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1.
为了给银川市海宝塔的修缮保护工作提供参考依据,对其动力特性及结构损伤状况开展测试和数值模拟分析。首先对海宝塔的材料强度进行测试和计算,得出塔砌体的抗压强度及弹性模量;然后对该塔进行环境激励作用下的振动响应测试,得到塔东西和南北方向的1阶频率;最后建立数值模型并分析其模态与抗震性能,得到海宝塔的动力特性与地震作用下塔体各层的层间位移角,并基于砖石古塔破坏状态位移准则以及损伤指标开展损伤分析。结果表明：海宝塔东西方向和南北方向的1阶频率较为接近,但不同楼层的振动频谱曲线差异较大,尤其是峰值点数量;楼层越高,最大位移和层间位移角越大,受损也越严重;结构总体刚度退化较为严重,存在较大安全隐患,需进一步开展深入分析并采取保护措施。 相似文献
2.
地下岩石由岩石骨架和孔隙流体组成,通常流体含黏性.地震波在地下介质中传播时受岩石骨架和黏性流体的影响会呈现出复杂的变化.本文将流、固体位移和应力连续作为边界条件,推导出含黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上反透射系数方程;通过建立上层为饱油、下层为饱盐水的砂岩孔隙介质模型,开展反透射系数特征研究,分别分析不同频率、不同黏滞系数条件下,含黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上反透射系数随入射角的变化.研究表明,孔隙介质分界面上和等效介质分界面上的反透射系数分别随入射角的变化趋势基本一致,说明方程推导和数值计算的正确性;快纵波反透射系数受频率、流体黏性的影响较小,而快横波反透射系数在一定入射角范围内受频率、流体黏性的影响比较大;由于黏性孔隙流体的作用,慢纵波和慢横波的反透射系数受入射角、频率及流体黏性的影响都很大. 相似文献
3.
我国地震科技进步的回顾与展望（一） 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
本文对近半个世纪以来我国地震科技发展所经历的艰辛历程和所取得的长足进步作了简要回顾。阐明了如下3点：（1）全社会对减轻地震灾害及减轻地震对社会经济生活影响的强烈要求是推动我国地震科技发展的强劲动力；（2）为人民生命财产安全、经济可持续发展和社会稳定提供更好的保障是推动我国地震科技发展的根本目的；（3）坚持地震监测等技术系统建设与地震科学研究的辩证统一，并处理好任务性、科学性、可行性之间的关系是推动我国地震科技进步性质遵循的重要原则。地震预报预防工作所取得的某些成功和所遭受的许多挫折不断加深了人们对地震的发生条件和孕育发生过程复杂性的认识，促进了地震监测等技术系统的改造与现代化建设和地震科学研究的深入。尤其是20世纪最后5年，地震监测等技术系统的改造和现代化建设使地震预报预防研究与实践的技术支撑得到较明显的改善，既突出重点，又广泛探索的地震科学研究，使人们对我国大陆地震的发生条件和孕育发生过程，以及震害特征与机理研究等取得一些新的重要认识。所取得的长足进步不仅使防震减灾工作实效得以明显提高，而且为加速新世纪，首先是“十五”期间我国地震科技的进步进一步奠定了基础。在回顾历史的基础上，阐明了当前和今后一段时期我国地震科技发展的总体要求和应重点加强的10个方面的工作，即地震观测台网的数字化改造与建设；地震前兆观测台网的改造与建设；强地震动观测台网的建设；地震实验室的建设；地震信息和应急指挥与紧急救援技术系统的建设；地震短临预报的研究；地震中长期预报的研究；地震动衰减和震害机理与震害控制的研究；城市地震活动断层探测与震害预测的研究；地震科学和地球科学有关领域的基础研究。期望通过这些努力使我国地震科技全面达到国际先进水平，地震预报预防的理论、技术、方法显著改进，防震减灾工作实效显著提高。 相似文献
4.
