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1.
将经济学条件风险价值(CVaR)理论引入防洪评价领域,提出基于CVaR的水库群防洪库容协同作用研究方法,辨识各水库防洪库容值对库群系统防洪损失的影响程度及各水库间协同防洪的互馈方式。以汉江流域五库群系统为案例研究,结果表明:①库群系统防洪损失CVaR对各水库防洪库容变动的敏感度排序依次为三里坪、鸭河口、丹江口、安康、潘口水库; ②当总防洪库容不变时,变动各水库防洪库容组合方案所对应的防洪损失CVaR不一定相同,且各水库防洪库容组合存在可行区间; ③若选取相同CVaR为约束条件,相比于两库系统(安康-丹江口水库),五库系统由于考虑了更多水库(潘口、三里坪、鸭河口水库)的防洪协调作用,丹江口水库自身防洪库容可调节的灵活空间更大。 相似文献
2.
在设定总体洪水随机模型的前提下,利用Monte-Carlo方法对随机模拟法及传统方法推求设计防洪库容优劣作了初步对比研究。所考虑评价标准是设计防洪库容估计的不偏性及有效性,水库调洪方式采用削平头法,传统方法在推求设计洪水过程线时,考虑了同频率及同倍比两种放大法。计算结果初步表明,在模型形式正确的情况下,随机模拟法比传统方法能提高设计防洪库容的计算精度,同频率法推求设计防洪库容精度比同倍比法一般要好。 相似文献
3.
Flood hazard increasingly threatens human communities that occupy floodplains. Economic planning of control measures relies
on identification and prioritization of the flood source areas in the watershed draining to the threatened reach. Distribution
of flood control activities in proportion to the priority of flood source areas can reduce excessive costs and increase flood
control efficiency. In this research, a distributed Clark-based rainfall-runoff model in conjunction with a hydrologic routing
model was calibrated and validated in the watershed of interest. Then, a 2 * 2 km2 discretization scheme was implemented to represent some 200 pixels for flood source identification. The unit flood response
(UFR) approach was then carried out at pixel scale. This step resulted in, for the first time, a distributed flood index map,
which identifies and ranks pixels with high impact on the flood regime of the flood-threatened reach. The iso-flood severity
map can be also extracted in a contour format. 相似文献
4.
防洪补偿调节是水库防洪规划和实时调度的基本原理,构模方法及后效性是制约水库洪水优化补偿调节数学模型求解的关键问题。对于一个水库和一个防洪控制点所组成的基本防洪系统,基于水库调度阶段划分及出流上界分析引入水库出流上下界约束,将水库防洪库容最小目标转换为累计蓄水量最小的等价目标,建立了水库防洪补偿调节线性规划模型（RFCR-LP）,实现了水库调度决策和下游河道水流演进的完全耦合,避免了常规多阶段决策优化方法的后效性。该模型不仅具有结构简单、易于求解等显著特点,而且实现了水库防洪规划与实时调度优化数学模型的统一,基本形成了覆盖水库全周期的多功能洪水优化补偿调节模型,为构建水库群防洪优化补偿调节模型提供了一种解决方案。实例验证了RFCR-LP的适用性、灵活性及稳定性。 相似文献
5.
Hydraulic and flood-loss modeling of levee,floodplain, and river management strategies,Middle Mississippi River,USA 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
In this investigation, four scenarios were used to quantify the balance between the benefits of levees for flood protection
and their potential to increase flood risk using Hazards U.S. Multi-Hazard flood-loss software and hydraulic modeling of the
Middle Mississippi River (MMR). The goals of this study were (1) to quantify the flood exposure under different flood-control
configurations and (2) to assess the relative contributions of various engineered structures and flood-loss strategies to
potential flood losses. Removing all the flood-control structures along the MMR, without buyouts or other mitigation, reduced
the average flood stages between 2.3 m (100-year flood) and 2.5 m (500-year), but increased the potential flood losses by
$4.3–6.7 billion. Removing the agricultural levees downstream of St. Louis decreased the flood stages through the metro region
by ~1.0 m for the 100- and 500-year events; flood losses, without buyouts or other mitigation, were increased by $4.3–6.7 billion. Removing the agricultural levees downstream of St. Louis decreased the flood stages through the metro region
by ~1.0 m for the 100- and 500-year events; flood losses, without buyouts or other mitigation, were increased by 155 million
for the 100-year flood, but were decreased by $109 million for the 500-year flood. Thus, agricultural levees along the MMR
protect against small- to medium-size floods (up to the ~100-year flood level) but cause more damage than they prevent during
large floods such as the 500-year flood. Buyout costs for the all the buildings within the 500-year floodplain downstream
of urban flood-control structures near St. Louis are ~40% less than the cost of repairing the buildings damaged by the 500-year
flood. This suggests large-scale buyouts could be the most cost-effective option for flood loss mitigation for properties
currently protected by agricultural levees. 相似文献
6.
