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Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering in igneous rocks: A new tool for evaluating the degree of weathering 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Chemical weathering indices are useful tools in characterizing weathering profiles and determining the extent of weathering. However, the predictive performance of the conventional indices is critically dependent on the composition of the unweathered parent rock. To overcome this limitation, the present paper introduces an alternative statistical empirical index of chemical weathering that is extracted by the principal component analysis (PCA) of a large dataset derived from unweathered igneous rocks and their weathering profiles. The PCA analysis yields two principal components (PC1 and PC2), which capture 39.23% and 35.17% of total variability, respectively. The extent of weathering is reflected by variation along PC1, primarily due to the loss of Na2O and CaO during weathering. In contrast, PC2 is the direction along which the projections of unweathered felsic, intermediate and mafic igneous rocks appear to be best discriminated; therefore, PC1 and PC2 represent independent latent variables that correspond to the extent of weathering and the chemistry of the unweathered parent rock. Subsequently, PC1 and PC2 were then mapped onto a ternary diagram (MFW diagram). The M and F vertices characterize mafic and felsic rock source, respectively, while the W vertex identifies the degree of weathering of these sources, independent of the chemistry of the unweathered parent rock.
The W index has a number of significant properties that are not found in conventional weathering indices. First, the W index is sensitive to chemical changes that occur during weathering because it is based on eight major oxides, whereas most conventional indices are defined by between two and four oxides. Second, the W index provides robust results even for highly weathered sesquioxide-rich samples. Third, the W index is applicable to a wide range of felsic, intermediate and mafic igneous rock types. Finally, the MFW diagram is expected to facilitate provenance analysis of sedimentary rocks by identifying their weathering trends and thereby enabling a backward estimate of the composition of the unweathered source rock. 相似文献
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A Moisture Index Classification System for Rocks (MiC System) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary. Interaction of rocks with water is leading to a reduction in physical and mechanical properties, and quantifying this effect
has always been a problem for design purposes in rock engineering projects. Despite the fact that a number of considerable
works have been carried out in this field, they are not thorough and general. In this paper, a new rock classification system
is presented in order to evaluate wet rock properties.
Laboratory studies showed that six parameters may be recognized as major controlling parameters for wet rocks, including:
water absorption, porosity, weathering degree, swelling index, number of microfissures, and average grain size. Many tests
were performed and a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the data obtained. This analysis characterized the rock sensitivity
when changing each parameter and consequently, a rating value was assigned to each parameter.
By adding these rating values, a rating between zero and 100 is allocated to each rock as Moisture index (Mi). The closer
this index is to 100, the more sensitive rock will be to moisture. On the basis of this index, rocks are divided into five
classes including: very good, good, fair, weak and very weak. 相似文献
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Mutluhan Akin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(1):47-61
Weathering can cause adverse effects on the physico-mechanical properties of rocks. Although the processes and outcomes of weathering have been investigated for many rock types, the travertine weathering was not paid enough attention as much as the others. However, the unfavorable effects of weathering may arise rapidly due to travertine’s calcium carbonate composition and highly porous texture. Travertine is an important rock type in building stone market and is generally preferred as an exterior façade material. This rock type was also used in many historical buildings and sculptures in the past, and the signs of extensive weathering can be recognized on some of these travertine-made structures. In this study, it was aimed to characterize the effect of weathering on travertine’s structural properties. The yellow travertine from Eskipazar (Karabuk, Turkey) was selected as the study material and the samples with different weathering degrees were collected from site. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of those samples were determined in laboratory. The physico-mechanical variations with progressive weathering grades were statistically evaluated and a weathering classification based on a rating system was proposed for yellow travertine in rock material scale. The newly developed system may assist in characterizing the degree of weathering for historical structures built by yellow travertine. Additionally, the classification may also guide to further researches on the weathering of different types of travertine. 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中的微生物作用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
连宾 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2010,29(1):52-56
碳酸盐岩风化作用长期受到广泛关注,有关其成土的物源也一直是颇有争议的问题。基于前人有关碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的研究基础和对有关资料的调研与分析,结合各类研究成果,笔者提出了喀斯特地区岩石微生物的风化成土作用途径:微生物生长对矿物养料的吸收,以及分泌的代谢产物导致碳酸盐岩的破坏分解和一些次生矿物的形成;一些岩石微生物能够通过新陈代谢固定大气中的碳素和氮素,截留由雨水、风尘、大气气溶胶甚至空气流动所带来的土壤颗粒等外来物质。微生物在岩石表面与缝隙中的生长繁殖在碳酸盐岩风化成土这一漫长的地质演化过程中发挥了不可替代的重要作用。 相似文献
