共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
For much of the twentieth century, the “Chicago models” proposed by E. W. Burgess in the 1920s, Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, and Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 dominated discussions of the spatial form of cities in the United States. The changes that have subsequently occurred in American urban geography naturally raise questions about the continuing relevance of the models. In recent years, a “Los Angeles School” in geography and urban studies has dismissed the Chicago models as outdated. But the critics have provided little empirical evidence in support of their claims. Identifying exogenous amenities—those of distance from the city center, terrain, and waterfronts—as central elements in the Chicago models, we analyzed the relation of these factors to the patterns of income in Los Angeles and Chicago using spatial statistical regression. The newer, automobile-age city closely follows, while the older city of Chicago deviates substantially from, the patterns predicted in the classical Chicago models. These models may best describe the most recently built American cities and may be more relevant than ever today in explaining the dynamics of urban form. 相似文献
2.
Rajyashree N. Reddy 《Urban geography》2016,37(1):57-76
In this article, I describe how calculative practices of enumeration and visualization mobilized by policy actors to govern the multiple mobilities of e-waste and its re-materialization as value in the informal-recycling economies of Global South cities have resulted in e-waste being recalibrated as an “urban mine.” To properly govern and fully exploit e-waste qua urban mines, policy actors have developed the Best-of-2-Worlds (Bo2W) model. I show that the antecedent of the Bo2W model is the Clean e-Waste Channel implemented in Bangalore, India’s “Cyber City,” which has retroactively been recast as the first successful implementation of the Bo2W model. While policy actors mobilize Bangalore’s success to boost this model and facilitate its mobility to other Global South cities, I conclude by offering a critical assessment of the Bo2W model for the prospects of informal recyclers in Global South cities and the creation of uneven geographies of e-waste toxicity. 相似文献
3.
中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。 相似文献
4.
国外城市舒适性研究综述与启示 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
城市发展中所关注的研究内容随城市所处的发展阶段和时代而变化。西方发达国家对城市舒适性的研究已经有长达70年的历史,而中国在这方面的研究开展甚少,并且对国外城市舒适性相关研究缺乏全面的认识。首先系统梳理了国外研究中关于城市舒适性的理论基础、概念、内涵,及其与人口迁移和城市发展的关系,并对研究方法进行了介绍;其次对国外城市舒适性研究进展进行了简要的评述和研究趋势展望,进而提出,从城市发展前瞻性的视角出发,有必要在中国深入开展城市舒适性研究,并对如何在中国城市规划设计、城市经济转型研究中借鉴城市舒适性研究理念和研究方法进行了分析。 相似文献
5.
哈长城市群城市韧性的时空格局演变及动态模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
哈长城市群作为引领东北地区高质量发展的重要增长极，其城市韧性的提升对提高东北地区高质量发展的强韧性及可持续性具有重要意义。以2010—2018年哈长城市群11个地级市为例，基于“生态?经济?社会?工程”的评估框架构建城市韧性评价体系。采用熵权?TOPSIS评价模型对哈长城市群城市韧性进行综合测度，并运用ArcGIS空间分析工具、BP神经网络模型等方法探讨其时空格局演变规律及动态模拟。结果表明：① 哈长城市群城市韧性整体水平较低；较高、高度韧性主要分布在核心地区，呈“点状零散”分布，低度、较低韧性主要分布在外围地区，呈“边缘广泛分布”的空间格局。② 从其演化趋势类型特征看，2010—2018年，呈发散趋势的城市多于呈收敛趋势的城市，表明城市韧性在演化过程中空间差异呈逐渐增大趋势。③ 经济恢复力、工资收入、金融资本、公共资源保障、教育水平、交通设施水平等是影响哈长城市群城市韧性的主要因素。④ 在动态模拟方面，2020—2030年，城市韧性发展较缓慢，韧性等级逐渐降低，且以一级韧性和二级韧性为主，韧性等级较高的城市所占比重较少。在未来发展趋势上，城市韧性时空差异明显，东西方向上呈现“东高西低”态势，在南北方向上呈“倒U型”式分布，表明哈长城市群内部核心城市韧性高点突出，多数外围城市韧性偏低。 相似文献
6.
