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1.
This article addresses concerns that the multilateral trade regime centered in the WTO and the emerging climate regime may conflict in ways that could be damaging to either or both. The article discusses the institutional and diplomatic context of these concerns, and it identifies the kinds of issues that are in question. The analysis suggests that there are opportunities for win—win outcomes in the interactions of the two regimes, for instance in the possibility of reducing fossil fuel subsidies. However, there are also problematic areas where they intersect. A core issue—and as yet an unresolved one—is whether and how emission credit trading and other activities envisioned by the Kyoto Protocolwould be subject toWTOrules. The resolution of this issue will affect many other issues as well. Additional specific issues about the interactions of particular provisions inWTOagreements and theKyoto Protocol are analyzed in a subsequent companion article in Climate Policy.  相似文献   

2.
This article addresses concerns that the multilateral trade regime centered in the WTO and the emerging climate regime may conflict in ways that could be damaging to either or both. The article discusses the institutional and diplomatic context of these concerns, and it identifies the kinds of issues that are in question. The analysis suggests that there are opportunities for win–win outcomes in the interactions of the two regimes, for instance in the possibility of reducing fossil fuel subsidies. However, there are also problematic areas where they intersect. A core issue—and as yet an unresolved one—is whether and how emission credit trading and other activities envisioned by the Kyoto Protocol would be subject to WTO rules. The resolution of this issue will affect many other issues as well. Additional specific issues about the interactions of particular provisions in WTO agreements and the Kyoto Protocol are analyzed in a subsequent companion article in Climate Policy.  相似文献   

3.
The agri-food sector has contributed significantly to climate change, but has an important role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation. The agri-food sector has many potential win–win–win strategies that benefit mitigation and adaptation, and also deliver gains in rural income and land management. Post-Soviet transition economies provide a good model for understanding some of the barriers to adaptation and mitigation in the agri-food sector, due to their significant unmet agricultural potential combined with inefficient energy use. Ukraine is used as a case study to explore the barriers and bridges to addressing climate change in a post-Soviet state. A variety of stakeholders and farmers were interviewed about mitigation and adaptation and the current response capacity. Grounded theory analysis revealed themes that are perceived to function as barriers including: pandering, oligarchs and market interventions; corruption and transparency; and survival, freedom and law enforcement. Foreign involvement and investment emerged as a bridge to overcoming these barriers. The results indicate that significant progress in climate mitigation and adaptation in the agri-food sector in Ukraine will only be achieved if some of the wider political and social issues facing the country can be addressed.

Policy relevance

Ukraine has considerable potential for both agricultural production and climate change mitigation; however, this potential can only be met by identifying and addressing barriers currently impeding progress. This article found that barriers to effective climate change are perceived to stem from wider post-Soviet transition issues. These wider issues need to be addressed during the implementation of climate policy since they are viewed to be important by a wide variety of stakeholders. International negotiations have provided little incentive for Ukraine to achieve effective mitigation, and corrupt practices further impair mitigation projects. In addition, export quotas currently function as a maladaptive climate policy and reduce both farmers' capacity in Ukraine and international food security. Meanwhile, foreign involvement, not just financial investment, but also the investment of ideas can provide a bridge to effective climate policy. The international community needs to provide a legal framework and assist Ukraine in adopting transparent processes in order to successfully execute climate policy.  相似文献   


4.
Achieving a successful transition to a low carbon economy, in the UK and other countries, will require sufficient people with appropriate qualifications and skills to manufacture, install, and operate the low carbon technologies and approaches. The actual numbers and types of skills required are uncertain and will depend on the speed and direction of the transition pathways, but there are reasons to doubt that market mechanisms will deliver the necessary skilled workers in a timely manner. The range of market, government, and governance failures relating to the provision of low carbon skills are examined, particularly for their potential to cause a slower, costlier, and less employment-intensive transition. The potential policy responses to these failures are considered, including standardization of funding for training; formalization of transferable qualifications; legally binding targets for carbon emissions reductions and low carbon technology deployment; framework contracts and agreements between actors in key sectors; licensing and accreditation schemes for key technology sectors; government support for skills academies and training centres; support for first movers in niches; increasing mobility of workers; and providing a clear long-term cross-sectoral framework for a low carbon transition, including skills training.

