共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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本文综合有关信息和资料,分析了美国巨灾发生、发展的趋势,介绍了美国建立巨灾风险识别与分析的步骤和程序。综述了美国自然灾害风险管理政策的框架设计和地震巨灾风险评估和地震保险研究的社会政策。 相似文献
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我国是世界上遭受自然灾害最严重的国家之一,每年造成的经济损失都给我国财政与保险业带来了巨大的压力,如何全面发挥巨灾损失补偿机制的作用是我国目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文首先对我国目前面临的自然灾害的经济损失情况进行总体描述;随后,以其中的地震和洪水为例,阐述了巨灾给我国经济造成的损失情况;最后,深入讨论了我国当前一些主要的巨灾损失补偿机制的问题,并提出了一些观点与建议。 相似文献
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汶川地震表明,我国再保险体系在巨灾保险补偿中发挥的作用十分有限,这激发我们思考这样的问题:应怎样建立有效的巨灾风险分散机制来支撑和促进再保险体系的发展。为此,提出这样的研究设想,从汶川地震为出发点,结合我国巨灾保险的实践经验,整合保险及相关行业的技术优势,从管理制度、技术和风险管理三个层面深入研究我国再保险体系在巨灾风险管理中的作用,以期得出新的建议或改善措施。(1)制度层面:对比国外和我国在地震、洪水、干旱、台风等巨灾再保险管理方面的法律规定,结合政治制度的差别,总结出具有中国特色的巨灾风险管理体系的政策依据。(2)技术层面:以地震风险为突破口,兼顾洪水、干旱、台风风险,探讨如何建立拥有自主知识产权的巨灾风险分析模型及数据库。(3)管理层面:分析巨灾保险在巨灾条件下失灵的深层次原因,论证再保险体系在巨灾风险分散机制中的重要作用,提出我国巨灾风险管理体系的基本框架。 相似文献
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地震巨灾应急协同机制对于提升地震巨灾应急能力、保障震后救灾秩序具有重要意义。应急管理新体制在一定程度上解决了之前应急协同主体多、成本高的问题,提高了应对复杂多变巨灾事件的能力,但仍在跨区域应急的指挥权归属、深度协同、应急协同研究的技术支撑等方面存在不足。本文在诠释地震巨灾应急协同机制内涵的基础上,以京津冀区域为例,剖析新体制下京津冀三地由于地域空间临近性、生命线工程依存性、经济发展一体性所共同面临的地震巨灾应急协同需求,梳理京津冀地震应急协同机制构建中上述三个关键性问题并提出解决思路,重点强调并展示了情景构建方法“风险-情景-任务-需求-协同”研究框架对化解关键性问题的重要性,可有效克服以往依靠部门间磨合缓慢提升协调和救援效果的弊端,提升未来地震巨灾应急管理工作效果,提高国家防灾减灾综合能力水平。 相似文献
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地震巨灾保险是降低地震灾害风险的有效手段之一,而地震危险性分析是地震巨灾模型的主要分析模块之一。传统的概率地震危险性分析主要是基于潜在震源模型、地震活动性模型和地震动衰减模型等并采用概率方法得到场点的地震危险性值,该危险性表示的是未来所有地震对场点的综合影响。然而,在使用地震巨灾模型进行地震风险分析时需要用到单个地震事件对场点的影响,这就需要根据潜在震源区生成一系列单个地震事件,并计算每个事件对场点的影响。本研究采用蒙特卡洛方法,基于第五代中国地震动参数区划图中所采用的地震活动性模型(潜在震源区及其地震活动性参数),模拟符合我国地震活动时间、空间和强度分布特征的地震事件集。模拟时遵从的基本理论为:地震发生在时间上符合泊松分布,震级分布可用古登堡-里克特定律来描述,空间分布特征则用潜在震源区及其地震发生率来描述。模拟得到的地震事件包含以下参数:时间(年、月、日)、地点(经度、纬度)、深度、震级、断层走向以及衰减特征等。该模拟地震事件集可满足地震巨灾模型中地震风险分析的需求,已应用于我国地震巨灾模型中。 相似文献
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对地震等天然巨灾风险而言,依赖大数法则的保险业与再保险业的赔偿能力明显不足.如果将保险市场与资本市场结合,便可以在更大范围内分散巨灾风险.近十几年来,一些国家和地区将金融衍生品用于巨灾风险管理,形成了巨灾保险衍生品.为了在我国地震风险管理中合理借鉴发达国家采用的金融手段,本文对巨灾保险衍生品的发展、现状和定价理论进行了归纳总结,为进一步将地震工程中一些成熟的方法或结论与之结合,设计能够减轻地震保险风险的、结合工程实际的地震保险衍生品奠定基础. 相似文献
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Earthquake disasters affect many structures and infrastructure simultaneously and collectively, and cause tremendous tangible
and intangible loss. In particular, catastrophic earthquakes impose tremendous financial stress on insurers who underwrite
earthquake insurance policies in a seismic region, resulting in possible insolvency. This study develops a stochastic net
worth model of an insurer undertaking both ordinary risk and catastrophic earthquake risk, and evaluates its solvency and
operability under catastrophic seismic risk. The ordinary risk is represented by a geometric Brownian motion process, whereas
the catastrophic earthquake risk is characterized by an earthquake-engineering-based seismic loss model. The developed model
is applied to hypothetical 4000 wood-frame houses in south-western British Columbia, Canada, to investigate the impact of
key insurance portfolio parameters to insurer’s ruin probability and business operability. The analysis results indicate:
(i) the physical effects of spatially correlated ground motions and local soil conditions at insured properties are significant;
