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2011年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2011年世界各地极端天气事件频发。1月,朝鲜半岛经历1945年来最长的寒潮天气;同期,强暴风雪袭击美国,1亿人受影响;4月8日,持续干旱大风导致德国北部小镇遭遇沙尘暴;7～10月的季风强降水致使泰国遭遇自1942年以来最严重的洪灾;高温少雨致使东非地区、南美洲地区的古巴经历严重干旱;9月北极海冰的体积达历史最小。5～9月,我国平均高温日数为1961年以来历史同期次多,多地刷新高温历史极值;2011年我国平均年降水量创60年来最低,多地遭遇严重干旱;而华西和黄淮经历异常严重秋汛。 相似文献
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2006年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2006年1月中旬欧洲东部地区经历10年来的最低温天气;2月,非洲南部地区遭遇20年以来的最强降水;2006年上半年美国路易斯安那州经历111年来最干旱的时期;7月,欧美地区经历破纪录的高温炎热天气;菲律宾、印尼、印度等东南亚国家遭受暴雨洪灾。2006年春季,我国北方地区遭受18次沙尘天气的侵袭;夏季重庆等地区遭遇百年一遇的大旱;我国东南沿海等地受到多次强台风袭击;波及全国31个省(市、区)的冰雹、雷雨等强对流天气……。2006年是全球有气象记录以来的第6个高温年,极端天气和气候灾害并没有缓和的迹象;我国又经历了许多极端天气和气候灾害。 相似文献
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2005年全球重大天气气候事件概述 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
2005年，全球气候持续偏暖，是有记录以来第二暖年，仅次于最暖年1998年。年内，南亚地区遭受高温热浪袭击，欧洲中部和西部经历了极为严重的高温干旱，巴西北部亚马逊热带雨林遭遇了近60年来最严重的干旱。全球各地出现了不同程度的洪涝，此外，暴雨雪袭击了西亚、南亚北部、中亚、日本和中国的部分地区、美国和欧洲部分地区。2005年全球飓风（台风）灾害十分惨重。大西洋飓风为历史上最活跃的一年，其中飓风“卡特里娜”成为有记录以来影响美国最严重的飓风。西北太平洋台风活动虽较常年偏弱，但登陆中国的热带风暴和台风则数量多、强度强和灾害重。 相似文献
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1997年全球重大气候事件概述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,全球气候持续偏暖,１９９７年又成为一个多世纪以来最暖的一年。年内赤道中、东太平洋发生了一次本世纪最强的厄尔尼诺事件,全球气候受到重大影响,特别是热带地区出现了大范围的气候异常,高温干旱、暴雨洪水事件此起彼伏,连续不断,造成严重灾害。欧洲、北美前冬和春季严寒多雪;欧洲夏季暴雨频繁,中欧发生了百年不遇的特大洪水;中国北部和朝鲜出现罕见的持续高温干旱天气;美国和加拿大边境地区发生了一百多年来最严 相似文献
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2008年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
2008年1～2月,我国南方地区遭受50年不遇的雨雪冰冻天气.2008年3月上旬,澳大利亚南部大部分地区经历破纪录的热浪.5月2日,20年来亚洲破坏力最强的热带气旋"纳吉斯(Nargis)"给缅甸造成有史以来最严重的灾害.2008年大西洋飓风季,"古斯塔夫(Gustav)","汉娜(Hanna)"和"艾克(Ike)"等强飓风给加勒比海地区和美国部分地区造成严重洪灾.入秋以后,我国华北、黄淮、西北东北部及四川西部、西藏等地遭遇严重干旱.2008年,全球平均气温比过去30年(1961～1990年)的平均温度高出0.31℃,全球极端天气和气候灾害并没有缓和的迹象;我国也经历了许多极端天气和气候灾害. 相似文献
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2009年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
2009年初欧洲遭遇罕见寒流,大雪低温造成多人死亡;南半球夏季,高温热浪导致澳大利亚发生严重火灾,上百人丧生火海;9月,台风"凯萨娜"先后袭击菲律宾和越南,造成近500万人受灾;11月,飓风"艾达"袭击美洲多国,导致20多万人受灾;秋末冬初,北半球中高纬多地经历严寒天气,创下降雪偏早新纪录。在我国,强台风"莫拉克"重创台湾;50年来最严重春旱困扰黑龙江、内蒙古等地;50年罕见秋旱灼伤南方大地;11月,罕见强对流天气侵袭我国7省。2009年是1850年有气象记录以来第5个高温年,全球极端天气和气候灾害频发。 相似文献
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1999年全球重大气候事件概述 总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7
１９９９年,全球气候仍持续较常年偏暖。赤道中、东太平洋的强拉尼娜事件维持并发展,对全球特别是热带地区的气候产生了较明显的影响。欧洲、北冬季连续遭受暴风雪袭击,出现严寒天气,夏季又经受了高温热浪的袭击。全球许多地区暴雨频繁,亚洲南部、欧洲中部、北美南部、南美北部以及非洲的一些地区都遇到了严重的洪涝灾害;而北美中部、西亚等地却干旱少雨,发生了凡十年来最严重的旱灾。北美、南亚、澳大利亚东北部先后遭到罕见 相似文献
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2011年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2011年,全球气温偏高,为有观测记录以来的第十个暖年,是近60年来出现拉尼娜事件的年份中全球气温最高的一年。2011年,全球热带气旋活动较常年偏少。4月,一次拉尼娜事件结束,9月又一次拉尼娜事件生成。年初,低温、寒流席卷亚洲大部,暴风雪频繁袭击北美地区。西欧和中国东部出现严重春旱。夏季,非洲东部经历了20世纪80年代以来最严重的干旱,而东南亚、巴基斯坦和中南美洲洪涝灾害严重。全球极端偏暖事件主要出现在欧洲西部和西北部、南亚南部、东亚中西部、北美东南部等地;极端偏冷事件主要出现在东亚、澳大利亚、非洲南部和美国东北部和西部等地。而南美中东部、东南亚及中国东南部、日本、澳大利亚北部、非洲西部等地出现了极端强降水事件。研究发现,2010／2011年拉尼娜事件和台风活动是导致东南亚洪涝出现的重要原因,而巴基斯坦洪涝主要与印度洋正位相偶极型海温分布有关。 相似文献