分析总结了目前防汛会商系统在集成管理及其应用方面存在的主要问题,提出了防汛会商系统集成化管理的设计思想,研究了其体系结构,指出了采用的新技术,从而形成了防汛会商系统集成化管理的总体设计方案.通过理论研究,设计和开发了防汛会商系统集成化管理的模板.基于该设计方案而建立的防汛会商系统,在会商模板对防洪信息的有效管理下,高度集成了各种雨情、水情、工情、灾情、险情等防洪信息和知识,对当前防汛形势和决策问题进行分析和总结;通过会商平台将面向防汛决策热点的主题信息,形象、直观、全面、实时地呈现到会商现场,辅助决策者进行防洪调度决策.该研究成果已应用到黑龙江省防汛会商系统中,并取得了良好的应用效果. 相似文献
7.
A real-time operation optimization model for flood management in river-reservoir systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this paper, a new methodology has been developed for real-time flood management in river-reservoir systems. This methodology
is based upon combining a Genetic Algorithm (GA) reservoir operation optimization model for a cascade of two reservoirs, a
hydraulic-based flood routing simulation model in downstream river system, a Geographical Information System (GIS) based database,
and application of K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithm for development of optimal operating rules. The GA optimization model
estimates the optimal hourly reservoirs’ releases to minimize the flood damages in the downstream river. GIS tools have also
been used for specifying different land-uses and damage functions in the downstream floodplain and it has been linked to the
unsteady module of HEC-RAS flood routing model using Hec-GeoRAS module. An innovative approach has also been developed using
K-NN algorithm to formulate the optimal operating rules for a system of two cascade reservoirs based on optimal releases obtained
from the optimization model. During a flood event, the K-NN algorithm searches through the historical flood hydrographs and
optimal reservoir storages determined by the optimization model to find similar situations. The similarity between the hydrographs
is quantified based on the slopes of rising and falling limbs of inflow hydrographs and reservoir storages at the beginning
of each hourly time step during the flood events for two cascade reservoirs. The developed methodology have been applied to
the Bakhtiari and Dez River-Reservoir systems in southwest of Iran. The results show that the proposed models can be effectively
used for flood management and real-time operation of cascade river-reservoir systems. 相似文献
8.
Flooding is a serious problem in Jakarta, and detailed estimation of flood damage is necessary to design optimal flood management strategies. This study aims to estimate flood damage in a densely populated area in Jakarta by means of a survey, to develop the relationship between flood characteristics and flood damage, and to compare the damage estimates from the survey with the damage estimates obtained by a flood damage model for Jakarta, i.e. the damage scanner model. We collected data on economic losses of the January 2013 flood in a survey of flood-affected households and business units in Pesanggrahan River. The actual flood damage in the survey area is US$ 0.5 million for the residential sector and US$ 0.7 million for the business sector. The flood damage for a similar event in the same area based on the damage scanner model is estimated to be US$ 1.3 million for the residential sector and US$ 9.2 million for the business sector. The flood damage estimates obtained by the survey approach are lower compared to the damage scanner approach due to different ways in obtaining flood damage data and in defining the maximum flood damage per object, the different spatial levels of analysis, and uncertainties in constructing the flood damage curves that were applied in the damage scanner model. 相似文献
9.
Economic evaluation of structural and non-structural flood risk management measures: examples from the Mulde River 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The concept of flood risk management, promoted by the EU Floods Directive, tries to mitigate flood risks not only by structural, hydraulic engineering measures, but also by non-structural measures, like, e.g., land-use planning, warning and evacuation systems. However, few methods currently exist for the economic evaluation of such non-structural measures and, hence, their comparison with structural measures. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potential benefits of employing a wider range of economic appraisal methods for flood projects, in particular, it provides examples and applications of methodologies which may be employed to evaluate non-structural measures and their transaction costs. In two case studies at the Mulde River, Germany, two non-structural measures, a resettlement option and a warning system, are evaluated and compared with structural alternatives with regard to their effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Furthermore, a simple approach is tested in order to show the transaction costs of these measures. Case study results show that the choice of evaluation criteria can have a major impact on the assessment results. In this regard, efficiency as an evaluation criterion can be considered as superior to cost-effectiveness and effectiveness as it is also able to consider sufficiently the impacts of non-structural measures. Furthermore, case study results indicate that transaction costs could play an important role, especially with non-structural measures associated with land-use changes. This could explain why currently these kinds of measures are rarely selected by decision makers. 相似文献
10.
