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1.
This study examines how the impact of impervious surface in the Templeton Gap watershed (Colorado) could be reduced through the use of low-impact development (LID) strategies. LID is a sustainable stormwater approach to land management that retains runoff close to the source by preserving natural landscape features and limiting imperviousness. Our research indicates that LID techniques could reduce peak flows generated by stormwater runoff, allow city engineers to restore the stream channel to a more natural state, and improve the safety of residents and the security of property below the levee. This study developed a model of the Templeton Gap watershed and its associated stormwater infrastructure using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Specifically designed for small urban watersheds, SWMM allows users to accurately represent stormwater runoff dynamics and project the impact of hypothetical LID features such as porous pavement, rain gardens, and infiltration trenches on runoff and streamflow. 相似文献
2.
上海城市降雨径流污染时空分布与初始冲刷效应 总被引：44，自引：0，他引：44
选取上海市中心城区典型功能区监测降雨事件,研究降雨径流污染时空变化及初始冲刷效应。研究表明,上海中心城区路面径流主要污染物为TSS和CODCr,超出国家地表水Ⅴ类标准四倍多;总磷超出Ⅴ类水质标准两倍以上,氮素营养盐也有不同程度的污染。污染物含量在不同功能区之间显示出相似的分布趋势,交通区明显高于其他区域,其次为商业区和工业区,居民区情况较为良好。降雨强度是影响初始冲刷效应的主要因素,强度较大的降雨冲刷效应较为明显;不同功能区之间,商业区初始冲刷效应较强,其次为居民区和工业区,交通区冲刷强度较弱;TSS和CODCr在商业区和工业区冲刷强度要大于氮磷污染物质;而在交通区和居民区分异特征不明显。 相似文献
3.
发达国家雨洪管理焦点历经管网设计、不透水面阈值控制、低影响开发及土地利用管理等过程,呈现“多尺度多视角衔接”趋势。本文聚焦太湖流域土地利用调蓄功能变化机制及管理应用,揭示了1985-2015年来建设占用耕地是调蓄功能降低的主要原因;发现基于小流域的调蓄功能变化与建设用地强度整体低关联,但局部高相关,高相关的地区位于大城市或某些乡镇周边的建设增长热区,而这些热区的建设用地与调蓄空间规模较大且接触机会更多,是开发之前调蓄空间保护、开发控制以及开发之后综合管理等3个土地利用调蓄目标因子协调不当的结果;最后提出流域尺度土地利用调蓄视角的雨洪管理“345”模式,即以3个目标因子和5类控制要素为基础,实施土地利用调蓄创建、防御、拓展与保护等4类差别化战略模式,从更大尺度认识老城区和新区的雨洪关联,拓展海绵城市建设的本土认知和视野。 相似文献
4.
中国城市LID技术设施的成本效益区域差异 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着城市化进程不断加快,人口和城市规模不断扩张,对现代城市雨洪管理提出了新要求。本文运用情景分析法研究中国城市典型低影响开发(Low Impact Development, LID)技术设施的成本效益。分别以80%与95%降雨场次控制率对应的场次降雨为情景,以30年为服务期计算技术设施的雨水管理效益。研究发现：北方城市的建安成本与维护费用均值高于南方城市,同时受区域降雨量差异的影响,南方城市LID技术设施的雨水处理效益普遍高于北方。而北方城市之间效益差异亦较大,其中京津冀地区及西北地区的城市雨水处理效益尤低。不同技术设施之间差异表现为：原地入渗设施的雨水处理成本在6~188元/m3之间,显著高于具有汇流功能的设施。对降水较少的北方城市建议采用成本低、效果好的下沉式绿地结合雨水湿地的方式;对雨量大、雨强高的南方城市建议采用生物滞留设施结合调节塘的方式,可增大调蓄能力达到降雨场次控制率的要求,同时能够净化地面径流、增强雨水下渗。 相似文献
5.
Sheryl Luzzadder‐Beach 《Geographical review》2000,90(4):493-510
ABSTRACT. Chunchucmil, on the Yucatán Peninsula, was densely populated in the Maya Late Classic period (ca. a.d. 550–830), even though it depends principally on groundwater. In the 1990s, hydrologic investigations were conducted to determine whether groundwater could have met domestic and agricultural needs. The region's groundwater is near the surface and is influenced by sea‐level fluctuations; however, geochemical analysis revealed that groundwater quality is not affected by mixing with seawater. The potential exists for high and spatially extensive nitrate contamination in this karstic area, yet water‐quality analyses revealed only moderate levels of nitrate in the groundwater. Agricultural limitations are imposed by chloride, total dissolved solids, and salinity, as indicated by electrical conductivity; domestic water use is limited by the presence of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride. Throughflow in the ring of cenotes (sinkholes) around the Chicxulub impact crater may explain the movement and spatial distribution of water‐quality constituents in Chunchucmil's groundwater. 相似文献
6.
巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区径流与地下水补给条件 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在全球高差最大的巴丹吉林沙漠沙山斜坡上发现了沙漠区罕见的因大气降水而产生的地表超渗径流,地表径流侵蚀,缓渗径流及因地下径流出露而产生的地表径流--风沙混合物理沉积与化学沉积(次生盐).根据电镜观察,能谱分析,化学分析和粒度分析等资料,研究了径流化学沉积物的矿物和化学组成,风积沙和径流--风沙混合物理沉积物的粒度组成,径流类型及沙山区水分平衡,降水对地下水与湖水的补给机制.超渗径流的出现表明,虽然该区降水量少,但存在能够为地下水提供补给来源的较强有效降雨过程.径流,径流--风沙混合物理沉积和化学沉积等六项科学指标从深层次上充分证明,该区降水通过入渗至少达到了沙山的下部,完全能够对地下水构成有效补给.细粒层相对的隔水性是该区地下径流出露于地表的原因.沙山区确实存在令人惊奇的水分正平衡,即在大气降水在经过蒸发和蒸腾等消耗之后,每年还有约134648.4 t/km2水补给了地下水和湖水,成为湖水的重要补给来源之一.沙山区能够产生有效降水,植被稀少蒸腾量少,沙层入渗率高和沙层受蒸发影响深度很小是该区水分出现正平衡和大气降水能够补给地下水的四个条件,也是导致该沙漠区有众多湖泊发育的主要条件. 相似文献
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黑龙江流域水文地理研究综述 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文主要从地理环境、地表水、地下水和水环境4个方面集中对黑龙江流域水文地理研究进行综述。地理环境的研究从气候变化、湖泊湿地、流域区划和流域开发进行说明,近年来该流域气候呈现变暖的趋势,湖泊湿地资源丰富,中俄两侧有众多的保护区和保护对象,水库对其水资源开发利用起到了关键作用。地表水的研究从径流特征和洪水特征进行说明,该流域可以划分为7条支流和1条干流,大气环流异常是2013年其干流出现连续暴雨的直接原因。地下水的研究从水文地质、地下水位和跨国界含水层进行说明,该流域可以划分为9个水文地质分区,地下水位动态变化特征有其特殊性,跨国界含水层问题有待于研究。水环境的研究从地表水环境和地下水环境进行说明,加强流域污水防治工作,提出流域地下水防治措施及应急处理方案。最后对寒区特色水问题等热点问题进行简要探讨。 相似文献
8.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):173-186
In efforts to increase greenspace in cities, planners have relied on a series of arguments about the benefits of parks and other greenspace, including their economic value. The commercially available software program, CITYgreen 4.0, an extension of ArcView, calculates economic values for this purpose. The software evaluates the benefits of trees and other landscape features for energy use, stormwater runoff, air pollution, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat. While many examples are available of the use of CITYgreen in suburban morphologies, we set out to evaluate the applicability of CITYgreen for assessing these effects in a densely populated urban neighborhood. We inventoried 146 acres of urban land uses (commercial, residential, and institutional) in a Los Angeles neighborhood. CITYgreen does not calculate energy savings for structures larger than single-family residences, reducing its utility in densely built urban environments. The stormwater runoff reduction module works well when the field data themes were clipped so that the highest canopy (i.e., trees, shrubs, grass, or impermeable surface but no combination thereof) was recorded in every part of the study area. Carbon sequestration and air pollution removal modules worked well, but do not incorporate the best available science. Wildlife analysis falls short of its potential, given the extensive field data collected to use the program. 相似文献
9.
上海汛期降雨强度明显大于城市排水标准,初期雨洪污染负荷较大,对社会经济以及环境造成了较大危害,这些问题历来是困扰上海的难题,而国际上模拟开发之前雨水的自然循环过程,实践低影响开发等先进的雨水管理理念,缓解了传统的城市化过程中带来的城市内涝、城市面源污染等不利影响,值得上海借鉴。通过归纳国际先进的雨水管理理念,从综合管理和市场引导两方面探讨国际上雨水管理的激励机制,针对上海的现状问题,分别从综合管理、市场激励和公众宣传层面提出了建议,以期对上海的雨水管理工作提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
10.