Policy relevance

The article argues for the importance of skills issues for a successful transition to a low carbon economy. It outlines the potential causes of skills shortages, both generic and those specific to low carbon, as well as the probable impact of these types of shortages. By changing existing sectoral and occupational patterns, the transition will disrupt the existing market and government mechanisms to identify and remedy skills shortages in specific sectors. The nature and required pace of the low carbon transition also means that there are pressures that could induce greater skills shortages. These shortages, in turn, could critically delay elements of the transition and increase its cost and duration. The article outlines approaches taken to address these causes of skills shortages, drawing on examples from UK low carbon policy. The article ends with an argument that skills issues need to be more central to transitions debates.  相似文献   

5.
Contrary to ‘static’ pathways that are defined once for all, this article deals with the need for policy makers to adopt a dynamic adaptive policy pathway for managing decarbonization over the period of implementation. When choosing a pathway as the most desirable option, it is important to keep in mind that each decarbonization option relies on the implementation of specific policies and instruments. Given structural, effectiveness, and timing uncertainties specific to each policy option, they may fail in delivering the expected outcomes in time. The possibility of diverging from an initial decarbonization trajectory to another one without incurring excessive costs should therefore be a strategic element in the design of an appropriate decarbonization strategy. The article relies on initial experiences in France and Germany on decarbonization planning and implementation to define elements for managing dynamic adjustment issues. Such an adaptive pathway strategy should combine long-lived incentives, like a pre-announced escalating carbon price, to form consistent expectations, as well as adaptive policies to improve overall robustness and resilience. We sketch key elements of a monitoring process based on an ex ante definition of leading indicators that should be assessed regularly and combined with signposts and trigger values at the subsector level.

Policy relevance

These research questions are of special interest and urgency following the Paris Agreement in 2015. It calls on all countries to monitor the implementation of their national contributions and review their ambition regularly. The regular revision of decarbonization pathways constitute a great research opportunity to gather experiences on decarbonization pathway implementation and on dynamic management issues to progress towards an operational dynamic adaptive policy pathway mechanism.  相似文献   

6.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(6):669-680
Air quality is a serious concern for the protection of human health and our natural environment. The pollutants contributing the most to both local and transboundary air pollution problems are SO2, NOx, NH3, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fine particulate matter (PM), and mostly originate from the same sources as greenhouse gases. There are thus strong interactions between strategies designed to improve air quality and those addressing climate change. This article examines these interactions, and the benefits of combined strategies with greater attention to the overall environmental impacts, and finding the ‘win—win’ solutions. Illustrations are provided from the development of policy in Europe under the UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, which is now inextricably linked with strategies to control greenhouse gases.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Small ice crystals with average diameter of about 30 μm are produced in a large cold room and allowed to fall in a settling chamber in the presence of a quasi‐uniform electric field. Aggregates (flakes) of ice crystals are collected by permanent replicas. Results show that an electric field above a threshold value of about 4 × 104 V m‐1 rapidly increases the growth of flakes by the capture of small ice crystals. The influence of the electric field upon the growth of ice aggregates is maximum at a field strength of about 1.5 × 105 V m‐1. Comparison of the results with Jiusto's mathematical model of the growth rate gives values of the collection efficiency at different field strengths. It is very likely that the electric field increases the adhesion (aggregation) efficiency rather than the collision (cross‐section) efficiency.  相似文献   

8.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):303-318
Abstract

To stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, all countries will eventually need to be included in the effort to limit climate change. This article explores what potential future greenhouse gas allocation schemes might mean for key developing countries. The need for development is widely acknowledged, but growth in non-Annex I country emissions means that such development may need to take a different path to business as usual. The national interests of developing countries in negotiating potential future commitments are shaped by basic characteristics, notably emissions (both annual and historical cumulative), economic growth and population. These factors in turn shape the acceptability of allocations based on ability to pay, emissions intensity, or emissions per capita.