弹性孔隙介质分界面上的反透射系数特征,在岩性划分、流体识别、储层边界判识等方面有重要的应用.本文研究上层为含两项不混合黏性流体孔隙介质、下层为含单项黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上的反透射理论.首先根据两种孔隙介质分界面上的能量守恒得到边界条件,再将波函数、位移、应力与应变关系代入边界条件,推导出完全连通孔隙情况下,第一类纵波入射到孔隙介质分界面上的反透射系数方程.通过建立砂岩孔隙介质模型,分别分析不同孔隙流体类型、不同含油饱和度及不同入射角情况下,各类波的反透射系数特征.研究表明,第二、三类纵波反透射系数数值比第一类纵波小多个数量级,且两者对入射角的变化不敏感,但对孔隙流体性质、含油饱和度的变化较敏感,而横波反透射系数特征恰好与此相反;第一类纵波反透射系数特征比较复杂,入射角、孔隙流体的性质及含油饱和度的变化都对其产生影响.不同孔隙流体弹性物性的差异、孔隙介质中含油饱和度的变化及不同入射角引起垂向和切向应力分量的变化都会影响各类波的反透射系数特征,分析这些特征可以为研究储层含油气性提供理论基础. 相似文献
5.
The characteristics and correlation of faults and earthquakes are discussed based on fractal and statistical analysis of the
earthquakes in the last 500 years and the active faults in China. It is found that fractal relationship exists between the
frequency and the length of the active faults, and the fractal dimension is 1.70 in the continental region of China, and 1.40
in the northwest China. The fractal relationship also exists between the frequency and the scales of earthquakes during the
last five centuries and the fractal dimension is 1.30 for the whole continental region of China and 1.08 for the northwest
China. The differences of the fractal dimensions between the active faults and the earthquakes indicate that some of the active
faults have not caused earthquakes during the last 500 years. The differences of fractal dimensions of the active faults and
earthquakes between the northwest China and the whole continental region of China suggest that the frequency of strong earthquakes
is greater in northwest China than that of the average level of China, because the number of longer active faults is larger
in northwest China than that of the average in whole China. Thus, the fractal analysis is an effective method for studies
of faults and earthquakes. 相似文献
6.
以二阶系统的动力方程为基础,计算不同固有频率和阻尼比下的传感器功能试验响应,讨论功能试验响应随频率和阻尼比的变化,给出了依据功能试验响应确定传感器固有频率和过冲响应比的计算方法,继而统计回归得到过冲响应比随阻尼比的变化关系式.基于传感器的频率响应分析,讨论阻尼比对传感器的幅频特性和相频特性的影响,认为阻尼比在0.68-0.70范围内传感器具有最佳的幅频与相频特性.最后,以传感器自振特性确定方法及性能评价分析为基础,提出基于功能试验的力平衡式加速度传感器性能评价方法,并通过实例对典型传感器的性能进行评价. 相似文献
7.
8.
湖冰光谱特征是湖冰遥感反演的物理基础,是研究湖冰光学特性和空间分布的理论依据。本文以查干湖为例,使用ASD Field Spec 4便携式地物光谱仪采集冰封期不同类型湖冰、积雪和水体光谱,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波法和包络线去除法分析白冰、灰冰、黑冰、雪冰、积雪和水体的反射光谱特征,探索气泡对湖冰反射光谱特征的影响。积雪和雪冰、白冰和灰冰、黑冰和水体的反射特征随着波长的变化特征基本一致,冰的反射率介于积雪和水体之间,其中白冰的反射率高于灰冰和黑冰,在包络线去除结果中,黑冰和水体在440 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积为5.184和10.878、吸收深度为0.052和0.106,雪、雪冰、白冰、灰冰在800和1030 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积和吸收深度的变化表现为雪<雪冰<灰冰<白冰。气泡是影响湖冰光谱特征的重要因素,气泡使白冰反射率减小和黑冰反射率增大,并且气泡使得白冰在800/1030nm和黑冰在440 nm处的吸收面积和吸收深度减小,其中气泡大小和疏密程度的不同会导致湖冰反射率的影响程度存在差异。同时,本文选取时间同步的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,在完成辐... 相似文献
9.