基于雨洪安全格局的城市低影响开发模式研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
城市调蓄用地总量减少、泄洪网络被建设用地割裂、汇流用地与建设用地重叠等是造成城市内涝灾害的主要原因。本文尝试在产流源头、产流途径以及汇流地三个层面,充分利用原有自然雨洪调蓄系统,建立能够消纳极端暴雨水的城市低影响开发模式,以长沙市苏圫垸为例,基于地形数据、水文气象数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析和SCS水文模型,模拟极端降雨的雨洪淹没区和雨洪廊道,并建立雨洪安全格局。根据年径流总量控制率85%的海绵城市建设目标,结合模型模拟确定苏圫垸低影响开发设施位置及规模,即开发后应保留雨洪斑块面积228.2 hm2,控制水量107.5万m3,雨洪廊道面积51.5 hm2,控制水量10.1万m3。可为探索基于极端气候下内涝防控的海绵城市建设新模式提供参考。 相似文献
11.
塔里木河流域近50年来生态环境变化的驱动力分析 总被引：44，自引：2，他引：42
结合塔里木河流域近50年来水文、植被以及社会经济等方面的资料,采用趋势分析方法估算人为因素对流域地表径流的影响,通过相关和主成分分析等数学方法分析人类活动诸因子与流域地表径流和地下水质之间的关系。研究结果表明,塔里木河上游源流区的地表径流在过去的几十年里没有减少,且有一定程度的增加,塔里木河干流地表径流量减少是人类活动所致;人类活动在1970、1980和1990年代对流域上中游地表径流的影响量分别为41.59%、63.77%和75.15%;由人类活动所导致的地表径流量减少是影响河道水质发生变化的主导因子,而地下水位变化则影响灌区和非灌区地下水水质;塔里木河下游生态系统受损与人类活动直接相关。 相似文献
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荒漠绿洲湿地水分来源及植物水分利用策略 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水分是干旱区不同景观界面间的水分循环过程与水力联系的主体,维持着干旱区湿地生态系统的结构与功能。为量化水分来源及其对植物水分的贡献率,以河岸灌木湿地和草地盐沼湿地为研究对象,通过测定降水、径流、地下水、土壤水和植物水中δD、δ18O组成,利用多源线性混合模型分析水分来源对荒漠植物水分利用的贡献率。结果表明：（1） 黑河流域荒漠绿洲湿地年均降水量104.6 mm,约占蒸散量（604.47 mm）的17.03%,具有明显的季节性分布特征。地下水位与土壤含水量的波动取决于河流距离,离河道较近的河岸灌木湿地地下水深度及土壤含水量随季节波动较小,而离河道较远的草地盐沼湿地则变化很大。（2） 当地大气降水线δD=6.33δ18O+4.04 （R2=0.931）,斜率和截距均略小于全球大气降水线则符合黑河流域湿地整体降水少而蒸散量大的特点。黑河径流δD和δ18O均值分别为-43.80‰±12.09‰和-8.65‰±23.33‰,地下水为-50.98‰±13.18‰和-9.74‰±25.49‰,土壤水为 -42.07‰±6.89‰和-7.22‰±2.49‰,植物水为-51.84‰±14.46‰和-8.50‰±24.13‰。（3） 地表蒸发是荒漠绿洲湿地土壤氢、氧同位素富集的主要原因。地下水和河水分别是草地盐沼湿地与河岸灌木湿地的主要水分来源,贡献率分别约为61%和50%,表明湿地植物相比于干旱区脉冲式降水更依赖较为稳定的水源。（4） 植物根系深度和毛细根分布是决定荒漠绿洲湿地植物水分利用策略的重要因素。 相似文献
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近50 a来黄河上游水循环要素变化分析 总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5
根据水文、气象台站观测资料,分析了黄河上游有器测资料几十年来降水、温度、径流等水循环素的变化过程与特征。结果显示,温度近几十年来流域各个地方有着不同程度的上升,与全球变暖有着明显的对应关系;而随着气温的上升,蒸发和下渗呈增加的趋势。降水变化的区域性特征十分明显,降水量的增减随地理位置不同而差异较大。受主要产流区域降水减少,气温上升的影响,黄河上游产水量呈持续递减的态势。在上述分析基础上,利用全球气候模式(GCMs)与统计模式对未来流域降水和径流的可能变化进行了预测。结果表明,未来30 a里,随着温度将进一步上升,降水量将比目前有明显增加,黄河上游的径流量将随降水量的增加而进入一个相对丰水的时期。 相似文献
15.