Results for six major developing countries (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina and Nigeria) show that the implications for developing countries differ widely. For example, ability to pay does not favour Argentina; a reduction based on emissions intensity is not appropriate for Brazil; and per capita allocations would be problematic for South Africa. It is difficult to conceive of a single allocation scheme that would be appropriate for all developing countries. This points to the need for differentiation between developing countries in terms of any potential future commitments.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

This article identifies and analyzes some of the main knowledge gaps that affect the development of climate adaptation policies in the Latin American context. It is based on a comparative analysis of online survey results conducted among government officials working on climate adaptation in six countries of the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Paraguay and Uruguay. The article addresses four key issues. First, it identifies some of the critical knowledge deficits (missing or incomplete information) that affect climate adaptation policy making and implementation. Second, it addresses the obstacles and difficulties facing collaborative processes of knowledge production (co-production) between scientists and public policy actors. Third, it analyzes factors affecting knowledge uptake and use by policymakers. Finally, it identifies some of the main knowledge deficits specifically affecting the monitoring and assessment of climate adaptation policies and measures. Overall, the article provides a diagnosis of the main knowledge gaps facing climate adaptation policy in the Latin American countries studied. The results of this diagnosis can serve as input for a research and action agenda aiming to strength the interaction between science and policy on climate adaptation in Latin American countries.

Key policy insights

  • The countries covered by the study suffer strong knowledge deficits related to the design, implementation and evaluation of adaptation policy.

  • Collaborative modes of knowledge production in the field of climate adaptation do not tend to sustain over time. Climate change co-production processes tend to be project based, linked to specific initiatives rather than to institutionalized long-term policymaking or planning processes.

  • The fragmentation and lack of integration of the knowledge available on the different aspects of climate adaptation issues deeply affect their usability in policy processes.

  • Weak state capabilities to co-produce, manage and use knowledge in the policy process constitute a main barrier affecting the science-policy interface on climate adaptation issues.

  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

This article presents statistical analysis of a selection of data collected under a World Bank survey on Kyoto Protocol capacity-building needs in 16 potential clean development mechanism (CDM) host countries. It focuses on three interrelated issues: perceived barriers to the implementation of the CDM, expert judgment regarding the human, institutional and systemic capacity that must be built to overcome these barriers, and views on the most urgent steps that need to be taken to facilitate CDM implementation. The analysis reveals that in many countries there is a wide diversity of opinion across the group of respondents, which could be caused by a number of factors, including the inherent complexity of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, limited understanding of their basic functioning and potential in the local context, and the differing needs and interests of stakeholder groups. Despite this, many statistically significant preferences can be identified at the national level. Among nations, two broad groups of countries emerge, which can be traced back to their overall level of capacity development. The statistical analysis presented in this article lends credibility to qualitative conclusions drawn from previous interpretations of the survey data and has implications for the design of capacity-building efforts. However, in evaluating capacity-building needs and the readiness of countries to engage in CDM deals, potential investors and providers of capacity-building services will need to consider not only the results of this type of opinionbased needs assessment, but also the practical experience gained through CDM transactions.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The precipitation chemistry stations operating in the Atlantic Provinces during the period 1980–1982 were assessed by comparing their siting characteristics and sampling procedures with the criteria recommended by the Canadian Federal‐Provincial Research and Monitoring Coordinating Committee (RMCC). The data collected at these stations were also evaluated according to standards recommended by the Unified Deposition Data Base Committee.

Only one quarter of the 32 stations satisfied all of these criteria. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that some of the laboratories experienced problems analysing for nitrate or pH. Therefore, producing a coherent region‐wide data set for the major ions in precipitation was not feasible. However, the qualifying measurements were adequate to indicate an excess sulphate deposition of slightly less than 20 kg ha?1 a?1 to most of the region, with less than 10 kg ha?1 a?1 to Labrador.