通过对世界国际性城市的研究梳理，提炼出城市功能驱使大城市地位转变的内在逻辑，构建了“战略功能-基础功能-城市地位”三者之间的作用模型。文章提出世界（国际性）城市功能可以分为战略功能与基础功能两类。其中，战略功能是驱使大城市地位转变的根本动力，在国家经济、区域布局中承担控制中心的角色。基础功能则是战略功能的重要外在表现，是维持和提高战略功能的重要保障，起到枢纽、节点的作用，能够提供高度现代化的基础设施与国际服务功能；同时也会间接影响战略功能的作用效果以及城市地位的转变。利用此逻辑框架，对杭州城市地位升级的实现路径进行了论证，识别出数字经济功能是杭州的战略功能，证实了数字经济的腾飞使得杭州发展迅速，城市地位提升，也回应了当下杭州进入“一线城市”的舆论呼声。 相似文献
7.
Many Chinese cities are in a transition from industrial to post-industrial urban economies. In this process of urban restructuring, land use becomes polycentric and fragmented. More sophisticated models are needed to estimate the amenity effects of this complex residential environment. This article assesses the relative housing price effects of neighborhood characteristics and accessibility in Nanjing, China. This is achieved with a hedonic price model that incorporates detailed spatial measures, geographical contingency, and a modified version of Alonso’s (1964) general theory of land rent. A crucial finding is that the effect of job accessibility on house price varies depending upon the specific sector of employment. Accessibility to jobs in the public and private service sectors has strong positive effects. However, housing proximity to heavy industries has a spatially nonlinear effect: negative in close proximity, but positive at a larger distance. Second, when we control for job accessibility, access to public transport has an added positive effect. Finally, neighborhood “quality” (defined in terms of nearby amenities) is also relevant, but far less than access to service employment. This research shows that Nanjing’s housing prices are affected by different residential characteristics than those with dominant price effects in Western cities. 相似文献
8.
基于中国2010年人口普查资料和社会经济统计等数据,采用空间分析方法探讨中国300个城市高学历劳动力的空间分布特征,并基于负二项回归模型识别其影响因素。研究表明：1）中国城市高学历劳动力规模呈现级差化分异特征,其位序-规模分布符合幂函数特征,在空间上呈现集聚分布和东中西地带性分异的格局;东部沿海地区、辽中南半岛、哈长城市群及内陆省会城市是主要分布地。2）从高学历劳动力占总就业的比例看,北方资源型城市及东部沿海城市群高学历劳动力优势突出,中部和西南地区存在明显“凹陷”;从高学历劳动力和总就业劳动力耦合的结果看,相对占优型和绝对占优型两类城市主要分布在内蒙古和东北的工业城市、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、珠三角城市群及内地省会城市。3）实证结果表明,高学历劳动力的空间格局受城市舒适物、经济机会及城市规模带来的集聚效应共同影响。从全国层面看,经济机会、城市规模、房价主导高学历劳动力的空间格局,凉爽的夏季气候、优质中学教育资源、游憩及交通资源对其也有重要影响作用。4）在不同规模等级的城市中,高学历劳动力的空间分布均受到经济机会和舒适物的影响,但舒适物因子在各类型城市中发挥的作用差异较大。 相似文献
9.
技术创新对黄河流域城市绿色发展的影响研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
创新是推动黄河流域高质量发展的重要途径之一。利用2006—2018年黄河流域79个地级以上城市的面板数据,首先构建指标体系对各城市技术创新及绿色发展水平进行分析,其次通过面板计量模型深入探究技术创新对城市绿色发展的作用机理。研究表明：① 2006—2018年,黄河流域城市技术创新与绿色发展水平均得到明显提升,但空间差异显著,总体呈“下游>中游>上游”阶梯式递减特征。② 黄河流域城市技术创新对绿色发展总体上没有显著影响,但在加入技术创新的二次项后,两者之间呈现显著的“U”型非线性关系,即技术创新先抑制后促进城市绿色发展,这也验证了技术的“回弹效应”假说;③ 技术创新对黄河流域城市绿色发展的影响可以通过直接效应和间接效应共同体现,但这两种效应正好相反,即一个城市技术创新能力的提升对该城市绿色发展存在显著的“U”型（先抑制后促进）关系,但对邻近城市的作用呈现倒“U”型相反的关系。根据研究结论,从技术创新对城市绿色发展的直接效应和间接效应2个方面提出了相应的政策建议。 相似文献
10.