Effect of apple production base on regional water cycle in Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau containing Xianyang city, northern part of Weinan city, southern part of Yan'an city and a part of Tongchuan city covers a total area of 30,000 km2 with an elevation of 900 to 1500 m above sea level and annual average precipitation is from 550 to 600 mm. The Luochuan and Changwu uplands are two of those large uplands in Weibei region. These uplands have been identified as a commercial apple production base for its special features of topography and climate… 相似文献
16.
Weibei upland, located in southern part of the Loess Plateau, is a commercial apple production base in China. The enlargement of apple-planting area has a great impact on the regional water cycle. The effects of different land use on hydrological parameters are compared and studied in this paper. The main results are as follows: (1) The initial and steady infiltration rates in apple orchard are higher than those in other land use types such as grassland, idle land and farmland. Their initial rates of infiltration are 0.823 cm/min, 0.215 cm/min, 0.534 cm/min and 0.586 cm/min in apple orchard, grassland, idle land and farmland respectively. Their steady infiltration rates are 0.45 cm/min, 0.038 cm/min, 0.191 cm/min and 0.155 cm/min respectively. (2) There is no runoff generated in plot of apple orchard in all 8 storm events in observed natural rainfalls, while runoff is generated in winter wheat plot, corn plot and alfalfa plot with runoff coefficients of 2.39%, 1.58% and 0.31% respectively. (3) The transpiration of apple trees is strong and thus soil moisture is gradually depleted. The average soil water contents in 3-9 m soil profile in Changwu plots with apple trees of 14 and 32 years in age are 11.77% and 11.59% and in Luochuan plots with those of 15 and 28 years in age are 11.7% and 11.59% respectively, which are nearly 9.0% of wilting moisture of Changwu soil and 8.6% of wilting moisture of Luochuan soil. The pathway of rainfall percolating to groundwater is hindered by dry soil profile. 相似文献
17.
This paper describes and compares the hydrological responses of runoff, soil moisture and groundwater levels to rainfall events for two small semi-arid catchments over a 2-year period. Romwe received 1430 and 756 mm of rainfall in the 19999/00 and 2000/01 season, respectively. Mutangi received 756 and 615 mm of rainfall in the same years. Romwe generated 520 and 102 mm of runoff in the 19999/00 and 2000/01 seasons, respectively, while Mutangi generated 82 and 69 mm of runoff in the same years. The runoff response of the catchments was dominated by a relatively quick response to rainfall and with little or no significant contribution from regional groundwater or ‘old water’ sources. Total soil moisture storage to a depth of 120 cm was higher at Romwe than Mutangi for the entire study period reflecting the differences in the soil types. The groundwater level was closer to the surface and responded more quickly to rainfall at Romwe compared to Mutangi where water levels were between 12 and 16 m below the surface. There was a significant relationship between profile soil moisture and water table level at Romwe and none was observed at all in Mutangi. Significant (p<0.05) monthly rainfall runoff relationships were observed at both Romwe and Mutangi. At Romwe and Mutangi 91% and 76% of the runoff variation was accounted for by rainfall in the 1999/00 season, respectively. The rainfall–runoff relationship were different at Romwe for the two seasons, it was higher in the 1999/00 season than the 2000/01 season when 91% and 49% of the runoff variation was due to rainfall, respectively. The relationships were almost similar at Mutangi during the two seasons. 相似文献
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黄淮海平原地下水开采的水文效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄淮海平原是我国地下水开发最早,利用程度最高的地区。随着地下水开采量急剧增长,已产生了一系列水文效应变化,其中包括区域地下水位下降和地下水降落漏斗的形成;开采浅层地下水对地表径流和降雨入渗补给的地下水量的影响,井灌井排在盐碱土的改良作用等。 相似文献
20.
塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价 总被引：22，自引：8，他引：14
干旱区地下水脆弱性是地下水系统本身固有的不稳定属性,是系统结构、功能状态在人类活动干扰及气候变化等自然因素作用下具有的敏感性、易变性和弹性的综合反映。可以以河川径流中冰雪融水比重、地表径流入渗占地下水补给比例、地下水补给强度、地表水的引用率等十项指标(IRRUDQELTS)进行定量评价。通过对塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价,表明该区属地下水严重脆弱区,其脆弱程度远大于地下水开发利用程度较高的河西走廊,其中又以民丰县、皮山县为极端脆弱。 相似文献