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1.
Marie Ekström 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(2):113-126
Wind direction conditions during the 20th century in Scania, southern Sweden, are investigated using an estimated series of monthly wind vector components (east–west u component and north–south v component). The series is developed from a regression relationship between pairwise (1973 to 1997) monthly averages of 10–m surface wind from Scania and a monthly geostrophic wind, based on mean sea level (MSL) pressure data from the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The wind conditions during the 20th century are dominated by winds from southwesterly and westerly directions, particularly during summer and autumn. From the 1980s onwards, increased frequencies of westerly winds are evident in spring and summer; however, similarly large frequencies of westerly winds are also found during the early part of the 20th century. Analysis of the estimated wind series indicates large variation in wind direction during the investigated time period, particularly during 1930 to 1960 when large increases of easterly winds are evident in spring. Increased frequencies of easterly winds were also found in other months during this period but not to the same extent as during the spring season. Thus, the presence of periods with quite different wind characteristics suggests that the overall atmospheric circulation has experienced some shifts in this region during the 20th century. 相似文献
2.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):3-13
Vector data are not uncommon in geography, and include examples such as transportation flows, particulate transport, and cartographic distortion. The directional and vector means and variances of these types of data are easily computed using a complex-arithmetic extension of the equations for scalar mean and variance. The January surface wind field over the contiguous United States provides an example with which to compare the information provided by scalar, directional and vector-based statistics. Spatial patterns of the mean and variance of January wind velocity (the wind vector) resemble patterns of wind speeds and directions but are not a simple superposition of the two, and one cannot necessarily infer the nature of the velocity field from separately computed salar and directional statistics. However, scalar and directional means and variances can lend insight into the features contributing to the velocity mean and variance. Scalar, directional, and vector-based analyses thus provide complementary methods with which to examine the spatial patterns of wind, or of any flow field that can be represented as a vector. 相似文献
3.
Katherine Klink 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(1):3-13
Vector data are not uncommon in geography, and include examples such as transportation flows, particulate transport, and cartographic distortion. The directional and vector means and variances of these types of data are easily computed using a complex-arithmetic extension of the equations for scalar mean and variance. The January surface wind field over the contiguous United States provides an example with which to compare the information provided by scalar, directional and vector-based statistics. Spatial patterns of the mean and variance of January wind velocity (the wind vector) resemble patterns of wind speeds and directions but are not a simple superposition of the two, and one cannot necessarily infer the nature of the velocity field from separately computed salar and directional statistics. However, scalar and directional means and variances can lend insight into the features contributing to the velocity mean and variance. Scalar, directional, and vector-based analyses thus provide complementary methods with which to examine the spatial patterns of wind, or of any flow field that can be represented as a vector. 相似文献
4.
Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two‐thirds of the United States during the twenty‐three‐year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west‐southwest, and southwest, with west‐southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology. 相似文献
5.
巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究 总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7
通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。 相似文献
6.
Daniel J. Leathers 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):171-190
This study documents the spatial and temporal characteristics of northeast United States tornadoes and the synoptic patterns associated with their development. Daily 1200 UTC surface pressure, 500 mb height and 850 mb temperature data are used in a compositing analysis to indicate the general conditions on tornado-producing days during four quasi-seasonal periods. Temporally, two-thirds of all northeast tornadoes occur between the hours of 1800 UTC and 0000 UTC. Annually, greater than 75% occur during the four-month period from May through August. During the period of study (1950 through 1986) the region had an average of 30 tornado occurrences per year. Spatially, three preferred areas of tornadic development are identified across the northeast region. These areas include western and southeastern Pennsylvania and north-central Massachusetts. The general synoptic patterns associated with tornadic events in the northeast United States remain consistent throughout the year. The composite analyses indicate that the presence of a strong surface low pressure system moving through the Great Lakes, coupled with significant upper-level divergence associated with a vigorous shortwave feature and a cold frontal boundary, are the synoptic features most common during the initiation of tornadic storms in this region. [Key words: synoptic climatology, tornadoes, northeastern United States.] 相似文献
7.