Cities are centers of economic, social, and political change, and urban planning is a process responding to and guiding urban change and development. In the Maoist era and under the influence of socialist ideology, China limited urbanization while promoting industrialization, and urban planning served as an instrument for socialist construction. Since the reform of the late 1970s, Chinese cities have experienced unprecedented growth and restructuring. However, the gradualist, exploratory reform—exemplified by Deng Xiaoping’s slogan “crossing the river by feeling the stones”—makes Chinese cities constantly change without clear directions for future development. This paper uses Beijing as a case study to analyze changing institutional and global contexts underlying the transformation of Chinese cities, and planners’ responses and dilemmas in making plans and implementing them. We found that market reforms, rapid growth, and dramatic change make urban master plans quickly out of date, forcing Chinese planners to frequently revise these master plans. We also found that the content of urban master planning in China has broadened from physical planning, and Chinese planning has adapted to market reform through utilizing concepts of visioning, flexibility, and governance. Increasingly what we call a “hybrid” form of planning is arising in which global concepts and Chinese ideas interweave in order to direct the shape and form of the Chinese metropolis. 相似文献
11.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):29-36
Abstract The American city is almost universally described as being made up of a series of zones decreasing in age and density outward from the center. The most popular model for generalizing about the structure and organization of the American city remains the concentric zone model in which the nature of each ring is more specifically denned. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some reasons for the “popularly perceived zonation” of the American city as opposed to, say, the European city, through a study of cultural attitudes toward the architectural environment. More specifically, the urban housetype and attitudes toward the urban housetype are used to illustrate the concentric zone model and to shed some light on such “zonal” concepts as the “inner city” and “suburban ring.” In addition, the increasingly negative attitude of Americans toward central cities is explored and related to some major urban problems and American landscape tastes. It is hoped that students will be encouraged to discuss aspects of the “alternate future” presented for the American urban landscape. 相似文献
12.
David Lulka 《Urban geography》2013,34(8):1119-1143
Abstract Nonhuman animals are part of the dynamism that typifies cities, yet prior research has obscured this condition by focusing upon a limited subset of animals and the privatized spaces that contain them. Consequently, previous research provides little guidance in developing a post-human conception of cities. This paper redresses this deficiency by redefining conceptions of “the public” and analyzing data from San Diego's Dead Animal Removal Program (DARP). Commensurate with modern political conceptions, “the public” is defined simultaneously as a spatial formation and (akin to democracies) a quantitative body of bodies. The DARP data indicate the pervasive presence of nonhuman animals in urban environments and the difficulties they face. As a nexus, the DARP illustrates how urban practices and bureaucratic systems reinstantiate “the public” in humanized form through the death and disposal of nonhumans. These hybrid relations challenge geographic methods. 相似文献
13.
通过全国338个地级及以上城市旅游出行大数据,应用基于O-D联系的ArcGIS空间分析和Gephi网络分析,深入挖掘旅游数字足迹所蕴涵的“位空间”与“流空间”信息,全景式解析中国旅游出行的空间分布规律与结构特征。研究显示,全国旅游出行的总体空间分布呈现出“菱形”空间架构。全国旅游出行的“核心-边缘”结构特征显著,国家主要中心城市及城市群在旅游出行方面拥有强大的辐射带动作用。依据旅游出行强度指标,并综合考虑地理区位、空间联系、职能定位等因素,将中心城市按旅游出行能力划分为国家综合中心、国家门户中心、区域中心、省域中心、地方中心5个等级体系,旅游出行的城市等级规模递增特征极其明显。大数据显示,全国旅游出行的适宜距离为600~2 000 km,最佳出行距离为1 200 km,人均旅游出行距离为1 060 km,不同等级中心城市旅游出行随着空间距离增加总体上呈现波动衰减特征。旅游联系网络分析显示,在区域尺度上,全国形成了以北京-天津、上海-杭州、广州-深圳、成都-重庆为核心的4个旅游社团联系网络,区域旅游出行“各自为政”,而大空间尺度上旅游出行是“全国一盘棋”。研究通过划分不同空间距离区段,对中心城市旅游出行分布规律及其社团结构进行多尺度、分层次的扫描式空间解构,从而实现更加精准和细致的空间刻画与结构图谱展现。 相似文献
14.