Simulation-based decision support system for flood damage assessment under uncertainty using remote sensing and census block information 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The level of damage of flood events does not solely depend on exposure to flood waters. Vulnerabilities due to various socio-economic
factors such as population at risk, public awareness, and presence of early warning systems, etc. should also be taken into
account. Federal and state agencies, watershed management coalitions, insurance companies, need reliable decision support
system to evaluate flood risk, to plan and design flood damage assessment and mitigation systems. In current practice, flood
damage evaluations are generally carried out based on results obtained from one dimensional (1D) numerical simulations. In
some cases, however, 1D simulation is not able to accurately capture the dynamics of the flood events. The present study describes
a decision support system, which is based on 2D flood simulation results obtained with CCHE2D-FLOOD. The 2D computational
results are complemented with information from various resources, such as census block layer, detailed survey data, and remote
sensing images, to estimate loss of life and direct damages (meso or micro scale) to property under uncertainty. Flood damage
calculations consider damages to residential, commercial, and industrial buildings in urban areas, and damages to crops in
rural areas. The decision support system takes advantage of fast raster layer operations in a GIS platform to generate flood
hazard maps based on various user-defined criteria. Monte Carlo method based on an event tree analysis is introduced to account
for uncertainties in various parameters. A case study illustrates the uses of the proposed decision support system. The results
show that the proposed decision support system allows stake holders to have a better appreciation of the consequences of the
flood. It can also be used for planning, design, and evaluation of future flood mitigation measures. 相似文献
11.
12.
Self-protective behavior by residents of flood-prone urban areas can reduce monetary flood damage by 80%, and reduce the need
for public risk management. But, research on the determinants of private households’ prevention of damage by natural hazards
is rare, especially in Germany. To answer the question of why some people take precautionary action while others do not, a
socio-psychological model based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) is developed, explaining private precautionary damage
prevention by residents’ perceptions of previous flood experience, risk of future floods, reliability of public flood protection,
the efficacy and costs of self-protective behavior, their perceived ability to perform these actions, and non-protective responses
like wishful thinking. The validity of the proposed model is explored by means of representative quantitative telephone surveys
and regression analyses, and compared with a socio-economic model (including residents’ age, gender, income, school degree
and being owner or tenant). Participants were 157 residents of flood-prone homes in Cologne, Germany, a city that has traditionally
been subject to minor and major flood events. Results of the study show the explanatory power of the socio-psychological model,
with important implications for public risk communication efforts. To motivate residents in flood-prone areas to take their
share in damage prevention, it is essential to communicate not only the risk of flooding and its potential consequences, but
also the possibility, effectiveness and cost of private precautionary measures. 相似文献
13.
Midstream of the Keelung River Basin in Northern Taiwan has become highly urbanized and densely populated area. Flood inundation
along riversides frequently occurred during typhoons or rainstorms. Three protection measures, including constructions of
high-level protection levees, a diversion channel, and a detention reservoir, were proposed for flood mitigation. The main
purpose of this study is to evaluate the flood mitigation performance of the three proposed structural measures by using combined
hydrologic analyses and hydraulic routings. A semi-distributed parallel-type linear reservoirs rainfall-runoff model was used
for estimating the surface runoff. Furthermore, a 1-D dynamic channel routing model was coupled with a two-dimensional inundation
model to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of river flooding and overland flow. Simulation results of flood stages, runoff
peak discharges, and inundation extent under design rainfall scenarios were chosen as the criteria for evaluation. The results
showed a diversion channel is superior to the other two measures for flood mitigation of the study area. After the process
of environmental impact assessment, a revised diversion channel approach has been approved for construction as the major structural
measure. 相似文献
14.
水库群防洪联合调度研究综述及展望 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在介绍了水库群防洪联合调度研究意义的基础上,从常规方法和系统分析方法两个方面综述了国内外的研究进展,并对今后的水库群防洪联合调度研究进行了展望。 相似文献
15.
16.