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Andesite exposed in different parts of Ankara has different weathering categories varying from fresh to residual soil. The geomechanical properties of the andesite are significantly affected by weathering. Buildings constructed especially in completely weathered and residual soil levels of the andesite have some geotechnical problems. In this study, the variation of the geomechanical properties of the andesite due to weathering is investigated in three selected sites of Ankara, through optical microscope, X-ray diffraction analyses, major element analyses, pressuremeter tests, physicomechanical tests, and seismic refraction method. The data gathered from the field and laboratory studies were used to assess the characteristics of the weathering zones. Based on the data obtained from this study, an idealized weathering profile is assessed. No bearing capacity and consolidation settlement problems exist in the area. However, care should be taken for immediate settlement of the buildings. Slopes with heights less than 8 m are not expected to cause any significant problems for buildings. There exists a ground amplification problem in the study area. The natural period of the building should not match that of the weathered rock. The ground response analyses reveal that the buildings with four to seven stories may be adversely affected from earthquakes due to resonance phenomenon. Therefore, this has to be taken into account when designing new buildings. 相似文献
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香港花岗岩风化分级化学指标体系与风化壳分带 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
火成岩的化学风化过程实质上就是碱、碱土金属组分水解淋失与脱硅富铁铝化的地球化学过程。不同风化程度的岩石处于整个化学风化过程的不同阶段,因而具有不同的化学成分和风化度指标。笔者在对香港九龙两个地方5个钻孔共计150件不同深度、不同风化程度的样品化学全分析结果与岩土风化程度宏观判别结果的相互对比、选择和确认的基础上,建立了香港地区花岗岩风化岩土风化程度工程分级的化学指标体系。这一研究成果的提出不仅有利于提高花岗岩风化岩土工程分类的科。学性、可靠性和实用性,而且可以为风化岩土工程特性与风化作用关系研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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The effect of weathering on pore geometry and compressive strength of selected rock types from Turkey 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Atiye Tu
rul 《Engineering Geology》2004,75(3-4):215-227
Weathering processes cause important changes in rock porosity. Besides porosity, distribution of pore sizes is significant for the identification of changes due to rock weathering and its effects on fabric. The formation of secondary porosity in different types of rock taken from different parts of Turkey was examined and the results are presented in this paper. The aim of this study was to observe changes in porosity due to weathering. Effective porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the changes in pore geometry of the rocks. Additionally, the dry density, water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength of the rocks at different weathering stages were determined. Analysis of experimental data showed that microstructure of the rocks in relation to weathering is the main feature, which controls their physical and mechanical properties. The study revealed that fabric characteristics, particularly the pore and fracture geometry are very important characteristics for assessment of the behaviour of weathered rock. 相似文献
10.
Degree of weathering in the identification of laterite materials for engineering purposes — a review
M.D. Gidigasu 《Engineering Geology》1974,8(3):213-266
Laterite materials include a large succession of reddish, tropically weathered, decomposition products starting with fresh rock and ending with sesquioxide-rich pedogenic rock (cuirasse). Identification of the various grades of such materials for engineering purposes is a problem which repeatedly faces the engineer engaged in the design and construction of structures on or with laterite materials.The author has attempted to assemble available information useful for the identification and evaluation of all grades of laterite materials for engineering purposes. In the first part he summarises information on the significant genetic characteristics which appear to underlie the deviation of engineering behaviour of laterite materials from the expected properties based upon conventional soil mechanics as developed for temperate-zone soils.The second part summarises available information on the identification of significant geotechnical properties of various grades and genetic groups of laterite materials for engineering purposes.The engineering behaviour of laterite materials forms the substance of the third part of the paper.A literature study has revealed that the geotechnical characteristics and engineering behaviour of laterite materials depend mainly on the genesis and degree of weathering (i.e., decomposition, laterisation, dessication and/or hardening). Other significant genetic characteristics include morphological characteristics as well as the type and content of secondary minerals.Progress in the field of identification and evaluation of laterite materials for construction appears to depend on the simultaneous consideration of all the major factors which affect the behaviour of rocks and their derived soils (i.e., rock type, weathering condition, degree of weathering, type of derived materials as well as their chemical and mineralogical composition).Such an approach is desirable to increase the accuracy of predictions and assessments of the engineering behaviour of most laterite materials. 相似文献
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Slake durability study of shaly rock and its predictions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
More than 35% of the earths crust is comprised of clay-bearing rocks, characterized by a wide variation in engineering properties and their resistance to short term weathering by wetting and drying phenomenon. The resistance to short-term weathering can be determined by slake durability index test. There are various methods to determine the slake durability indices of weak rock. The effect of acidity of water (slaking fluid) on slake durability index of shale in the laboratory is investigated. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming but they can provide valuable information on lithology, durability and weather ability of rock. Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) techniques seem very well suited for typical complex geotechnical problems. In conjunction with statistics and conventional mathematical methods, a hybrid method can be developed that may prove a step forward in modeling geotechnical problems. During this investigation a model was developed and compared with two other models i.e., Neuro-fuzzy systems (combination of fuzzy and artificial neural network systems) and artificial neural network system, for the prediction of slake durability index of shaly rock to evaluate the performance of its prediction capability. 相似文献
12.