Although this analysis was restricted to the monitoring in Atlantic Canada, the results are of broader relevance in illustrating the potential problems inherent in merging data from several networks.  相似文献   

12.
All sectors face decarbonization for a 2 °C temperature increase to be avoided. Nevertheless, meaningful policy measures that address rising CO2 from international aviation and shipping remain woefully inadequate. Treated with a similar approach within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), they are often debated as if facing comparable challenges, and even influence each others’ mitigation policies. Yet their strengths and weaknesses have important distinctions. This article sheds light on these differences so that they can be built upon to improve the quality of debate and ensuing policy development. The article quantifies ‘2 °C’ pathways for these sectors, highlighting the need for mitigation measures to be urgently accelerated. It reviews recent developments, drawing attention to one example where a change in aviation mitigation policy had a direct impact on measures to cut CO2 from shipping. Finally, the article contrasts opportunities and barriers towards mitigation. The article concludes that there is a portfolio of opportunities for short- to medium-term decarbonization for shipping, but its complexity is its greatest barrier to change. In contrast, the more simply structured aviation sector is pinning too much hope on emissions trading to deliver CO2 cuts in line with 2 °C. Instead, the solution remains controversial and unpopular – avoiding 2 °C requires demand management.

Policy relevance

The governance arrangements around the CO2 produced by international aviation and shipping are different from other sectors because their emissions are released in international airspace and waters. Instead, through the Kyoto Protocol, the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) were charged with developing policies towards mitigating their emissions. Slow progress to date, coupled with strong connections with rapidly growing economies, has led to the CO2 from international transport growing at a higher rate than the average rate from all other sectors. This article considers this rapid growth, and the potential for future CO2 growth in the context of avoiding a 2 °C temperature rise above pre-industrial levels. It explores similarities and differences between these two sectors, highlighting that a reliance on global market-based measures to deliver required CO2 cuts will likely leave both at odds with the overarching climate goal.  相似文献   

13.
1 (1 Numerical Studies of the Energy and Water Cycle of the BALTIC Region) stands for two international projects funded by the European Community in the years 1996–2000. The campaign was embedded into the continental-scale experiment BALTEX2(2 Baltic Sea Experiment), a subproject of GEWEX3(3 Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) (Raschke, 1994; Bengtsson, 1995). The present special issue emerged from two NEWBALTIC progress meetings held in Sweden: One in June 1999 in Abisko and one in January 2000 at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. The NEWBALTIC community welcomed the suggestion of Professor Bengtsson, Chairman of the BALTEX Science Steering Group, to present selected contributions of the considerable body of NEWBALTIC results in a special MAP4(4 Meterology and Atmospheric Physics) issue. This collection, it was agreed, might serve as an example for the current state of modelling hydro-meteorological key processes on the continental scale of the Baltic Sea and its environment (see also Raschke et al., 1998, 2001). All papers submitted went through the review process regularly applied by MAP. The present special issue is opened by a review paper of Lennart Bengtsson on the objectives of BALTEX and on the central goal of the NEWBALTIC project: The energy and water cycle of the Baltic Sea. BALTEX in general was planned as a decade-long endeavour with a preparatory phase 1992–1993, a build-up phase 1994–1996 and a major research phase 1997–2001. Most of the work within the two NEWBALTIC projects have been carried out during the major research phase. In the words of the project folder distributed early in the 90ies: BALTEX, as a research programme integrating three disciplines into one single project, will be mutually stimulating and is expected to overcome traditional embarrassing barriers between meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic research. NEWBALTIC, as an important component of BALTEX, has done a visible step into this direction. Concerning the specific time periods chosen, most of the NEWBALTIC studies of this issue concentrate upon a three months period August-September-October 1995 referred to as PIDCAP5.(5 Pilot Study of Intense Data Collection and Analysis of Precipitation) The total of 13 papers eventually selected for publication in the present special issue are devoted to the two central aspects of the NEWBALTIC campaign: To understand the processes as represented in modern high-resolution coupled models, and to evaluate and digest observed data. So the papers of the present issue have been grouped into these two categories.  相似文献   

14.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):343-362
Abstract

This paper discusses Japan's quantitative Kyoto target in the context of the country's socio-economic and political background and its desire to express international leadership. Japan's initial negotiating target was developed as a compromise between domestic industrial considerations and its international ambitions, and was strengthened further under the pressures to achieve success at Kyoto.

