共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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基于可持续发展的思想,采用完全成本定价与阶梯定价相结合的定价方法,对唐山市可持续发展水价进行了测算。这种定价方法弥补了单一定价模型的不足,在保证水资源可持续利用的基础上,不仅考虑的居民的承受能力,也使供排水企业实现成本回收、合理盈利的自我生存目标,同时在一定程度上遏制了浪费和低效利用水资源现象,进一步促进水资源合理、有效的分配,从而实现水资源的良性循环。 相似文献
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灌区农业完全成本水价研究——以张掖市甘州区灌区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水价是一种重要的经济手段,它是实现水资源可持续利用的重要工具. 现有的水价模型多以供水生产成本代替了供水过程中的全部成本,完全成本水价模型综合考虑了供水生产过程中的所有成本以及利润和税金,使水价能充分体现水资源的稀缺价值、供水服务成本以及水环境的恢复补偿费用. 介绍了完全成本水价模型,然后以张掖市甘州区的灌区为例,计算了其农业完全成本水价. 结果表明：大满、甘浚、上三和乌江4个灌区的完全成本水价分别为0.16元·m-3、0.15元·m-3、0.20元·m-3、0.14元·m-3. 接着比较了各灌区的现行水价与完全成本水价的差异,得出张掖市现行水价偏低,各灌区现行水价分别占完全成本水价的62.5%、66.67%、50%、71.4%,均未达到各灌区的完全成本水价,无法补偿供水单位的供水成本. 相似文献
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在以往水资源平衡分析中 ,人们总是将客观需要与市场需求混为一谈 ,从而导致水资源市场供求关系的脱节 ,降低了工程资源的配置效率 ;本文应用西方经济学的观点 ,对陕西省近十年来的总用水量变化趋势进行了初步分析和解释 ,提出了水价、水资源开发边际成本、技术进步对水资源的浪费有明显的抑制作用 相似文献
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CVM评价农户对农业水价的承受力——以甘肃省张掖市为例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
水价是水资源管理手段中的基本工具,为了保证水价政策的有效实施,促进农业水资源的可持续利用和农业的发展,在农业水价制定过程中,农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力必须被考虑.虽然农户对水价的承受力可以分为支付能力和支付意愿,但支付意愿可以更好地、更全面地评价农户对农业灌溉水价的承受力.简要介绍了条件估值法(CVM),并以张掖市为例,利用条件估值法分析了农户对农业灌溉用水的支付意愿(WTP),从而评价农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力.结果表明:张掖市农户对农业用水的承受力为1 027.5元·hm-2,对照2006年的实际水价,说明目前的水价已经达到农户承受力的最高点.由于农户对水价的承受力低,农业水价的制定应优先考虑农户对水价的承受力,不能一味强调供水成本的全部回收.要提高农户对农业用水水价的承受力,最重要的是提高农户的收入.同时,由于工业用水的效益远高于农业用水的效益,政府在当前对农业用水供水单位进行扶助,以及工业用水和城市生活用水对农业用水的交叉补贴非常有必要. 相似文献
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以成本和水价为主线,详细介绍了西方发达国家在实现供水市场化进程中进行有效的财务控制与管理的成功经验和做法. 相似文献
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就跨区域调水引起的水价问题按照全成本定价的划分项目进行定性分析,通过将跨区域调水和排污权交易中的泡泡法进行类比,为详细考察提供了一个经济分析方面具有一般性的框架。分析表明,跨区域调水对相关区域的每项水资源成本都发生影响,在合适的调水量之下,两地水资源成本互相趋近而总成本减少,与排污权交易导致的污染治理成本变化类似。跨地区调水建立的地区水资源联系打破了原来水资源成本项目的划分,使调出区原来过剩的水因为存在与调入区交易的可能而产生机会成本,并因调水后水供给与两地水需求更一致而提高了水资源的周转率,等同于增加了可用水资源量并因此降低了水成本。在此显示了水资源价值中时间因素的影响。分析证明水资源潜在的产权因为跨地区调水工程而变成可交易更完整的产权之后,提高了水资源配置效率,这与科斯定理完全一致。调入区的获益在短期和长期内有所不同。 相似文献
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农村饮水安全项目对农村建设和经济发展具有非凡的意义,事实证明必须走市场化道路,完善水价体系并加强水源保护才能使其长期发展下去,以馆陶县为例,主要阐述了水价形成必然趋势和水费收取以及加强水源保护措施。 相似文献
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提高水价对水资源需求的影响分析——以华北地区为例 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：27
中国已决定在3年之内把目前严重偏低的供水价格提高到保本乃至微利水平,这意味着华北地区农业供水价格将从目前的0.03元/m3左右提高到0.2元/m3～0.3元/m3,工业用自来水价格将从0.50元/m3～1.50元/m3提高到3.0元/m3～4.0元/m3,生活用水价格将从0.30元/m3～1.00元/m3提高到1.00元/m3～2.50元/m3。如此大幅度地提高水价,将对华北地区的水资源需求产生强烈的抑制作用,相对于原来预测的水资源需求量,水价提升将使水资源需求量减少25%～50%,达132～250亿m3,至少相当于“南水北调”中线和东线两项工程调往黄河以北的水量。显然,理顺水价具有很大的节水潜力。 相似文献
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Judith A. Rees 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):211-225
Conventional economic appraisals of the water industry have concentrated on economic efficiency defined almost entirely in allocative terms, the key issues being the efficiency with which available water resources are allocated between users and with which factors of production are invested in new facilities. Since marginal cost pricing has been viewed as the mechanism theoretically capable of bringing about optimality in resource allocation, assessments of water industry practices have all too often been reduced to reiteration of the extent to which current pricing practices diverge from the theoretical optima. This paper, based on empirical work on water suppliers in both Britain and Australia, questions the relevance of this conventional approach.First, it is argued that the concentration on allocative efficiency has diverted attention from the equally crucial issue of whether the industry is efficient in managerial, technical and product terms. Since technological efficiency must exist in an industry before a Pareto optimal allocation of resources can occur, the presupposition, in papers which argue that the introduction of optimal pricing rules will ensure allocative efficiency, must be that the industry is already producing an appropriate product using least cost production methods. No such presupposition can be made in an industry where the profit motive and competitive forces do not operate.Second, it is argued that optimal pricing policies