The Schmidt hammer in rock material characterization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Schmidt hammer provides a quick and inexpensive measure of surface hardness that is widely used for estimating the mechanical properties of rock material. However, a number of issues such as hammer type, normalization of rebound values, specimen dimensions, surface smoothness, weathering and moisture content, and testing, data reduction and analysis procedures continue to influence the consistency and reliability of the Schmidt hammer test results. This paper presents: a) a critical review of these basic issues; and b) the results of tests conducted on granitic rocks of various weathering grades in the light of the conclusions of this review. It was found that a very good correlation exists between L and N hammer rebound values and that both hammers are fairly sensitive to the physical properties, particularly to dry density though less so to effective and total porosities. The N hammer, producing a lesser scatter in the data, proved to be more efficient than the L hammer in predicting uniaxial compressive strength and Young's modulus. The exponential form of the correlation curves was found to reflect microstructural changes during the course of weathering and the differences in the probing scales or mechanisms in the means of measuring these mechanical properties, and could be generalized to other crystalline igneous rocks. The possibility of predicting weathering grades from rebound values was also explored. The changes in the rebound values during multiple impacts at a given point produced a better indication of the weathering grade than a single impact value. It was concluded that increasing the impact energy and plunger tip diameter should significantly reduce the scatter in coarse-grained weathered rocks and hence improve the reliability of the Schmidt hammer as a rock material characterization tool. 相似文献
13.
M. Ahmad M. K. Ansari Rajesh Singh L. K. Sharma T. N. Singh 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(2):827-842
Weathering and durability are the key factors of the rock in the suitability and usefulness of different construction materials, building materials and engineering structures. A single test never predicts the entire factor for suitability of rock stone and aggregate in different uses. Thus, variety of physical, mechanical and chemical tests and indices of rocks are widely used to estimate and evaluate the rocks for the suitability of the required purpose. In all the cases, knowledge of durability and weathering properties are the most important along with the strength of the rock. Micropetrographic index and rock durability indicators (dynamic and static) are the one of the best methods to evaluate the rock for weathering and durability. To estimate these indices, variety of tests are performed such as petrographic examination test, point load index, sulfate soundness test, water absorption test, modified aggregate impact value test and test for specific gravity. Slake durability index and impact strength index tests were also performed for correlation with static and dynamic rock durability indicators due to its application and usefulness in the durability and strength of the rock materials. Micropetrographic index was obtained by petrographic examination test and correlated with all the physical and mechanical properties used for find out the durability indicators. The present study is to express the usefulness of these three indices in the classification of weathering and durability classes and estimation of durability indices by slake durability index, impact strength index and micropetrographic index. 相似文献
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《Engineering Geology》2000,57(3-4):215-237
Weathering can induce a rapid change of rock material from initial rock-like properties to soil-like properties. The resistance of a rock to short-term weathering is described through a durability parameter called the slake durability index. As durability is an important engineering parameter, particularly for weak and clay-bearing rocks, it was assessed by a number of tests. The main purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles and controls of mineralogical composition and strength on durability. For this purpose, 141 samples of different types of weak and clay-bearing rocks were selected from different parts of Turkey, and relationships between the above-mentioned rock characteristics were statistically investigated. The samples were subjected to multiple-cycle slake durability testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and uniaxial compression testing. In addition, to assess the influence of mineralogical composition on durability, the mineral contents of the original material and the material passing from the drum of the slake durability apparatus after each cycle were also determined by XRD. The results indicate that the type and amount of clay minerals are the main factors influencing the variations of the slake durability index in all samples. The durability of the clay-bearing rocks studied correlates best with the amount of expandable clay minerals. A strong relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the fourth-cycle slake durability index is found only for the marls among the rock types studied. Assessment of gradation results of the spoil pile materials consisting of clay-bearing rocks also reveals that the increase in percentage of fines in old piles is indicative of material degradation, as is evident by multiple-cycle slaking. It is emphasized that two-cycle conventional slake durability testing did not appear to offer an acceptable indication of the durability of weak and clay-bearing rocks when compared with multiple-cyclic wetting and drying. Comments on the performance of the test are made that aim to make the testing process and interpretation of the results more reliable. 相似文献
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《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(6):1609-1618
Rock properties exhibit spatial variabilities due to complex geological processes such as sedimentation,metamorphism, weathering, and tectogenesis. Although recognized as an important factor controlling the safety of geotechnical structures in rock engineering, the spatial variability of rock properties is rarely quantified. Hence, this study characterizes the autocorrelation structures and scales of fluctuation of two important parameters of intact rocks, i.e. uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) and elastic modulus(EM).UCS and EM data for sedimentary and igneous rocks are collected. The autocorrelation structures are selected using a Bayesian model class selection approach and the scales of fluctuation for these two parameters are estimated using a Bayesian updating method. The results show that the autocorrelation structures for UCS and EM could be best described by a single exponential autocorrelation function. The scales of fluctuation for UCS and EM respectively range from 0.3 m to 8.0 m and from 0.3 m to 8.4 m.These results serve as guidelines for selecting proper autocorrelation functions and autocorrelation distances for rock properties in reliability analyses and could also be used as prior information for quantifying the spatial variability of rock properties in a Bayesian framework. 相似文献
17.