The original projections relied heavily upon nuclear expansion that will not be realized. Though economic stagnation has helped emissions to decline from their mid-1990s peak, it has also reduced the attention devoted to climate change and the willingness to bear costs, and Japan's commitment remains daunting. Japanese bureaucrats and diplomats are called to work closer together and in an integrated manner in order to develop a new, more realistic policy package for achieving their target. This report analyses various scenarios for additional policies for Japan, including fuel switching, carbon taxation and emissions trading, and concludes that the introduction of gas in the context of energy market liberalization is a key possibility. It also considers the sink and the nuclear energy issues both of high importance for the country.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Estimates of the entrainment rate of salt water into the Fraser River plume have been made using two independent methods. A value of k = 2 × 10 ‐4 is obtained for he entrainment coefficient relating the vertical to the horizontal velocity from salt conservation arguments at a series of profiles along the plume and from calculations of surface divergence, as measured by drifting drogues. It is also found that entrainment contributes significantly to the deceleration of the river plume after it issues into the Strait of Georgia.  相似文献   

16.
Justice dilemmas associated with climate change and the regulatory responses to it pose challenges for global governance, arguably hampering progress and raising concerns over efficacy and relevance. Scholarly literature suggests that transnational civil society groups can help address problems of governance and injustice that cross borders and pit states against each other. Findings of a comparative, qualitative study of climate justice advocacy suggest, however, that civil society groups' work in the US and EU is significantly shaped by institutional factors specific to those regimes, limiting advocates' broader impact. Moreover, political opportunities for the pursuit of climate action, and justice particularly, have diminished in those settings. By contrast, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides greater opportunities for discussions of justice, although civil society actors are significantly constrained within it. It is argued that greater roles for civil society in the UNFCCC could prove constructive in the face of current challenges connected with justice issues. Three themes in civil society advocacy linking principles of global justice with current climate policy debates are summarized. Finally, it is suggested that the first iteration of the UNFCCC Periodic Review provides timely opportunities to more fully draw upon civil society's potential contributions toward a fair and effective global climate regime.

Policy relevance

The roles of civil society organizations in climate governance were examined in three policy contexts: the UNFCCC, the US, and the EU, with special attention to advocacy addressing issues of equity and justice, identified as key challenges for a post-2012 global agreement. Findings suggest that (1) civil society roles are significantly constrained in each context, and (2) political opportunities for climate advocacy have diminished since 2009 in the US and EU, underlining (3) the continued salience of the UNFCCC as a forum for engagement and the construction of effective and equitable climate policy. Potential exists for increased civil society involvement at the UNFCCC to help resolve obstacles based in divergent national priorities. Three areas of justice-focused civil society activity are reviewed for current negotiation topics and the governance structure of the institution. The current UNFCCC Periodic Review is identified as an opportunity to increase civil society involvement.  相似文献   

17.
Alex Y. Lo 《Climate Policy》2016,16(1):109-124
China has introduced several pilot emission trading schemes to build the basis for a national scheme. The potential scale of this initiative raises prospects for a regional carbon trading network as a way to further engage other major Asian economies. However, the Chinese carbon markets rest upon a unique political-economic context and institutional environment that are likely to limit their development and viability. This article offers an overview of such structural economic and political constraints. Four main challenges are identified, namely, inadequate domestic demand, limited financial involvement, incomplete regulatory infrastructure, and excessive government intervention. The first two challenges concern economic dimensions and may be partially addressed by the incentives created by the newly introduced emission trading schemes. The other two are more deeply entrenched in the dominant political system and governing practice. They require fundamental changes to the ways in which the state and the market interact. The success of China's carbon market reform depends crucially on the ability of the ongoing efforts to transform the distorted state–market relationship.

Policy relevance

The burgeoning carbon markets offer opportunities for emissions mitigation at lower costs and enable circulation of a new form of capital, i.e. carbon credits, across borders. China accounts for a gigantic share of global GHG emissions and has the potential to significantly scale up these opportunities. There are clear implications for market developers and participants worldwide, including climate policy makers who attempt to link their emission trading schemes to other schemes, firms who seek to take advantage of the inexpensive carbon offsets generated in developing countries, international financial institutions who endeavour to establish their business in an emerging major carbon market, etc. This article can inform their decisions by identifying key issues that may undermine their ability to achieve these goals. Policy makers and stakeholders will benefit from this analysis, which shows how the Chinese carbon markets operate in ways that may be different from their experience elsewhere.  相似文献   


