共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
Gerd W. Prlss 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(18):2374-2380
In the dayside polar region—loosely referred to as the cleft region—particle precipitation and Joule heating cause significant perturbations of the upper atmosphere. Here Dynamics Explorer-2 satellite data are used to present a synopsis of these disturbance effects. Documented are an increase in electron temperature and a decrease in electron density; increases in ion drift speed and ion temperature; an increase in the upward-directed ion velocity; increases in zonal wind speed and neutral gas temperature; and changes in the neutral gas composition and mass density. It is suggested that the increase in electron temperature is partly controlled by the decrease in electron density; that the ion upflow velocity mainly depends on the electron temperature, less frequently on the ion temperature; and that the observed decrease in thermospheric mass density is due to a decrease in the atomic oxygen density, which in turn is caused by diverging wind flows. 相似文献
2.
Experiments on the generation of artificial electromagnetic pulsations constitute an important part of investigations of the
magnetosphere-ionosphere system with the use of an active action. The investigation of the generation of magnetic pulsations
in the Pc1 frequency range has shown that the response of the ionosphere to heating is detected only in a few experiments.
Although the primary perturbed parameter is the electron temperature, the efficiency of the generation of pulsations is determined
by the perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. The magnitude of these hertz perturbations depends complexly on the
electron density profile and the parameters of a pump wave. The numerical experiment demonstrates the determining effect of
the electron density in the D region on the magnitude of perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. Under conditions of a low electron density, it
is impossible to create a large perturbation of the conductivity in the Pc1 frequency range, although perturbations of the
electron temperature can be large in this case. In view of a large number of electrons at altitudes of 70–90 km, which absorb
a considerable fraction of the energy of a high-frequency wave, the electron temperature in the E region of the ionosphere cannot be sharply increased, but the amplitude of the variations of the ionospheric conductivity
in this case is larger than that for the profiles with a low electron density. In the presence of the developed D region, the efficiency of the modification of the conductivity in the indicated frequency range can be increased by choosing
the optimal frequency and polarization of the pump wave. A low efficiency of the experiments on the generation of artificial
magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range is apparently explained by the fact that they were performed in winter in the
absence of a well-developed D region of the ionosphere. 相似文献
3.
L.J. Srnka 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1977,14(3):321-329
When the relative velocity between magnetized plasma and neutral gas exceeds a critical value, the gas-plasma interaction is dominated by collective phenomena which rapidly excite and ionize the neutrals. The interaction of the solar wind with a large cloud (1024 – 1028 neutrals) vented from the moon should be of this type. Line radiation from such an interaction can yield an apparent lunar surface brightness rivaling reflected sunlight levels over small areas, if the kinetic energy flow density of the gas is sufficiently high. The aberrated solar wind flow past the moon would enhance the visibility of such interactions near the lunar sunrise terminator, supporting the statistical studies which indicate that the “Lunar Transient Phenomena” (anomalous optical phenomena on the moon) are significantly correlated with the position of the terminator on the lunar surface. 相似文献
4.
Topography perturbs practically every process and variable relevant to land-atmosphere interactions, including radiation, air temperature and saturation deficit, wind and turbulence, cloudiness and precipitation, and properties of the soil and vegetation. We review progress in understanding some of these influences, concentrating on the wind field and the exchanges of scalars (especially sensible and latent heat) over low to moderate hills, both without and with flow separation. The treatment of the wind field is based on a physical division of the flow into inner, outer and wake regions. This framework is used to discuss modelling approaches, measurements of both the mean flow and the turbulence, special processes in the wake region, and the effecs of satisfaction.
Scalar transfer and the surface energy balance are discussed first in terms of a linear theory which accomodates radiative, aerodynamic, and elevation perturbations on the surface energy balance over hills. The linear theory provides general scales for determining the relative magnitudes of these perturbations, but its quantitative predictions are limited to low slopes without separation. Next, wind tunnel experiments are used to study the aerodynamic perturbations on scalar transfer caused by hills in situations outside the scope of the linear theory, such as flows with separation. Finally, the wind tunnel results are extrapolated to the atmosphere, using the framework of a convenience boundary layer model. It is found that, for relatively gentle topography, the regional surface energy balance (spatial averaged over several hills) is insensitive to the presence of the topography. 相似文献
5.