Rajinder Bhasin Nick Barton Eystein Grimstad Panayotis Chryssanthakis 《Engineering Geology》1995,40(3-4):169-193
A detailed engineering geological assessment of low strength (6–35 MPa) anisotropic rocks at an ongoing Hydroelectric Project in the Himalayan Region has been carried out. The project (the Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project) will have one of the world's largest and longest water conducting systems, consisting of a 10.15 m diameter and 27.3 km long head race tunnel, a 942 000 m3 underground desilting complex and a 20 × 49 × 216 m powerhouse cavern in the area. Because these constructions are made in low strength metamorphosed anisotropic rocks like quartz mica schists, biotite schists and muscovite schists, it seemed necessary and worthwhile to undertake a comprehensive study of such rocks. The studies include petrographic and petrofabric analyses of the rocks, geo-mechanical properties, rock stress measurements, rock mass classification using the Q-System and data concerning joint geometry, joint roughness and joint strength. The use of mapped geological and geotechnical data along with the experimental and modelling studies have helped to better understand the behaviour of these rocks in underground openings. 相似文献
18.
为了保障岩土工程结构能长期正常使用,需要对其蠕变变形进行分析。“时步-初应变”法是一种常用的计算岩石蠕变的方法。数值流形方法是一种新兴的数值计算方法,常用于计算节理岩体的变形,但尚未被试用于计算蠕变变形。在原数值流形方法的程序中增加了基于“时步-初应变”法的计算模块,通过对广义开尔文模型进行的模拟,显示新程序可以正确反映岩石的黏弹性蠕变趋势,并能够计算包含节理的岩体的蠕变变形,改进后的数值流形方法不但能够模拟岩石的线弹性变形,而且可以模拟岩石的黏弹性蠕变,比原流形方法更能全面地模拟岩石的变形,扩展了数值流形方法在岩土工程中的使用范围。 相似文献
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In spite of the considerable area covered by argillaceous sedimentary rocks (comprising shales, mudrocks and siltstones) in Brazil and the number of engineering works associated with these materials, little is known about their geotechnical, physical, chemical, mineralogical and textural characteristics and the effects of weathering processes on them. This work presents results obtained in a research project aiming primarily at identifying degradation processes responsible for the weathering of some of these rocks in Brazil. The rocks under investigation come from two different parts of the country, each one related to a specific engineering problem and to different geoenvironments. The project involved a comprehensive laboratory testing program for basic characterization (chemical and mineralogical composition, index properties, etc.) and evaluation of durability characteristics of these rocks. The present paper describes the testing program carried out and discusses the results obtained. 相似文献
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Ten soils from Puerto Rico representing various states of weathering were subjected to engineering index tests, strength and density measurement, mineralogic analyses, and scanning electron microscopy.Engineering classification systems used for temperate soils tend to underestimate the engineering behavior of these undisturbed lateritic soils and in the undisturbed state the soils exhibit low densities and high strengths.The engineering properties of the undisturbed soils show systematic trends in relation to the degree of weathering and the parent rock. For a given rock, the void ratio is decreased and cohesion increased as weathering proceeds. This is the result of increasing crystallization and cementation by the sesquioxides.The specific gravity of the solid particles is a promising index property to characterize these lateritic soils insofar as it reflects iron oxide content. The decrease in void ratio and increase in cohesion with increasing specific gravity suggests a model for the engineering classification of tropical soils. 相似文献