Gill M. Martin 《Surveys in Geophysics》2014,35(3):553-575
Despite their obvious environmental, societal and economic importance, our understanding of the causes and magnitude of the variations in the global water cycle is still unsatisfactory. Uncertainties in hydrological predictions from the current generation of models pose a serious challenge to the reliability of forecasts and projections across time and space scales. This paper provides an overview of the current issues and challenges in modelling various aspects of the Earth’s hydrological cycle. These include: the global water budget and water conservation, the role of model resolution and parametrisation of precipitation-generating processes on the representation of the global and regional hydrological cycle, representation of clouds and microphysical processes, rainfall variability, the influence of land–atmosphere coupling on rainfall patterns and their variability, monsoon processes and teleconnections, and ocean and cryosphere modelling. We conclude that continued collaborative activity in the areas of model development across timescales, process studies and climate change studies will provide better understanding of how and why the hydrological cycle may change, and better estimation of uncertainty in model projections of changes in the global water cycle. 相似文献
10.
由于人口过速增长和不合理的传统发展模式等种种原因,江西历史上也出现过山区毁林种粮、湖区盲目围垦和酷渔滥捕等短期行为,造成了水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁,生态环境恶化,资源利用效率低,经济发展缓慢等区域性的环境与发展不协调问题,对江西的社会经济发展构成了日益严重的威胁.始于20世纪80年代初的江西省山江湖工程,应用流域综合管理理念和生态经济理论,以流域为单元,按照流域水土等自然资源的发育与退化规律,流域的物质循环、能量流动、信息传递和价值增殖规律,系统考虑流域内人口、资源与环境间的相互关系,在全面规划的基础上,合理安排农、林、牧副各业用地和组织布局生产力,因地制宜地布设综合治理措施,对水土及其他自然资源进行保护、改良与合理利用,寻求恢复和保持鄱阳湖流域生态系统良性循环,为实现流域内经济、社会与环境协调发展而进行的_次探索与实践.本文总结了江西省山江湖工程过去近二十年来在鄱阳湖流域综合管理方面所取得的成功经验和方法,以供其他类似地区参考和借鉴. 相似文献
11.
本文根据重力、航磁、地壳视厚度、地震活动性及震源深度等资料,对鲜水河断裂带形成的深部状况及其与地震发生的关系进行了初步分析和讨论。结果表明: 1.该断裂带在上地幔顶部的壳幔界面上並未得到清晰和直观的反映,因此推测它可能未切穿岩石圈,而属一条壳内区域大断裂。2.该断裂是在前海西期构造隆起背景上发育起来的。3.从地壳剖面上看,古生代变质岩系底板以下到磁性居里等温面之间的带状空间,是该断裂带的孕震和发震的层位。4.磁性居里等温面的隆起或高点部位,因岩浆或高温流体的侵入,往往是孕震断层的根部,根部增温,上部锁住,故有利于应力的集中,最易产生错动,而成为强震孕育、发生的重要场所。 相似文献
12.
Monsoon and arid regions in the Asia-Africa-Australia(A-A-A) realm occupy more than 60% of the total area of these continents. Geological evidence showed that significant changes occurred to the A-A-A environments of the monsoon and arid regions, the land-ocean configuration in the Eastern Hemisphere, and the topography of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in the Cenozoic. Motivated by this background, numerical experiments for 5 typical geological periods during the Cenozoic were conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to systemically explore the formations and evolutionary histories of the Cenozoic A-A-A monsoon and arid regions under the influences of continental drift and plateau uplift. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that the timings and causes of the formations of monsoon and arid regions in the A-A-A realm were very different. The northern and southern African monsoons existed during the mid-Paleocene, while the South Asian monsoon appeared in the Eocene after the Indian Subcontinent moved into the tropical Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the East Asian monsoon and northern Australian monsoon were established much later in the Miocene. The establishment of the tropical monsoons in northern and southern Africa, South Asia, and Australia were determined by both the continental drift and seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ), while the position and height of the TP were the key factor for the establishment of the East Asian monsoon. The presence of the subtropical arid regions in northern and southern Africa,Asia, and Australia depended on the positions of the continents and the control of the planetary scale subtropical high pressure zones, while the arid regions in the Arabian Peninsula and West Asia were closely related to the retreat of the Paratethys Sea. The formation of the mid-latitude arid region in the Asian interior, on the other hand, was the consequence of the uplift of the TP.These results from this study provide insight to the important roles played by the earth's tectonic boundary conditions in the formations and evolutions of regional climates during geological times. 相似文献
13.