本文利用中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心的瑞利激光雷达首次观测到了平流层地形重力波活动的现象,并结合美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的全球预报系统(GFS)的风场数据分析了该地形重力波的基本参数.与惯性重力波相比较,地形重力波的密度扰动没有下传的相位,在同一高度上,其扰动相位保持不变.北京空间科学与应用研究中心瑞利激光雷达自2012年开始观测实验以来,已经观测到多起地形重力波活动事件.本文以2013年11月11日的观测数据为例,研究北京上空的地形重力波活动,并结合GFS风场数据分析了北京上平流层地形重力波的波长、传播方向、传播速度等参量.通过分析得到在2013年11月11日北京上空存在一列传播方向为北偏西52.4°,水平波长为5.5km,平均垂直波长约为6.0km的地形重力波. 相似文献
6.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(13):1524-1540
The French micro-satellite DEMETER (Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) was launched on June 29, 2004. The orbit of DEMETER is polar, circular with an altitude of 710 km. The main scientific objective of this mission is to study the ionospheric perturbations, which may be linked to seismic activity. To achieve this, the payload of DEMETER allows the measurement of some important plasma parameters (ion composition, electron density, temperature and energetic particles). This paper presents examples of electron and ion density irregularities simultaneously observed for three earthquakes that occurred in the mid-latitude region. The DEMETER in situ measurements show the presence of electron and ion density irregularities near the epicenter of these earthquakes. These perturbations were recorded by the ISL (Langmuir Probe) and IAP (thermal plasma analyzer) experiments onboard DEMETER. The repetitiveness of the perturbations close to the epicenters is shown for these three events. 相似文献
7.
采用海洋可控源电磁方法进行海底油气和水合物的勘查,需事先在海底布放接收机阵列,而后用一艘携带深拖缆的科考船将大功率电磁发射机牵引至海底,沿预设路线慢速走航,并将大功率电磁场导入海底.海底的人工电磁场中,空气波和直达波对提取勘探目标体的异常信息不做贡献.只有当折射波经过被测目标体时,产生电磁感应,海底的接收机对此感应信号进行数据采集,经数据处理,揭示被测目标体的几何大小和物理属性.异常体的有用信息与导入海底电磁场的能流密度(坡印廷矢量)有着密切的关系,以致于后者决定了前者的有效探测范围、有效带宽以及尽可能达到的最佳测量精度.能流密度在海底的分布情况十分复杂,但在均匀全空间中可较清楚地认识其分布特征,可为复杂地质条件的情况作理论铺垫.以此推广,在水平层状介质的地电条件下,建立能流密度的数理模型,利用海洋生产作业中的典型物性与几何参数,对海底以下有覆盖层的高阻体(可模拟油气或天然气水合物)进行正演,建立电磁场能流密度分布特征与数据采集技术的有机联系,为海洋可控源电磁发射机和接收机的优化改进提供理论依据. 相似文献
8.