18.
Abstract

Experience with implementation of CO2 taxes spans almost a decade in the Nordic countries, and time is ripe for an evaluation of their performance. In contrast to ex-ante forecasts, empirical research can show the extent to which such taxes deliver on the assumptions of economic theory. A survey of the existing literature shows that there are currently 20 ex-post studies of the full or partial effects of CO2 taxes. Evaluations are complicated by frequent changes in tax rates, widespread exemptions and the ‘too many variables’ problem. Attempts have been made to deal with these problems by using a variety of approaches and research techniques, some more advanced than others. On balance the studies appear to show that emissions have been curbed when compared to businessas-usual forecasts, while absolute CO2 reduction remains the exception. Among the Nordic countries, Denmark's scheme, which combines taxes with subsidies for energy efficiency, seems to have attained the most marked results, although the achieved reductions also reflect the higher carbon content of the Danish energy sector. The evaluations differ considerably in scope, approach and methodology. Methodological issues connected with expost evaluation are considered. An adequate evaluation of the impact of the CO2 taxes, in both environmental and economic terms, will require the establishment of comprehensive panel databases of energy consumers.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

We describe a one‐dimensional (1‐D) numerical model developed to simulate the chemistry of minor constituents in the stratosphere. The model incorporates most of the chemical species presently found in the upper atmosphere and has been used to investigate the effect of increasing chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions on ozone (O3).

Our calculations confirm previous results that O3 depletions in the 20–25 km region, the region of the O3 maximum, are very sensitive to the relative abundances of Clx and NOy in the lower stratosphere for high Clx amounts. The individual abundances of lower stratospheric Clx and NOy amounts are very sensitive to upper tropospheric mixing ratios, which, in turn, are determined largely by surface input fluxes and heterogeneous loss processes. Thus the behaviour of column O3 depletions at high Clx levels is greatly affected, albeit indirectly, by tropospheric processes. For high Clx levels the Ox flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere is dramatically reduced, leading to a large reduction in tropospheric O3. Some of the variation between different published 1‐D model results is most likely due to this critical dependence of O3 depletion on NOy‐Clx ratios.

Model simulations of time‐dependent CFC effects on ozone indicate that if CFCs were to remain at constant 1980 emission rates while N2O increased at 0.25% a?1 and CH4 increased at 1% a?1, we could expect a 2.2% decrease in total column O3 (relative to the 1980 atmosphere) by the year 2000. However, if CFC emission rates were to increase by 3% a?1 (current estimates are 5–6% a?1), we would predict a depletion of 2.7% by the year 2000. The calculations for times beyond the year 2000 suggest that the effects on total O3 will begin to accelerate. If methyl chloroform emissions are added at 7% a?1 (current estimates are 7–9% a?1) to the above CFC‐N2O‐CH4 scenario we calculate total O3 depletions by the year 2000 that are 41% larger than those calculated without. This suggests that if the emissions of methyl chloroform continue to increase at their present rate then methyl chloroform could have a significant effect upon total O3.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Compliant fairing made of plastic ribbons or flexible rubber filaments can be attached to the cables of taut‐line moorings to reduce the drag force of the currents. The efficiency of such fairing depends upon its orientation in the flow and the Reynolds number of the cable. Results of using filament fairing manufactured by ENDECO Inc. on a 337‐m long mooring in the mouth of Hudson Strait are discussed. The fairing was found to be detrimental in this application because of twisting of the wire rope, producing a “bottle‐brush” configuration, and because the normal drag coefficient Cd ? 2.5 ± 0.45 was found to exceed that of a bare cable by 65 per cent on average. The Reynolds number range for this drag coefficient was 2.6 × 103 to 4.2 × 103 and was determined by force measurements in a flume. It is concluded that the problems of correctly orienting the fairing in the flow, and the true drag coefficient for Reynolds numbers less than about 5 × 104 must be carefully addressed in the design of conventional taut‐line moorings. Drag coefficients found in this study imply that compliant fairings would not be warranted for Reynolds numbers below about 5 × 104 unless strumming was expected for bare cables.  相似文献   

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