针对任意各向异性地层,利用极向型和环向型标量位函数,导出相应的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率的磁场响应关系.计算了各向异性地层的直流电视电阻率和磁电阻率响应特征,重点分析了电阻率测深方法与磁电阻率探测方法对地下各向异性介质的探测能力.文中采用状态矩阵的分析方法,首先采用极向型和环向型标量位构造了各向异性层状介质电场与磁场的通解,利用各层界面电场、磁场的连续性及地面激励源的耦合条件,推导了不同层之间电磁场的状态矩阵,建立了空间电场与磁场的递归计算关系.其次,针对递归计算中指数项数值计算的不稳定性,借用状态矩阵的性质,导出了将不稳定指数计算项转化为稳定的指数项的转换关系.针对横向各向同性(TI)介质中极向位与环向位解耦的特点,导出了电磁场的直接积分解.最后,采用解析解验证了算法的正确性,给出了多层各向异性地层模型的视电阻率和磁场响应曲线,分析了直流电法探测裂缝性地层、估计裂缝分布性状的可能性. 相似文献
14.
三峡工程的生态环境问题 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对长江三峡工程有关的若干生态环境问题作了比较系统的综述。主要涉及生物多样性,珍稀物种和长江渔业;人、地、粮关系;中游湖泊与湖区环境;河口生态环境以及库区地质环境等。 相似文献
15.
本文系统收集了首都圈地区38个形变类观测台、29个地下水类观测井与15个电磁类观测台的地质—水文地质条件,并根据1976—1989年间5个中强地震前的58个台项的异常,逐项统计分析了台址地质—水文地质条件对其映震能力的影响。得到的认识是,影响地形变类台站映震能力的主要地质条件是构造单元、邻近断裂的走向、距离、活动时代与台基地层岩性;影响地下水类观测井映震能力的主要条件是构造单元、邻近断裂的走向、距离、部位、井深、含水层的地层岩性与地下水类型;影响地电磁类台站映震能力的主要条件是构造单元、新生界盖层的结构与厚度、表土岩性、基底岩性与壳内高导层顶面埋深等。 相似文献
16.
Present changes in the regime and structure of mouths of rivers, which empty into the Caspian Sea, are discussed. The similarities and differences of these processes at the mouths of different rivers of the Caspian Region were revealed. Assessment was made of the impact of changes in river water runoff and sediment load and in the Caspian Sea level as well as the nearshore zone relief and local hydraulic engineering activities on the processes under study. Anomalous features of the processes occurring at the mouths of the Volga and Terek rivers were revealed and explained. Hydrological and morphological processes typical of the present mouths of the rivers of Ural, Sulak, and Kura were revealed; these processes could be accepted as universal and possible analogs in assessing the expected changes at the mouths of other rivers in Russia and the world in the XXI century. 相似文献
17.
本文将加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中来,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理。 相似文献
18.
基于GIS点格局方法,从余震点分布的不确定性以及烈度区与点空间距离格局的关系角度研究了汶川及芦山余震点格局．结果表明:余震在较小尺度内接近随机分布且关联效应明显; 在较大尺度内余震聚集分布,空间距离关联仍呈幂律关系,无标度区间的上下限与不同烈度区的长短轴间存在关联．汶川、 芦山余震形成东北—西南向矩形的热点、 次热点分布区,区域内最邻近指数为0.99,0.76; 映秀Ⅺ度、 芦山Ⅸ度烈度区内最邻近指数分别为1.02和0.95,显示余震点在强烈度、 高聚集区内趋向随机分布．余震点距离关联特征表明:汶川余震在13.5—20 km和30—43 km区间,芦山余震在7—14.5 km区间内关联程度显著; 汶川余震在66—82 km、 225—236 km、 317—321.5 km区间以及芦山余震在15.5—22 km、 23—32.5 km、 33.5—43.5 km区间仍呈幂律关系. 该结果与汶川地震Ⅺ—Ⅸ度、 芦山地震Ⅸ—Ⅶ度烈度分布区域的长短轴存在一定关联,321.5 km和40 km与两次地震主破裂面长度也较为吻合. 对比核密度估计与地震烈度图可以看出: 带宽越小,核密度面积与较高烈度区域的一致性越大; 随着带宽的扩大,核密度面积与烈度区的差异也越大． 相似文献
19.