T. Neubert M. Rycroft T. Farges E. Blanc O. Chanrion E. Arnone A. Odzimek N. Arnold C.-F. Enell E. Turunen T. Bösinger Á. Mika C. Haldoupis R. J. Steiner O. van der Velde S. Soula P. Berg F. Boberg P. Thejll B. Christiansen M. Ignaccolo M. Füllekrug P. T. Verronen J. Montanya N. Crosby 《Surveys in Geophysics》2008,29(2):71-137
The paper reviews recent advances in studies of electric discharges in the stratosphere and mesosphere above thunderstorms,
and their effects on the atmosphere. The primary focus is on the sprite discharge occurring in the mesosphere, which is the
most commonly observed high altitude discharge by imaging cameras from the ground, but effects on the upper atmosphere by
electromagnetic radiation from lightning are also considered. During the past few years, co-ordinated observations over Southern
Europe have been made of a wide range of parameters related to sprites and their causative thunderstorms. Observations have
been complemented by the modelling of processes ranging from the electric discharge to perturbations of trace gas concentrations
in the upper atmosphere. Observations point to significant energy deposition by sprites in the neutral atmosphere as observed
by infrasound waves detected at up to 1000 km distance, whereas elves and lightning have been shown significantly to affect
ionization and heating of the lower ionosphere/mesosphere. Studies of the thunderstorm systems powering high altitude discharges
show the important role of intracloud (IC) lightning in sprite generation as seen by the first simultaneous observations of
IC activity, sprite activity and broadband, electromagnetic radiation in the VLF range. Simulations of sprite ignition suggest
that, under certain conditions, energetic electrons in the runaway regime are generated in streamer discharges. Such electrons
may be the source of X- and Gamma-rays observed in lightning, thunderstorms and the so-called Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes
(TGFs) observed from space over thunderstorm regions. Model estimates of sprite perturbations to the global atmospheric electric
circuit, trace gas concentrations and atmospheric dynamics suggest significant local perturbations, and possibly significant
meso-scale effects, but negligible global effects. 相似文献
9.
Another look at the core density deficit of Earth’s outer core 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
O.L Anderson 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,131(1):19-27
A constraint adopted in several geochemical studies of core composition is that the core density deficit (cdd) is 10%, with the implication that this number is based on robust geophysical evidence. The cdd is the perceived difference between the density of pure iron at core conditions and the seismically-determined density of the outer core. The importance of the cdd is that it limits the concentration of allowable light elements, such as sulfur and silicon, which, when mixed with Fe, or an Fe-Ni alloy, comprise the geochemical model of the inner core.We present evidence that the value of 10% for the cdd of the outer core is too high. Using a thermal-pressure equation-of-state, we find that for assumed melting temperatures of pure iron at the inner-outer core (ICB) pressure of 330 GPa ranging from 7500 to 4800 K, the cdd ranges from 2.9 to 7%, respectively. Reports that the cdd value of the outer core is less than 10% are found in a number of shock-wave studies, but the values reported here are apparently the lowest. Our cdd value for an assumed melting temperature of 6000 K for iron at 330 GPa is 5.4% and is compatible with proposed concentrations of Si and S impurities found from solubility studies at high P and T. 相似文献
10.
Abstract The normal mode instability of steady Wu-Verkley (1993) wave and modons by Verkley (1984, 1987, 1990) and Neven (1992) is considered. All these flows are solutions to the vorticity equation governing the motion of an ideal incompressible fluid on a rotating sphere. A conservation law for infinitesimal perturbations to each solution is derived and used to obtain a necessary condition for its exponential instability. By these conditions, Fjörtoft's (1953) average spectral number of the amplitude of an unstable mode must be equal to a specific number that depends on the degree of the solution in its inner and outer regions as well as on spectral distribution of the mode energy in these regions. Some properties of the conditions for different types of modons are discussed. The maximum growth (and decay) rate of the modes is estimated, and the orthogonality of the amplitude of each unstable, decaying, or non-stationary mode to the basic solution is shown in the energy inner product. The new instability conditions confine the unstable disturbances of the WV wave and modon to a hypersurface in the perturbation space and allow interpretation of their energy structure. They are also useful both in estimating the maximum growth rate of unstable modes and in testing the numerical algorithms designed for the linear stability study. 相似文献
11.
We discuss the propagation of sounding radio waves in the inhomogeneous ionosphere, in the reflection area of which there are small-scale artificial magnetically-positioned irregularities. The propagation of radio waves in such an area, where the lateral dimensions of strongly elongated artificial irregularities are smaller than the wavelength, has a diffraction nature. It is shown that the calculation of diffraction parameters makes it possible to derive the amplitude of density irregularities and their relative area perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. Comparison of theoretical calculations with experimental studies on modification of the electron density altitude profile by heating of the ionosphere with midlatitude stand Sura showed that the relative area of the negative density perturbations can reach several percent. 相似文献
12.