青藏铁路沱沱河路段风沙危害特征及其动力环境分析 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用青藏铁路沿线沱沱河站详细的风况资料,结合风沙灾害的实地调查数据,在分析沙害特点、来源及其危害特征的基础上,从输沙强度、合成输沙势、起沙风玫瑰及其季节变化等方面对沱沱河路段风沙活动特点及其动力环境做了详细研究。沱沱河路段起沙风向具有明显的季节性,冬春季风向单一,主导风向为西风,持续时间较长。夏季东北风有所增加,出现短暂的多风向季节。年输沙势DP为705.81VU,属于高能风能环境。年方向变率（RDP/DP）为0.84,年合成输沙势RDP为590.42VU,合成输沙方向RDD为89.1°,合成输沙风向以西风为主。 相似文献
8.
柴达木盆地风况及输沙势特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
利用柴达木盆地13个气象站的风资料,分析了盆地风况和输沙势的变化特征。结果表明：（1）盆地年平均风速2.0~4.4 m·s-1,自盆地南、北边缘山地到盆地中部逐渐降低。盆地西部主风向为偏西风,风向较集中;东部主风向为偏东风,风向较分散。（2）盆地年平均起沙风速7.0~8.2 m·s-1,起沙风频率5.1%~26.1%,主要发生在冬、春季,风向以WNW和W为主。（3）盆地输沙势34.0~462.3 VU,盆地西北部属于高风能环境,中部及东南部属于低-中风能环境,方向变率0.45~0.91,风况为窄单峰或宽单峰风况,盆地西北部和东南部差异较大,东部德令哈站与其他地区的合成输沙势方向相反。 相似文献
9.
库姆塔格沙漠大尺度风场特征分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
利用美国NCEP/NCAR1979—2006年27 a地面10 m高度的日平均风场再分析-2资料以及46 a的地面常规气象站观测资料和1 a的沙漠中自动气象站观测资料,对库姆塔格沙漠地区风场进行了统计与诊断分析。结果表明：沙漠地区,一年四季北风和东北风为近地面主要存在的风向,春季风速最强,夏季次之,秋冬季最弱;在夏秋冬季节,由于北风的逐渐减弱,加上受到南侧阿尔金山和青藏高原风场的影响,南下的气流在沙漠南侧分为三支,分别流入新疆、青海和甘肃。春夏季节在沙漠北侧基本都是以东北风或者西北风吹向库姆塔格沙漠,秋冬季节,沙漠地区出现西南风。根据沙漠周围6个气象站风场风速显示,库姆塔格沙漠地区风速存在明显的周期变化,在过去的10多年中库姆塔格沙漠周围风场风速处于一个低谷期,但最近几年风速有不断加强的趋势。 相似文献
10.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地边界层风场特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用CFL-03边界层风廓线雷达在塔中开展了边界层风场探测研究,根据2010年4月1日至2010年11月30日连续的边界层风场探测资料,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层风场时空分布特征,得到了4月至11月各月的高空风廓线。结果表明,塔中春秋季风场结构类似,中高层多为西风,风速较大,低层多为东风,风速较小,整层风速与高度成正比;夏季高层风速变小,低层风速增大,东风层增厚,夏季塔中地区上空100～200 m高度层存在明显风速切变带。 相似文献
11.
利用北部湾沿海7个气象站建站至2008年最大风速资料,采用指数律风速廓线公式和"时次换算"方法订正最大风速,得到长年代10m高处10min平均年最大风速序列;采用极值I型分布估算北部湾沿海各地50年一遇最大风速,通过伯努利方程计算基本风压。结果表明:北部湾沿海的基本风压以涠洲岛最大,达1.13kN/m2;其次是东兴、北海,分别为0.59和0.58kN/m2;第三位是防城港和合浦,分别为0.49和0.47kN/m2;最小是防城和钦州,分别为0.39和0.33kN/m2,表明越靠近海的地方基本风压越大。利用建站至2008年的极大风速资料对北部湾沿海的阵风风压进行分析,发现阵风风压分布特点与基本风压相同,而且阵风风压比基本风压大,海岸区域的阵风风压约为基本风压的2倍,涠洲岛则是1.54倍。 相似文献
12.