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European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’ 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rudolf Brázdil Gaston R. Demarée Mathias Deutsch Emmanuel Garnier Andrea Kiss Jürg Luterbacher Neil Macdonald Christian Rohr Petr Dobrovolný Petr Kolář Kateřina Chromá 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(1-2):163-189
The Lakagígar eruption in Iceland during 1783 was followed by the severe winter of 1783/1784, which was characterised by low temperatures, frozen soils, ice-bound watercourses and high rates of snow accumulation across much of Europe. Sudden warming coupled with rainfall led to rapid snowmelt, resulting in a series of flooding phases across much of Europe. The first phase of flooding occurred in late December 1783–early January 1784 in England, France, the Low Countries and historical Hungary. The second phase at the turn of February–March 1784 was of greater extent, generated by the melting of an unusually large accumulation of snow and river ice, affecting catchments across France and Central Europe (where it is still considered as one of the most disastrous known floods), throughout the Danube catchment and in southeast Central Europe. The third and final phase of flooding occurred mainly in historical Hungary during late March and early April 1784. The different impacts and consequences of the above floods on both local and regional scales were reflected in the economic and societal responses, material damage and human losses. The winter of 1783/1784 can be considered as typical, if severe, for the Little Ice Age period across much of Europe. 相似文献
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European storminess: late nineteenth century to present 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C. Matulla W. Schöner H. Alexandersson H. von Storch X. L. Wang 《Climate Dynamics》2008,31(2-3):125-130
Annual and seasonal statistics of local air pressure characteristics have already been used as proxies for storminess across Northern Europe. We present an update of such proxies for Northern Europe and an unprecedented analysis for Central Europe which together considerably extends the current knowledge of European storminess. Calculations are completed for three sets of stations, located in North-Western, Northern and Central Europe. Results derived from spatial differences (geostrophic winds) and single station pressure changes per 24 h support each other. Geostrophic winds’ high percentiles (95th, 99th) were relatively high during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century; after that they leveled off somewhat, to get larger again in the late twentieth century. The decrease happens suddenly in Central Europe and over several decades in Northern Europe. The subsequent rise is most pronounced in North-Western Europe, while slow and steady in Central Europe. Europe’s storm climate has undergone significant changes throughout the past 130 years and comprises significant variations on a quasi-decadal timescale. Most recent years feature average or calm conditions, supporting claims raised in earlier studies with new evidence. Aside from some dissimilarity, a general agreement between the investigated regions appears to be the most prominent feature. The capability of the NAO index to explain storminess across Europe varies in space and with the considered period. 相似文献
13.
