加下游来水量起到了积极作用。 相似文献