基于有向转变中心性与控制力的长三角城市网络空间结构分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用腾讯人口迁徙数据构建长三角的有向城市网络,利用有向转变中心性与控制力研究人口流动视角下的区域空间结构。研究表明,长三角地区已形成“区域性核心-局域性核心-人口扩散型城市”联动发展的多核心、等级化、网络化的空间结构。在该地区同时存在“同城化”“核心-边缘”空间发展模式。长三角41个城市可划分为7种发展类型,其中资源集聚型城市对人口资源存在普遍争夺的情况。研究进一步分析了长三角地区有向城市网络的空间结构及发展特征,并对相关影响因素进行分析,为长三角地区实现高质量发展的区域战略布局提供支撑。 相似文献
15.
城市关系网络化是城市体系结构发展的重要趋势,不同要素流空间网络下的城市体系在空间组织上不尽相同,依托单一要素对网络进行表征的结果具有明显的局限性。本文基于企业联系、科研合作、人口迁徙和引力模拟四类要素网络,从城市节点、路径联系、社区特征等角度剖析多重流空间视角下中国城市网络的外部空间特征与差异,并探究城市间联系的内在模式规律。结果表明：(1)多维数据源视角下构建的多重城市网络在空间组织上表现出相似稳定性和多元差异性的统一。(2)一定程度上依赖于基础设施运转的人流、物流等网络受到地理距离的约束较大,相邻地区的小团体特征明显,社区结构较强;而资金流、信息流等实体性较弱的要素则突破了这种地理限制,发生联系的重点在于目标城市对于要素流的吸引力,社区结构较弱。(3)目前全国城市联系形态上具有层级性和扁平化的双重特征,据此本文基于“管道-蜂鸣”模型提出“社区蜂鸣-守门员-区域管道”城市空间组织模式,这一模式对于阐述中国的城市联系特征具有较好的适用性,可在全国识别出10个核心守门员城市和8个类型区。 相似文献
16.
This study aims to characterize urban spatial structure with respect to its multidimensionality. Using an encompassing data set of socioeconomic variables, as well as variables pertaining to the built environment, accessibility and land use, we suggest a quantitatively based urban (sub-) center typology. The fine-grained spatial scale of 1 km2 grid cells permits a higher spatial resolution than that used in most previous studies. Our suggested typology is two-layered: a “macro layer” based on cluster analyses sheds light on urban spatial configurations. A corresponding threshold-based “micro layer” identifies distinctive types of centers and subcenters at the local level. The application of this multi-scale and multivariate typology to four German city regions indicates both the core cities’ morphological dominance and the formation of subcenters with distinct profiles of regional economic importance, land use patterns and urban form. However, a substantial degree of spatial dispersion is observed because much activity is located in non-central locations. 相似文献
17.
中国城市舒适性的空间格局与影响因素 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
舒适性在城市发展中的作用日益重要。基于城市舒适性内涵构建指标体系,利用均方差决策法测算中国286个地级城市的舒适性水平,并探讨其地域分异特征与影响因素。研究发现：中国城市舒适性总体上处于中等水平,但级差化特征明显;城市舒适性水平呈现明显的东中西地带性梯度,东部高,中西部低;集群化分布特征突出,京津冀、山东半岛、长三角和珠三角为高值集聚区,低和较低等级舒适性城市趋于中西部山区、省际边缘区集中分布,形成四个连片低值集聚区。地理区位通过自然环境的地带性分异和东中西经济梯度主导着中国城市舒适性水平的整体空间格局;经济发展水平对城市舒适性水平发挥着决定性作用,第三产业产值占比、旅游业接待量分别通过供给和需求作用于舒适性;公共部门就业人数对中国舒适性水平的影响为负,与预期方向不符,表明大城市公共服务供给仍相对不足。 相似文献
18.