A variety of climate perturbations have the potential to alter the thermodynamic and dynamical characteristics of the middle atmosphere, which may then affect tropospheric climate. Increased thermal emission from rising stratospheric CO2 levels and scattering of solar radiation from stratospheric volcanic aerosols have a direct impact on surface temperatures, while variations in stratospheric water vapor and ozone can affect tropospheric temperatures. Observations and modeling experiments suggest that these perturbations, as well as solar irradiance variations operating through the stratosphere, may affect tropospheric dynamics, such as planetary wave amplitudes and Hadley cell intensity. In addition, climate changes will probably alter tropospheric/stratospheric exchange, with the potential for modifying trace gas distributions and climate forcing. These issues are reviewed in the light of the incorporation of middle atmosphere studies into IGBP. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2005,67(12):1074-1084
Ionospheric space weather effects can degrade the performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), i.e. their accuracy, reliability and availability. However, well established ground based and innovative space based GNSS measurements offer the unique chance for a permanent monitoring of the electron density structure of the global ionosphere–plasmasphere system. In this paper we review various types of perturbations in the ionospheric plasma density and distribution. In order to analyze these space weather effects we use 30 s sampled measurements provided by the global GPS ground tracking network of the IGS. Furthermore, to get a more comprehensive view on the perturbations analyzed also are simultaneously obtained GPS measurements onboard the LEO satellite CHAMP (challenging minisatellite payload). Whereas the ground based measurements show strong horizontal redistribution of plasma during ionospheric storms, the space-borne measurements indicate a severe vertical redistribution of the ionospheric plasma during the selected events. The role of the various dynamical forces such as meridional winds and electric fields is also discussed. 相似文献
14.
The causes of the formation of neutral gas temperature and density equatorial minimums on the dayside, recently detected from
satellite measurements, have been studied based on a global numerical model of the Earth’s upper atmosphere (UAM). The performed
numerical experiments made it possible to conclude that these minimums are not related to the magnetospheric sources of energy
and momentum and electric fields of the dynamo origin. It has been indicated that the absorbed solar ionizing radiation and
rotation of the Earth are responsible for the formation of the neutral gas temperature and density equatorial minimums on
the dayside. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, we attempt to use satellite gravity data and a new inversion method to study the lateral density anomaly distribution
in the mantle.
First, density difference Δρ(τ,θ,φ) is expanded in terms of a three—dimensional orthogonal function system, the coefficients of the expansion are to be determined.
Then, a set of observation equations is established from the relationship between density anomaly and disturbing geopotential.
In the equations the unknown vector contains the coefficients of density anomaly expansion, the observational vector is obtained
by computing geopotential perturbations using the potential coefficients of GEM10B, and a filtering process is done for the
observational values by properly selecting the harmonic degrees of geopotentical. Finally, the lateral density variations
in the lower mantle (670 km toCM boundary) are investigated. In this case, the degrees of disturbing geopotential are selected as 2–11, the truncated degrees
of density anomaly expansion are taken asL=6 andK=4, and the damping least squares method is used to solve the observation equations.
The resulting model shows the high level of density perturbations at 670 km discontinuity and core — mantle boundary, a high
— density zone circumscribing the Pacific and a lower—density region under the center of Pacific. These features are in agreement
with the three—dimensional seismic velocity variation features by Dziewonski (1984). In the Antarctic region and some parts
of Atlantic and Indian Ocean, however, the resulting density anomalies are negatively correlated with the seismic velocity
anomalies, the cause resulting in these phenomena is preliminarily analysed in this paper.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 53–65, 1991.
The principle and method represented in this paper can also be suitable to study the lateral density anomaly distribution
in the earth’s crust and the upper mantle. 相似文献
16.