辽宁沿海地区风能资源状况及开发潜力初步分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
主要采用风电场的实测风资料,初步分析了辽宁沿海地区的风能资源特征及开发潜力。结果表明:辽宁沿海岸一带为风能资源丰富区和较丰富区,辽东湾沿岸风资源较黄海北部沿岸更为优越,风资源条件上具有更大的开发潜力;海岸到内陆风速迅速减少,离海岸稍远的陆上以辽东半岛顶部和辽河平原地区风速较大;沿岸50m高处风能资源较10m高处多1倍以上,年有效风力时数超过70%,表明辽宁沿海地区具有大规模开发利用风能资源的潜力,适合建大型风电场,且风电场离海岸越近越好。 相似文献
13.
柴达木盆地表土与大气降尘粒度Weibull组成及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
柴达木盆地北部现代地表不同沉积环境沉积物粒度分析结果显示,多数盆地地表沉积物质呈Weibull三峰分布,具有超细粒、细粒、粗粒3个组分,个别样品包含沙粒组分,绝大多数的样品匮乏细粒-超细粒组分,以高含量分选性较好的粗粒组分和低含量分选性差的细粒-超细粒组分为总体特征。现代沙尘暴天气降尘粒度分布模式较为单一,以高含量窄峰态的粗粒组分为显著特征。依据含量最高主峰所在Weibull粒度组分,本研究将全部粒度分布分为3种类型:以高含量细粒组分主导的F型、以高含量粗粒组分主导的C型和以高含量沙粒组分主导的S型。比较沙尘暴降尘、季节降尘和年降尘粒度分布模式的结果表明,研究区全年和季节大气降尘主要由沙尘暴天气降尘贡献,在细粒和超细粒组分上,同时混合有尘暴释放和正常天气条件下大气本底粉尘沉降两种来源的风尘成分。分析冬季研究区湖泊（苏干湖）冰层粉尘粒度分布模式发现,细粒组分含量显著偏高,可达70.6%,明显有别于其他沉积环境粒度组成,对比年降尘细粒-超细粒组分成因我们初步认为,细粒组分可用于指示冬季风盛行季节近地面大范围风场搬运风尘物质的状况。 相似文献
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15.
地面风除了受大范围环流影响外,还受地形影响较大。新疆既有大的盆地,又有高山垭口,造就了特殊的新疆地面风场。利用新疆54个气象站1980—2004年,每日4个时次的地面风资料,分析了该地区地面风场的长期特征,并进行经验正交函数分解。研究表明,新疆长期地面风场北疆、东疆和南疆有显著差别,主要表现在风向的转变,即北疆总体表现为西北风,南疆表现为偏东风,东疆表现为由西北风向偏东风转换的反气旋性弯曲气流;新疆经向风的长期变化表现为南风距平加强,而纬向风则表现为东风距平加强;经向风在整个时间序列上有3~5 a的短期变化,而纬向风在整个时间序列上有3~6 a的短期变化,且都表现为随时间延续周期变长;经向风南风距平增大趋势的最大值发生在七角井,而北风距平增大趋势的最大值则在阿拉山口。纬向风西风距平增大趋势的最大值在七角井,东风距平增大趋势的最大值位于安德河;EOF分析表明,第一特征向量的贡献达到87.5％,而第一特征向量对应的时间系数的距平值以1987年和1999年为界,表现为“正负正”的趋势。 相似文献
16.
面向灾害风险评估的台风风场模型研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
台风历史观测风速等数据时空分布不均, 观测年份有限, 在进行定量概率风险评估时, 经常面临样本不足的限制。与数值风场不同, 参数化台风风场模型因计算时间短, 结合路径及强度的随机事件模拟, 在台风风险评估中发挥着不可替代的作用。本文按照台风风速模拟的基本流程, 首先, 总结了参数风场模型中最大风速、最大风速半径、Holland B系数等关键参数的确定方法, 分析了国内外梯度风场模拟、边界层风速垂直折减计算的研究进展;其次, 重点讨论了国内外关于地表粗糙度、地形、阵风因子以及海陆转换因素对于风速修正的理论及应用情况;再次, 对于风场模型在台风风险模型软件、台风次生风暴潮及海浪灾害的应用进行了概述;最后, 针对中国台风风场模拟研究的不足, 对加强多学科联合、数据观测、地表粗糙度变化及分布研究、地形影响修正研究以及重建历史风场等未来改进方向进行了展望。 相似文献
17.
巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的形成发育研究 总被引：35，自引：1，他引：35
通过对巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的考察，以及沙丘形态和风况、沙山TL测年、古沙丘层理产状等的研究表明，高大沙山的形成发育受沙源、风系、底基地形和灌草植被等因素的影响。第四纪以来弱水古水系的变迁为沙漠及沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。沙山发育的受西风和西北风两大盛行风系的控制，末次冰期以前为西风环流主导时期，地表盛行风向为西风，次为西北风；末次冰期以来为季风环流主导时期，地表盛 行风为西北风，次为西风。沙山底基地形的起伏不仅诱发近地表气流产生波伏运动，同时也是风沙流运行的障碍。气候湿润期发育的沙丘灌草植被通过抑制风蚀、扑捉风沙等作用加速沙山的发育。高大沙山是新月形沙丘和沙丘链、复合新月形沙丘和沙丘链演进而形成的大型稳定风积床面形态。 相似文献
18.
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):381-400
Eolian erosion typically has not been considered a significant process on the humid southeastern coastal plain of the United States. A preliminary study of eolian erosion from an agricultural field was undertaken during the late winter of 2002 and early spring of 1999. During those times local agricultural practices leave fields bare while frontal systems produce frequent high wind events. Dust emissions were measured with two samplers; modified Wilson and Cooke passive dust traps and high-volume air samplers. Results of the study indicate that wind erosion is a significant process on agricultural fields of the North Carolina Coastal plain. Dust flux off of the field during the largest of five measured events was estimated as high as 126 kg/m with total losses of 3070 kg/ha. Atmospheric concentrations of suspended material were measured at 58,815 μgm-3. Sediment erosion was not evenly distributed across the field. Erosion was focused over soils that are better drained. Low levels of soil moisture did not eliminate erosion but instead produced pulses of sediment emission as sustained wind continually dried then activated sequential layers of the field surface. Soil moisture and topography appear to be the primary controls on spatial erosion differences and soil characteristics likely play a secondary role. 相似文献
19.
Adriano Ribolini Monica Bini Ilaria Consoloni Ilaria Isola Marta Pappalardo Giovanni Zanchetta Enrique Fucks Laura Panzeri Marco Martini Filippo Terrasi 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2014,96(2):161-176
This paper investigates several wedge structures formed in continental deposits covering marine sediments deposited during MIS 5 along the central Patagonian coast of Argentina. The size and surface microtexture characteristics of the infilling sediments are consistent with a depositional environment dominated by aeolian transport. Fragments of Andean volcanic rocks (glass shards) in the wedge‐fill suggest long‐distance transport via a westerly component of wind direction. The wedges are interpreted as products of deep seasonal frost action in frozen ground, which produced open cracks that filled rapidly with partially non‐local aeolian sediments. Many wedges cross cut carbonate crusts that formed under permafrost conditions in coastal Patagonia. The radiocarbon dating of carbonate crusts yielded an age of 25–27 kyr bp , while wedge‐fill sediments are OSL dated to 14 670 ± 750 yr bp . This indicates that ground wedge formation occurred during a cold event (the Antarctic Cold Reversal period) that interrupted the permafrost degradation following the Last Glacial Maximum. 相似文献
20.
1957-2014年库布齐沙漠地面风场特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
风对沙漠化过程具有重要影响,起沙风是塑造沙漠地貌格局的主要动力。根据1957-2014年库布齐沙漠周边4个基准气象站的地面风资料,从风速、风向和输沙势等方面分析库布齐沙漠的地面风场特征。结果显示：（1）库布齐沙漠的起沙风频率与平均风速有很高的相关性;（2）年平均风速为2.7 m·s-1,全年盛行风向为WNW-NW,为中等变率锐双峰风况,合成输沙风向约为310°。4月风速最大,为中等变率环境;8月风速较小,为高变率环境;1月风速最小,为低变率环境。3-6月风速最大,风向集中度一般;11月至翌年2月风速较大,风向集中度高;7-10月风速最小,风向集中度差;（3）20世纪80年代中后期和2007年前后风速、起沙风频率和输沙势发生了较大变化,尤其是2007年前后由减小向增大发展;（4）大气环流和地表粗糙度的改变是库布齐沙漠地面风场变化的重要原因。 相似文献