can only produce optimal resource allocations if consumers act in a prescribedly rational way to the prices set. Although it is well known that ‘second-best’ pricing rules may be needed to counter inefficient conditions prevailing in other sectors of the economy, the effect of market imperfec- tions on the way consumers react to prices has been less well analysed. Using results from a study of firms' reactions to trade effluent charges, it is shown that the structure of companies and the way they operate their revenue and capital budgets may severely limit the effectiveness of the price mechanism in ensuring allocative efficiency.Finally, the paper considers the ‘equity’ with which the costs of water services are distributed between consumers. Once again it is argued that the issue has been neglected since the distribution of income is irrelevant to the achievement of allocative optimality in Paretian terms. Evidence is presented that contradicts the popular myth that, although current pricing arrangements may be less than efficient, they are at least ‘broadly fair’. It is shown that, in practice, price discrimination against low income consumers is widespread, and this can hardly be regarded as equitable, whatever definition of equity is used. 相似文献
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介绍了建立水库水情长期数值预报的思路和做法.本法的特点是在逐步回归方法的基础上,同时对所选取的因子进行优化筛选,因而使预报的结果与实测值最为接近.该法用于我国东北地区松花江上游小山、两江和松山等水库的年、月来水量长期预报,结果表明,其预报合格率可达80%以上.另外,对6～9月总流量的预报,根据我国东北地区气候的特点,这一阶段的降水量变异很大,用本法预报会使误差较大,但是年平均流量与这一时段的总流量相关较好,于是提出了另外的预报方法.总之这一方法是较为快捷而实用的水库水情长期预报方法. 相似文献
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长江口南支河段盐水入侵规律的研究 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
依据实测资料分析和数学模型计算分析了上游径流、外海潮流以及河势变化对长江口南支河段盐水入侵的，同时着重研究了长江口北支以及南支下游的南、北港三个盐水入侵源对南支河段盐水入侵的影响。研究表明：徐六泾水域基本不受盐水入侵的影响；浏河口以上主要为北支倒灌盐水所控制；钱泾、七丫口河段受北支倒灌的影响；宝钢水域受到三个人入侵源的共同影响，其含氯度峰值一般发生在中、小潮期，主要取决于北支倒灌南支的过境盐水。综 相似文献
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本文以鼎湖山自然保护区和鹤山丘陵综合试验站为对象,开展不同地区、不同森林类型的土壤有机碳(SOC)同位素示踪研究,探讨退化生态系统恢复过程中碳同位素的示踪作用.庆云寺和仓下剖面代表自然林,SOC的δ13C平均值分别为-24.63‰和-23.76‰;坑口和马占林剖面代表草坡上植树造林恢复的人工林,SOC的δ13C平均值分别为-21.22‰和-22.73‰;剖面底界SOC的14C表观年龄前者分别为8 750aB.P.和10 315aB.P.,后者分别为2 880aB.P.和4113aB.P..在SOC的14C表观年龄老的丘陵草坡上进行退化生态系统重建,有利于人工森林群落向地带性森林群落演替. 相似文献
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Tunisia has invested heavily in irrigation schemes to secure water supply. The management of irrigation systems has been denied to local water user associations (WUA). These WUAs are assimilated to a natural monopoly. They sell water to farmers at the unit operational cost (marginal production cost). Such a price does not allow for budgetary balance, which leads to a chronic deficit of these WUA. It also does not reflect the scarcity of the resource, a situation that contributed to irrigated area expansion, an increase in the agricultural water demand, and misallocation of the resource. Low cost recovery results in poor maintenance, infrastructure deterioration, and water distribution inefficiency. The purpose of this paper is two folds: (i) to propose an alternative price scheme which ensures cost recovery and water use efficiency and (ii) to examine the impact of this new price on the farms’ surplus. To achieve this goal, we assumed that irrigation’s water price increase will be necessary. A field survey of 75 farmers in the center of Tunisia was conducted to estimate the irrigation water demand function. We also used the data collected on 36 WUAs in the region to estimate the irrigation water production cost function using the OLS method for both demand and cost functions, and the peak and the non-peak irrigated demand functions (i.e., summer and winter). The methodology consisted of maximizing social surplus to derive optimal prices for both seasons. The main results show that an increase in price in the range of 11 to 15 % in the winter and 50 to 75 % in the summer results in 11 % decrease of the annual quantity consumed and in a 2 % increase in the social surplus. 相似文献
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中国的用水何时达到顶峰 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
从中国实际用水增长业已放慢的趋势、已经开始启动的供水价格的大幅上升趋势和水价与用水的关系、经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变(高耗水行业已经接近顶峰)和用水与产业结构的关系、日益严格的环境立法和执法对用水的影响、中国水资源本身的限制等5个方面,分析中国的用水变化趋势,提出中国的农业用水量、工业用水量和总用水量目前均已接近顶峰,可望在10年内达到顶峰,最大用水量不大可能超过6500×108m3。 相似文献