K. Gajewski André E. Viau Michael Sawada David E. Atkinson Philippe Fines 《Climatic change》2006,78(2-4):341-361
Interpreting the postglacial climate history of the European continent using pollen data has proven difficult due in part to human modification of the landscape. Separating climate from human-caused changes in the vegetation requires a strategy for determining times of change across the entire region. We quantified transitions in the vegetation across Europe during the past 12,000 years using a mixture model approach on two datasets: radiocarbon dates from pollen diagrams and zone boundaries from selected reference sites. Major transitions in the vegetation, as recorded in pollen diagrams, appear synchronous across the continent. These transitions were also synchronous with those identified in North America pollen diagrams and major environmental changes recorded in North Atlantic marine records and Greenland ice cores. This synchronicity suggests that the major vegetation transitions in Europe during the Holocene and late glacial were primarily caused by large-scale atmospheric circulation change. These climate changes may have caused some of the cultural, political and migration changes in European societies during the Holocene. 相似文献
14.
《Global Environmental Change》1999,9(1):5-23
This paper outlines the effects of climate change by the 2050s on hydrological regimes at the continental scale in Europe, at a spatial resolution of 0.5×0.5°. Hydrological regimes are simulated using a macro-scale hydrological model, operating at a daily time step, and four climate change scenarios are used. There are differences between the four scenarios, but each indicates a general reduction in annual runoff in southern Europe (south of around 50°N), and an increase in the north. In maritime areas there is little difference in the timing of flows, but the range through the year tends to increase with lower flows during summer. The most significant changes in flow regime, however, occur where snowfall becomes less important due to higher temperatures, and therefore both winter runoff increases and spring flow decreases: these changes occur across a large part of eastern Europe. In western maritime Europe low flows reduce, but further east minimum flows will increase as flows during the present low flow season – winter – rise. “Drought” was indexed as the maximum total deficit volume below the flow exceeded 95% of the time: this was found to increase in intensity across most of western Europe, but decrease in the east and north. The study attempted to quantify several sources of uncertainty, and showed that the effects of model uncertainty on the estimated change in runoff were generally small compared to the differences between scenarios and the assumed change in global temperature by 2050. 相似文献
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Patrick Willems 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):931-944
Many studies have observed changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes and floods during the last decade(s). Natural variability by climate oscillations partly determines the observed evolution of precipitation extremes. Based on a technique for the identification and analysis of changes in extremes, this paper shows that precipitation extremes have oscillatory behaviour at multidecadal time scales. The analysis is based on a unique dataset of 108 years of 10-minute precipitation intensities at Uccle (Brussels), not affected by instrumental changes. We also checked the consistency of the findings with long precipitation records at 724 stations across Europe and the Middle East. The past 100 years show for northwestern Europe, both in winter and summer, larger and more precipitation extremes around the 1910s, 1950–1960s, and more recently during the 1990s–2000s. The oscillations for southwestern Europe are anti-correlated with these of northwestern Europe, thus with oscillation highs in the 1930–1940s and 1970s. The precipitation oscillation peaks are explained by persistence in atmospheric circulation patterns over the North Atlantic during periods of 10 to 15 years. 相似文献
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This paper examines along-channel winds within Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada, that occur from both the interior plateau out toward the coast as outflows and from the coast inland as inflows. First, the relationships between along-channel winds and pressure, temperature, and humidity are explored in Howe Sound–Cheakamus Valley. The pressure gradients between Pam Rocks and Squamish and Pam Rocks and Pemberton have the strongest correlations with outflow strength and that between Pam Rocks and Squamish has the strongest correlation with inflow strength. Outflows (inflows) have lower (higher) temperatures and dew point temperatures, except for the inflows in summer, which have lower dewpoint temperatures than the overall mean. Second, two case studies of outflow events are presented and described during the period of intensive observations prior to and during the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. The January 2010 outflow event is caused by a zone of strong across-barrier mean sea level pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is formed behind an Arctic front that moved southward across Howe Sound. The February 2010 outflow event is caused by an approaching sea level low pressure centre from the Pacific that formed a northeast–southwest mean sea level pressure gradient across southern British Columbia. In the January case, the outflow layer is about 1.5?km deep, while it is shallower in the February case. Only the January outflow case exhibits hydraulic behaviour. 相似文献
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Climate variability in Europe and northern Asia is markedly affected by changes in atmospheric circulation. Two manual catalogues of large-scale circulation patterns, the ‘Grosswetterlagen’ (GWLc) and ‘Vangengeim-Girs’ classifications (VGc), were analysed and compared to detect frequency changes of circulation forms. Results were compared with variations of ‘objective’ references: variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and a hybrid version of the GWLc (SynopVis Grosswetterlagen catalogue, SVGc). Changes were investigated for 1901–2010, focussing on the most recent climate normal (1981–2010). Trends are moderate in the winter half year (WHY), but rather consistent between the approaches. Circulation variability within VGc/NAO and GWLc/SVGc largely agrees. In the summer half year, large trends are visible in VGc and GWLc, but their objective support by the SVGc, showing comparably small changes, is low. Changes in the distribution of circulation patterns likely fostered a larger temperature increase in the investigated regions compared to global average temperatures during the past 30 years in the WHY. The results of this study help further in investigating temperature and precipitation changes in both Europe and northern Asia. 相似文献
18.