The Miyun reservoir is an important water supply for Beijing city. The distribution laws of nitrogen in the Miyun reservoir waters and the transportation factors have been systematically analyzed in space and time by using water monitoring data sampled in the high-water and low-flow periods in 2001 and 2002. The nitrogen in east and west reservoir waters is distributed differently in space. It shows the change characteristics in high-water and low-flow periods and is affected by the source of nitrogen, runoff conditions, hydrodynamic conditions, precipitation and the control of bed mud, of which the source of nitrogen controls the change of concentration of nitrogen, the peripheral runoff controls the distribution law of nitrogen, bed mud controls the vertical distribution of nitrogen, and the contents of nitrogen and its change in the surrounding environment directly cause the change of concentration of total nitrogen in the waters. The improvement and protection of the waters in the Miyun reservoir basically rests with the amelioration of the peripheral environment. 相似文献
20.
Thierry Calmus Carlos Pallares Ren�� C. Maury Alfredo Aguill��n-Robles Herv�� Bellon Mathieu Benoit Fran?ois Michaud 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(8-9):1303-1330
The study of the geochemical compositions and K-Ar or Ar-Ar ages of ca. 350 Neogene and Quaternary lavas from Baja California, the Gulf of California and Sonora allows us to discuss the nature of their mantle or crustal sources, the conditions of their melting and the tectonic regime prevailing during their genesis and emplacement. Nine petrographic/geochemical groups are distinguished: ??regular?? calc-alkaline lavas; adakites; magnesian andesites and related basalts and basaltic andesites; niobium-enriched basalts; alkali basalts and trachybasalts; oceanic (MORB-type) basalts; tholeiitic/transitional basalts and basaltic andesites; peralkaline rhyolites (comendites); and icelandites. We show that the spatial and temporal distribution of these lava types provides constraints on their sources and the geodynamic setting controlling their partial melting. Three successive stages are distinguished. Between 23 and 13 Ma, calc-alkaline lavas linked to the subduction of the Pacific-Farallon plate formed the Comondú and central coast of the Sonora volcanic arc. In the extensional domain of western Sonora, lithospheric mantle-derived tholeiitic to transitional basalts and basaltic andesites were emplaced within the southern extension of the Basin and Range province. The end of the Farallon subduction was marked by the emplacement of much more complex Middle to Late Miocene volcanic associations, between 13 and 7 Ma. Calc-alkaline activity became sporadic and was replaced by unusual post-subduction magma types including adakites, niobium-enriched basalts, magnesian andesites, comendites and icelandites. The spatial and temporal distribution of these lavas is consistent with the development of a slab tear, evolving into a 200-km-wide slab window sub-parallel to the trench, and extending from the Pacific coast of Baja California to coastal Sonora. Tholeiitic, transitional and alkali basalts of subslab origin ascended through this window, and adakites derived from the partial melting of its upper lip, relatively close to the trench. Calc-alkaline lavas, magnesian andesites and niobium-enriched basalts formed from hydrous melting of the supraslab mantle triggered by the uprise of hot Pacific asthenosphere through the window. During the Plio-Quaternary, the ??no-slab?? regime following the sinking of the old part of the Farallon plate within the deep mantle allowed the emplacement of alkali and tholeiitic/transitional basalts of deep asthenospheric origin in Baja California and Sonora. The lithospheric rupture connected with the opening of the Gulf of California generated a high thermal regime associated to asthenospheric uprise and emplaced Quaternary depleted MORB-type tholeiites. This thermal regime also induced partial melting of the thinned lithospheric mantle of the Gulf area, generating calc-alkaline lavas as well as adakites derived from slivers of oceanic crust incorporated within this mantle. 相似文献