简要介绍了20世纪90年代我国大江大河的防洪形势。重点指出:河道萎缩,江河泄洪能力下降,行洪水位抬高,城市水灾突出,洪涝矛盾加重和水灾损失急剧增加的特点。探讨了防洪减灾的目标和标准,在进行防洪策略历史回顾的基础上,阐述了防洪减灾对策和基本措施方向。 相似文献
17.
等蓄量法是中国水库防洪规划与实时调度中常用的调度方式,其3个参数（等蓄流量、起蓄流量和等蓄历时）一直采用试算方法推求。以等蓄流量为输入参数,引入蓄放水0~1状态变量,定义了逐时段水库蓄水量之和最小的线性目标函数,并设置蓄水状态连续性约束解决等蓄历时的推求,建立了水库防洪等蓄量优化调度的0~1整数线性规划模型（RFEV-ILP）。通过亭子口水库应用表明,该模型算法稳定,与理想补偿调度方式计算的防洪库容相差不足1%。该优化模型不仅可以推求防洪库容、起蓄流量及等蓄历时与等蓄流量之间的数值关系,而且能较好地揭示防洪风险与等蓄流量之间的关系、防洪控制点距离水库的远近对等蓄流量可选范围及相应采取防洪策略的影响。 相似文献
18.
对1998年长江中游特大洪灾分析表明:长江中上游植被破坏,中游湖泊萎缩,干堤防洪标准低,河道泄洪不畅,是洪灾形成的主要因素.三峡水库是长江中游防洪体系中的骨干工程,必须与其他工程相配合.长江中游防洪减灾工程应坚持:(1)与环境保护相结合的原则;(2)与农田水利基本建设相结合的原则;(3)"固、蓄、疏"并举,以"疏"为主的原则;(4)防洪与除渍相结合的原则;(5)统一管理、联合攻关、综合整治的原则与对策.建议除加固长江干堤外,重点建设两条分洪河道,建好3个梯级蓄洪区,有计划有步骤地实施开堤开垸放淤工程. 相似文献
19.
Hypsometric analysis and watershed management of Diyung watershed in north eastern India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. C. Kusre 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(3):262-270
The Diyung river descends in Nagaon district of Assam. After its confluence with main channel Kopili it causes enormous losses to life and property due to floods. Appropriate watershed treatment measures are, therefore, required for moderating the flood damage. In the present study landscape information viz., the hypsometric integral has been analysed. The Diyung watershed has been subdivided into 23 sub-watersheds for hypsometric analysis. The hypsometric integral for the entire Diyung watershed ranged from 0.14 to 0.56. According to the present study there are two stages of geologic/geomorphologic development, namely equilibrium stage and monadnock stage. The hypsometric integral indicates that surface runoff is the dominant process. Although static, the topographic characteristics indicate response of watershed to various natural phenomenon and dominant processes such as runoff and erosion. Based on the intensity of the processes sub-watershed can be prioritized for taking up appropriate conservation measures. The study also highlights the use of hypsometric integral for prioritizing watershed for planning engineering measures to mitigate the impact. 相似文献
20.
Balqis M. Rehan 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(3):1039-1057
Economic damage assessment for flood risk estimation is established in many countries, but attentions have been focused on macro- or meso-scale approaches and less on micro-scale approaches. Whilst the macro- or meso-scale approaches of flood damage assessment are suitable for regional- or national-oriented studies, micro-scale approaches are more suitable for cost–benefit analysis of engineered protection measures. Furthermore, there remains lack of systematic and automated approaches to estimate economic flood damage for multiple flood scenarios for the purpose of flood risk assessment. Studies on flood risk have also been driven by the assumption of stationary characteristic of flood hazard, hence the stationary-oriented vulnerability assessment. This study proposes a novel approach to assess vulnerability and flood risk and accounts for adaptability of the approach to nonstationary conditions of flood hazard. The approach is innovative in which an automated concurrent estimation of economic flood damage for a range of flood events on the basis of a micro-scale flood risk assessment is made possible. It accounts for the heterogeneous distribution of residential buildings of a community exposed to flood hazard. The feasibility of the methodology was tested using real historical flow records and spatial information of Teddington, London. Vulnerability curves and residual risk associated with a number of alternative extents of property-level protection adoptions are estimated by the application of the proposed methodology. It is found that the methodology has the capacity to provide valuable information on vulnerability and flood risk that can be integrated in a practical decision-making process for a reliable cost–benefit analysis of flood risk reduction options. 相似文献