Drastic urbanization has taken place in China during the last two decades. Recently, a considerable number of “ghost cities” have emerged due to the extensive and unreasonable urban expansion which far exceeds the practical demand. In order to investigate “ghost cities”, we proposed a feasible framework by utilizing multi-source remote sensing datasets, including nighttime light imagery, land cover type products and population grid. After eliminating blooming effect of nighttime imagery by a proposed modified optimal threshold method (MOTM) and extracting built-up area from land cover type products, we developed a “ghost city” index (GCI) to quantify and evaluate the intensity of “ghost city” phenomenon in Yangtze River Delta at county/district level. The GCI was established according to the intrinsic features of “ghost cities”, comprising three criteria: consistency of lit area and built-up area, illumination intensity and population density. Then, we explored the spatial pattern of “ghost cities” of different GCI categories and the ternary contour was applied to demonstrate the key factor among three criteria. Our finding implies that “ghost cities” are prominently spatial clustered. Meanwhile, counties and new development zones have higher risk of suffering from the phenomenon, while capital cities and municipal cities have an alleviative effect for ambient regions. Besides, regions with higher intensity of the phenomenon tend to have less balanced composition among three criteria. Our results show good consistency with previous reports and studies, providing a more objective and spatial explicit insight into the “ghost city” phenomenon. Our findings do not only prove the capability of monitoring “ghost cities” using remote sensing data, but would also be beneficial to urban planning and regional sustainable development. 相似文献
19.
新时期我国中心城市人口城镇化特征及其空间格局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在新一轮城镇化进程中，以人力资本为核心的创新经济逐步成为推动经济增长的动力引擎，省域中心城市作为人口聚集地的功能日益凸显。人口流动倾向影响着不同规模和行政等级城市之间的城镇体系重构，选取各个省域典型城市作为重点分析对象，通过我国城市人口最新数据统计测算，揭示出近期全国城镇化发展态势与大都市区域格局变化特征。结果发现，我国人口城镇化发展态势逐渐趋于平稳，不同地区、不同规模城市对人口的吸纳能力仍存在显著差异，各类直辖市、省会城市、副省级城市在人口集聚方面表现突出，传统港口城市、工业城市、省域副中心城市的人口吸引力逐步趋弱。其中，一级城市人口吸纳能力超强，二级城市成为人口重要集聚地，三级城市人口增速趋缓，四级城市人口吸引力平稳；可将之划分为“高/低规模”“高/低增长”四种不同组合类型。同时，城市人口的增长变化和人力资本竞争，显著影响了城市区域经济发展，特别是中西部地区省域中心城市实力日益增强，人口增长强劲，进而改变了传统东中西区域经济显著分异的格局，省会城市首位度表现出“高/低位序”“高/低集中”四种不同组合分布特征，且集中于“高位序、高集中”和“低位序、低集中”两种类型，分化格局相对明显。伴随着中国大都市的不断发育成熟，其逐步成为新时代创新经济和人口集聚的引领者。 相似文献
20.
Controversy has arisen in recent years over the creation of so-called “ghost cities” across China. The ghost city term tends to describe large-scale urban areas, sometimes planned as new towns, featuring an abundance of new built space and appearing to also have extremely low tenancy. This article examines key questions related to the ghost city phenomenon, such as: what is a ghost city? Are ghost cities driven by a tendency toward over-supply in housing? How are local-level political incentives aligned to foster the production of ghost cities? Are ghost cities temporary anomalies or structural features of China’s urban-led economic growth model? We discuss recent scholarly research into ghost cities and present original findings to show how an excess of urban space may plague certain Chinese cities. 相似文献