(ii) the insurer’s earthquake risk exposure depends greatly on insurance arrangement (e.g. deductible and cap); and (iii)
the maintenance of sufficient initial surplus is critical in keeping insurer’s insolvency potential reasonably low, while
volatility of non-catastrophic risk is the key for insurer’s business stability. The results highlight the importance of adequate
balance between business stability under normal conditions and solvency under extreme conditions for efficient earthquake
risk management. Flexibility for determining an insurance arrangement would be beneficial for insurers to enhance their portfolio
performance and to offer more affordable coverage to their clients. 相似文献
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资本资产定价模型在工程地震保险费率厘定中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为国际金融市场的重要组成部分,保险市场在当下的全球经济复苏中发挥着重要作用。保险是地震灾害危机处理的一种重要方式。现有的工程地震保费厘定通常只着力于纯保费,对风险附加费的考量往往依经验,从而导致保费中无法体现对风险的补偿,成为工程地震险发展的瓶颈。本文通过将金融市场中的资本资产定价模型（CAPM）引入工程地震险的定价分析,从资本市场的角度探讨该模型在工程地震险定价中的应用,弥补了传统工程地震险保费厘定方法的固有缺陷,使得保费计算更为科学合理。最后,应用于一具体工程实例,验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。 相似文献
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我国约有1.1万个海岛,多处于地震活跃带,地震灾害特征明显,目前地震领域研究主要针对城市展开,海岛地震灾害风险的研究较少。此背景下,该研究收集了海岛地震相关的地质和地震数据,形成海岛地震灾害空间数据库;从地震危险性、承灾体易损性和防震减灾能力3个方面构建海岛地震灾害风险评价指标体系;利用ArcGIS空间分析技术,采用熵权法与AHP法相结合建立海岛地震灾害风险综合评价模型,以长岛县、洞头区和东山县为例进行分析,并将海岛地震灾害风险等级划分为4个等级。结果显示:东山县为地震灾害高风险区,洞头区和长岛县为地震灾害较低风险区。该研究对海岛工程抗震规划与设计有重要意义。 相似文献
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The majority of seismic activity in South Africa is related to extensive mining operations, usually in close proximity to densely populated areas where a relatively weak seismic event could cause damage. Despite a significant decrease in mining operations in the Witwatersrand area, the number of seismic events appears to be increasing and is attributed to the acid mine drainage problem. The increased seismicity is raising concern amongst disaster management centres and in the insurance industry. A better understanding is required of the vulnerability and the size of the potential loss of people and infrastructure in densely populated Johannesburg and its surrounding areas. Results of a deterministic seismic risk, vulnerability, and loss assessment are presented by making use of a geographic information system (GIS). The results illustrate the benefits of using GIS and contribute to a better understanding of the risk, which can assist in improving disaster preparedness. 相似文献
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邢台地区设定地震事件烈度影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过邢台地区历史地震烈度资料分析,得到该地区烈度—频率灾害曲线及地震风险。以地震地质资料理论为基础,结合河北省城市活断层探测成果、地壳结构等资料,确定2个设定地震事件。采用复合震源模型,模拟合成强地面运动,并基于强地面运动模拟结果,分析邢台地区地震影响烈度,为今后该地区建筑物抗震设防、避难场所选址、震后救援以及地震保险风险评估提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Julian Bommer Robin Spence Mustafa Erdik Shigeko Tabuchi Nuray Aydinoglu Edmund Booth Domenico del Re Oliver Peterken 《Journal of Seismology》2002,6(3):431-446
