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1.
陕西渭北旱塬苹果种植分区土壤水分特征研究 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
以渭北旱塬为研究对象，在区域尺度和定位观测的基础上，揭示了渭北不同苹果种植分区土壤水分特征。得出如下结论：(1)渭北旱塬不同苹果种植分区土壤水分特征主要受自然降水和苹果地蒸散量的影响。(2)3种类型区苹果地土壤水分都存在亏缺现象，台塬东部区苹果地土壤水分平均潜在亏缺量为390．9mm，最大亏缺量为674．6mm，最小亏缺量为186．3mm；高原沟壑区苹果地水分平均潜在亏缺量、最大亏缺量分别为264．4和441．2mm，有时也出现水分盈余的现象；台塬西部区总体上表现为亏缺．但苹果地出现水分盈余的现象较高原沟壑区普遍，最大盈余量达151．8mm；(3)渭北旱塬苹果地水分储存量也存在区域分异，2m土层水分储存量在全生育期是渭北台塬西部区大于渭北高原沟壑区大于渭北台塬东部区，土壤水分储存量的变化特性与降水量的时空变化、苹果树对土壤水分的利用量及降水年型有关；(4)3种类型区苹果地耗水量以台塬东部区最大，旱塬沟壑区次之，台塬西部区最小。干旱年苹果全生育期耗水量低于丰水年份。从耗水组分上看，苹果地耗水主要来源于生育期间的有效降水，但在干旱年份，耗水量还有相当一部分依赖深层土壤贮水，耗水深度超过3m，表明深层储水在干旱年份对苹果树生长所需水分的供给起着不可忽视的重要作用。 相似文献
2.
K. J. Tansey A. C. Millington A. M. Battikhi K. H. White 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1999,19(4):603
This paper describes how synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the European Environmental Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite series were used to derive estimates of near-surface soil moisture for seasonally vegetated and bare soil surfaces in the area of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme (BRDP). Data were acquired between March 1995 and April 1998, covering both wet and dry seasons. A surface scattering model was calibrated using field data: first to understand how soil moisture affects the SAR signal and, secondly, to predict the response of the SAR signal to changes in volumetric soil moisture. Good agreement between predicted and observed estimates was obtained. Model inversion allowed soil moisture predictions to be made that were deemed realistic in terms of soil moisture values. 相似文献
3.
西北地区对全球气候变化十分敏感,研究分析该地区干湿变化特征,对区域发展至关重要。本文从气象（降水、温度、蒸发）、水文（地表水、土壤湿度、陆地水储量）和植被等角度综述了近50年西北地区干湿变化特征。结果表明：西北整体气温升高,降水增加,呈暖湿化。但考虑陆面因素作用的分析表明该地区呈现东西部分化的格局。考虑蒸发因素的结果显示西部趋向暖湿化,而东部趋向暖干化。地表水资源和土壤湿度也显示西部增加、东部减少的态势。同时,西北西部植被状况正在明显改善。但陆地水储量显示,西北地区整体水资源仍十分匮乏,且处于不断减少的趋势。未来,西北地区气温仍将持续升高,降水、径流和土壤湿度也将会增加,整体向暖湿化转变。 相似文献
4.
黄土高原北部河北杨林的土壤水分特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以河北杨林为研究对象，在对其土壤水分进行7a定位观测的基础上，对其特点进行全面分析。结果表明：河北杨林土壤水分动态的周年变化规律主要受降水及其分配特点和生长期初土壤水分含量的影响。0cm-300cm深度内，生长期土层内土壤水分的年平均值多数年在64g/kg左右；特旱年仅50g/kg；特涝年也只有76g/kg；土壤水分条件较差；多数年份土壤水分的基本平衡；特旱、特涝年份土壤水分大量亏缺、积累，其值均达150mm以上。0cm-300cm深度内土壤水分剖面的垂直分布自上而下分为活跃层、过渡层和稳定层，但各层的厚度变化受年降水量的影响较大；土壤含水量的平均值随深度增加而减少，从72g/kg-57g/kg。除特涝年份的生长季中后期外，生长期内的北杨有较大的贮水库容，有利于土壤水的年际调节。 相似文献
5.
藏北高原地气之间的水分循环 总被引：12，自引：7，他引：12
利用GAME－Tibet期间所取得的高分辨率土壤温度、含水量以及降水量资料，对藏北高原地气之间的水分循环过程进行了分析。结果表明，唐古拉山以南平坦地表7－8月份地表蒸发的水汽量可达177.1mm，占同期降水量的73．2％；唐古拉山以北平坦地表7－8月份地表蒸发的水汽量可达73.3mm，占同期降水量的57．7％。地表土壤通过蒸发不但将大量的水分输送给其上的大气，而且将热量传给了其上的大气，从而抑制了土壤温度的升高。如果仅就唐古拉山南北地表蒸发而言，引起其较大差异的原因主要是降水量的不同。 相似文献
6.