Introduction The fluid outer core separates the solid inner core from the solid elastic mantle, and as a result, makes the free and forced movement of this mechanical system more complicated and profuse. As the elastic mantle, the free oscillations may occur within the Earths fluid outer core (FOC) due to excitation of a strong and deep earthquake (Crossley, 1975b; Friedlander, Siegmann, 1982; Shen, 1983; Friedlander, 1985). However, compared with the oscillations of the elastic mantle, i… 相似文献
17.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The observational results of the spectral density of the Doppler frequency shift Δfd during intervals of bay-like perturbations in the ionospheric F2 layer are... 相似文献
18.
本文利用磁层哨声模嘶声和合声波的幅度分布模型、近赤道背景电子(能量在eV量级)的数密度分布模型和IGRF10磁场模型建立了一个高能电子(能量大于50 keV)准线性扩散模型.模型的数值结果表明,在不同的地磁条件下,等离子体层顶位置的变化改变了磁层背景电子数密度的空间分布,从而改变了哨声模嘶声对高能电子有效的投掷角扩散（损失）区域,同时也改变了哨声模合声波对高能电子有效的动量扩散（加速）区域.哨声模嘶声对电子投掷角扩散区域的变化和RRES卫星探测到的高能电子的槽区变化是一致的,而合声波对电子的动量扩散区域的变化和卫星探测到外辐射带的变化相同.这种对应关系说明：在不同的地磁条件下,哨声模波对高能电子扩散区域的变化是造成高能电子槽区和外辐射带的空间位置和大小变化的一个重要因素.在一些强磁暴期间,由于嘶声对部分能量范围电子的投掷角扩散作用消失,这些电子的槽区也随之消失,从而使内外辐射带连接在一起. 相似文献
19.
白云凹陷位于南海北部陆缘深水地带,是我国深水油气资源勘探的重要地区。开展重-震成像研究,是分析该区烃源岩分布特征、大型构造圈闭、成藏层系与储层条件的重要方法。本文通过重力异常、地震Vs波速结构模型及地震勘探剖面分析,获得研究区自由空间重力异常、布格重力异常、水平和垂向梯度、密度反演图像、Vs波速度结构图像以及高分辨率地震勘探剖面图像。重力图像揭示:白云凹陷中心的强负值异常图像与较厚沉积和基底起伏有关;凹陷东侧相对高正值局部重力圈闭与中生代残余地层有关;凹陷北侧条带状正异常则与陆坡向洋盆过渡时基底下凹有关。白云凹陷的主凹陷和南凹陷存在明显的层状负剩余密度或相对低密度区,是有利的含油气层位。地震图像揭示:白云凹陷由北向南存在明显的细颈化带、外缘隆起带、洋陆过渡带等结构。在陆缘地壳强烈伸展薄化期间,白云凹陷形成大型三角洲-湖相烃源岩沉积环境的凹陷结构,沉积物源主体来自北侧。随着地壳强烈减薄的细颈化,凹陷出现明显的台阶式沉陷,导致陆架坡折带由南向北迁移,形成陆架边缘三角洲、深水重力流水道和深水扇等有利的储层。高分辨率地震资料获取的地震勘探剖面图像上,可以识别出许多浅层气运移通道,表明白云凹陷丰富的中、浅层气大多来源于深部地层。 相似文献
20.
The elasto-gravitational deformation response of the Earth’s solid parts to the perturbations of the pressure and gravity
on the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and the solid inner core boundary (ICB), due to the dynamical behaviors of the fluid outer
core (FOC), is discussed. The internal load Love numbers, which are formulized in a general form in this study, are employed
to describe the Earth’s deformation. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) is used as an example to calculate the internal
load Love numbers on the Earth’s surface, CMB and ICB, respectively. The characteristics of the Earth’s deformation variation
with the depth and the perturbation periods on the boundaries of the FOC are also investigated. The numerical results indicate
that the internal load Love numbers decrease quickly with the increasing degree of the spherical harmonics of the displacement
and depend strongly on the perturbation frequencies, especially on the high frequencies. The results, obtained in this work,
can be used to construct the boundary conditions for the core dynamics of the long-period oscillations of the Earth’s fluid
outer core.
Foundation item: State Natural Science Foundation of China (40174022 and 49925411) and the Projects from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-106
and KZ952-J1-411). 相似文献