Following the devastating Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes of August andNovember 1999, the Turkish Government was faced with an enormousfinancial burden as a result of its statutory obligation to cover the full costsof rebuilding. In order to offset this liability in the future – which has hadan adverse effect on the Government's economic programme – acompulsory earthquake insurance scheme has been introduced for allhouseholders in Turkey. A key element for successful implementation ofthis novel and ambitious programme is the transfer of the earthquake riskabsorbed by the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) to theinternational reinsurance market. An earthquake loss model, described inthis paper, has been developed for the TCIP to serve as a basis for thedecision-making process with respect to the pricing of its insurance policy,risk control, the purchase of reinsurance, and the transfer of seismic risk.Sample results of the loss calculations are presented. 相似文献
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刍议国际地震保险投保率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震灾难带来的损失日益增加的问题，让保险业至今难以应对。地震发生频率低、损失巨大而保险公司的承保能力又十分有限，加之，社会公众的投保意识薄弱，造成地震保险投保率过低。从地震灾情入手，介绍了国际地震保险开展情况，剖析了地震保险投保率过低的原因，并针对问题提出了解决措施。 相似文献
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基于粤港澳大湾区地震灾害风险评估的初步成果,分析了湾区城市群地震环境、承灾体分布和场地特点,提出了两种确定地震输入的设定地震原则,即潜在震源区设定地震原则和最大风险设定地震原则,按照这两种原则可以更加准确地进行城市群地震灾害风险评估。在前人工作的基础上,提出了考虑场地条件影响的地震灾害风险表达式,探索了适合三维模拟非一致激励地震动输入的建筑物和生命线工程灾害风险评估方法,提出了建筑物和生命线工程灾害风险评估中考虑场地影响的思路,为客观地评估城市群地震灾害和损失风险提出了可参考的建议。 相似文献
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Quantitative multi-hazard risk assessment with vulnerability surface and hazard joint return period 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Xiaodong Ming Wei Xu Ying Li Juan Du Baoyin Liu Peijun Shi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(1):35-44
Risk assessment plays an important role in disaster risk management. Existing multi-hazard risk assessment models are often qualitative or semi-quantitative in nature and used for comparative study of regional risk levels. They cannot estimate directly probability of disaster losses from the joint impact of several hazards. In this paper, a quantitative approach of multi-hazard risk assessment based on vulnerability surface and joint return period of hazards is put forward to assess the risk of crop losses in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The impact of strong wind and flood, the two most prominent agricultural hazards in the area, is analyzed. The multi-hazard risk assessment process consists of three steps. First, a vulnerability surface, which denotes the functional relationship between the intensity of the hazards and disaster losses, was built using the crop losses data for losses caused by strong wind and flood in the recent 30 years. Second, the joint probability distribution of strong wind and flood was established using the copula functions. Finally, risk curves that show the probability of crop losses in this multi-hazard context at four case study sites were calculated according to the joint return period of hazards and the vulnerability surface. The risk assessment result of crop losses provides a useful reference for governments and insurance companies to formulate agricultural development plans and analyze the market of agricultural insurance. The multi-hazard risk assessment method developed in this paper can also be used to quantitatively assess multi-hazard risk in other regions. 相似文献