Daniela &#x;ez
ov Marek Ka&#x;par Miloslav Müller Zbyn k Sokol Vilibald Kakos David Hanslian Petr Pe&#x;ice 《Atmospheric Research》2005,77(1-4):354
The hydro-meteorological characteristics of the flood from August 2002, which affected a great part of the Czech territory, particularly the Vltava and Labe river basin, were compared with corresponding conditions during similar flood events in the summer seasons of 1997, 1890, 1897 and 1903. The comparison shows analogies in synoptic conditions and causal precipitation heights. The heaviest precipitation fell in the area of a considerable horizontal pressure gradient on the rearward side of the cyclone which advanced very slowly to the north-east across Central Europe and created conditions for the transport of moist air as well as for an organized long-term updraft enhanced in orographically exposed regions. The varying features of the individual events were based on the spatial–temporal distribution of causal precipitation and also on the very different saturation of the catchments. It was chiefly the extraordinary time concentration of precipitation together with the highest catchment saturation that made the flood in 2002 the most extreme.The extremeness of meteorological fields during two episodes in July 1997 was compared with two episodes in August 2002 with the aid of the reanalysis data from ECMWF. The first episode in 1997 and the second episode in 2002 were the most similar and more extreme in terms of the large-scale fields of basic meteorological quantities. The similar features of these episodes are specifically an intensive influx of moisture into Central Europe and intensive upward motions in the precipitation area. The extremeness of upper- and low-level potential vorticity fields was evaluated to diagnose the behavior of the cyclone and frontal precipitation bands accompanying it. The suitable spatial configuration of positive upper- and low-level potential vorticity anomalies induced an additional amplification of upward motions in the precipitation area that apparently contributed to triggering the heavy precipitation over Central Europe. On the whole, quantities reached more extreme values during the second episode in 2002. 相似文献
19.
Impacts of climate change on cotton yield in China from 1961 to 2010 based on provincial data 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3 
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下载免费PDF全文 To develop scientific countermeasures,the impacts of climate change on cotton yield during 1961-2010in three major cotton-producing regions of China were studied by using the available provincial data.The results indicate that(1)a rise in average temperature increased the cotton yield in most provinces of Northwest China and the Yellow River valley;however,the rise in average temperature decreased the cotton yield in the Yangtze River valley.Moreover,cotton production across the entire study region was reduced by approximately 0.1%relative to the average during 1961-2010.(2)A decrease in diurnal temperature range(DTR)reduced cotton yield in some provinces,while a beneficial DTR effect was observed in the other provinces.Changes in DTR resulted in an average decrease in production by approximatly 5.5%across the entire study region.(3)A change in the amount of precipitation increased the cotton yield in some provinces;however,it caused a decrease in other provinces.The decrease in average production due to the change in precipitation was approximately 1.1%.We concluded that the changes in temperature and precipitation decreased cotton yields in China,while beneficial effects of temperature and precipitation existed in the cotton-growing regions of Northwest China during 1961-2010. 相似文献
20.
The paper focuses on exceptionally hot summers (EHS) as a manifestation of contemporary climate warming. The study identifies EHS occurrences in Central and Eastern Europe and describes the characteristic features of the region’s thermal conditions. Average air temperatures in June, July and August were considered, as well as the number of days with maximum temperatures exceeding 25, 30 and 35 °C, and with a minimum temperature greater than >20 °C, as recorded at 59 weather stations in 1951–2010. Extremely hot summers are defined as having an average temperature equal to or greater than the long-term average plus 2 SD. A calendar of EHSs was compiled and their spatial extent identified. The region experienced 12 EHSs, which occurred in a given year at 5 % or more stations (1972, 1981, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2010). The EHS frequency of occurrence was found to be clearly on an increase. Indeed, only one EHS occurred during the first 30 years, but these occurred five times during the last 10 years of the study period. Their geographical extent varied both in terms of location and size. EHSs were observed at 57 out of the total of 59 weather stations in the study (the exceptions were Pecora and Cluj). The average air temperature of EHSs tended to exceed the relevant long-term average by 2–4 °C. The summer of 2010 was among the hottest (temperature anomaly 5.5–6 °C) and spatially largest. 相似文献