祖厉河流域位于年降水量200～400 mm之间过渡带,是气候变化最敏感和最为复杂的区域之一。运用祖厉河流域1955-2013年径流量、输沙量与年降雨量的变化趋势、时段特征进行了分析。结果表明：祖厉河流域降雨量、径流量和输沙量存在年际变化大、逐年减小的变化趋势;年降雨量在1995年出现突变点,降雨量存在明显的丰水和枯水变化,丰水时段（1955-1989年）年降水量为376.2 mm,枯水时段（1990-2013年）年降水量为224.9 mm;径流量和泥沙量的突变点分别出现在1995年和2000年;依据UFk值信度变化趋势,将径流量、输沙量变化分为非显著减少（1955-1971年）、显著减少（1972-1985年）、较显著减少（1986-2000年）和极显著减少（2001-2013年）四个时期。 相似文献
7.
Influence of canopy and topographic position on soil moisture response to rainfall in a hilly catchment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Liu Muxing Wang Qiuyue Guo Li Yi Jun Lin Henry Zhu Qing Fan Bihang Zhang Hailin 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(6):949-968
Rainfall provides essential water resource for vegetation growth and acts as driving force for hydrologic process, bedrock weathering and nutrient cycle in the steep hilly catchment. But the effects of rainfall features, vegetation types, topography, and also their interactions on soil water movement and soil moisture dynamics are inadequately quantified. During the coupled wet and dry periods of the year 2018 to 2019, time-series soil moisture was monitored with 5-min interval resolution in a hilly catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Three hillslopes covered with evergreen forest(EG), secondary deciduous forest mixed with shrubs(SDFS) and deforested pasture(DP) were selected, and two monitoring sites with five detected depths were established at upslope and downslope position, respectively. Several parameters expressing soil moisture response to rainfall event were evaluated, including wetting depth, cumulative rainfall amount and lag time before initial response, maximum increase of soil water storage, and transform ratio of rainwater to soil water. The results indicated that rainfall amount is the dominant rainfall variable controlling soil moisture response to rainfall event. No soil moisture response occurred when rainfall amounts was 8 mm, and all the deepest monitoring sensors detected soil moisture increase when total rainfall amounts was 30 mm. In the wet period, the cumulative rainfall amount to trigger surface soil moisture response in EG-up site was significantly higher than in other five sites. However, no significant difference in cumulative rainfall amount to trigger soil moisture response was observed among all study sites in dry period. Vegetation canopy interception reduced the transform ratio of rainwater to soil water, with a higher reduction in vegetation growth period than in other period. Also, interception of vegetation canopy resulted in a largeraccumulated rainfall amount and a longer lag time for initiating soil moisture response to rainfall. Generally, average cumulative rainfall amount for initiating soil moisture response during dry period of all sites(3.5–5.6 mm) were less than during wet period(5.7–19.7 mm). Forests captured more infiltration water compared with deforested pasture, showing the larger increments of both soil water storage for the whole soil profile and volumetric soil water content at 10 cm depth on two forest slopes. Topography dominated soil subsurface flow, proven by the evidences that less rainfall amount and less time was needed to trigger soil moisture response and also larger accumulated soil water storage increment in downslope site than in corresponding upslope site during heavy rainfall events. 相似文献
8.
珠江流域多尺度极端降水时空特征及影响因子研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于珠江流域74个气象站点1952~2013年逐日降水和气温数据,采用POT抽样、Mann-Kendall（MK）趋势检验、泊松回归等方法,从降水量级、降水频率及发生时间等方面系统分析了珠江流域年、雨季及旱季3个时间尺度上的极端降水特征,并从降水对温度变化响应及ENSO影响等角度,探讨了极端降水变化特征的机理。研究表明：① 珠江流域极端降水年内分布不均,多发于4~9月,其中6月份发生频率最高;② 珠江流域极端降水频率在雨季及年际间分布较为均匀。但在旱季,珠三角地区极端降水在不同年份差异性较大;③ 在雨季及年际尺度上,极端降水年序列趋势性并不显著;而相对干旱季节,极端降雨量级、发生频次均随年份增加呈显著上升趋势,且发生时间提前。珠江流域农业以水稻(Oryzasativa)种植为主,旱季极端降水增加易导致冬汛及其引起的作物倒伏与农田渍涝等灾害,同时对秋冬防洪提出新的挑战,需要引起人们的关注;④ 温度升高和ENSO事件对珠江流域极端降水过程有显著影响。从ENSO影响的角度讲,在厄尔尼诺年,珠江流域西部极端降水量级和频率增加,而流域东部沿海区域极端降水量级减少,时间延后。 相似文献
9.
人工固沙植被区土壤水分动态及空间分布 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
土壤水分是干旱区固沙植被生长发育最主要的限制因子,了解其动态变化特征对沙区人工植被建设具有重要意义。本研究利用EnviroSMART土壤水分监测系统,于2009-2013年对宁夏沙坡头地区人工固沙植被区的土壤水分动态进行连续监测。结果表明:(1)降水对土壤水分状况及动态变化有较大的影响。土壤水分总体处于过度消耗状态,在非生长季,土壤水分没有明显的回升现象。(2)生长季初期(4-5月)为土壤水分弱消耗阶段;生长旺盛期(6-8月)为土壤水分快速消耗阶段,水分变化波动较剧烈,空间异质性最强;生长季末期(9-10月)的土壤水分处于相对稳定状态。(3)土壤水分随深度增加呈“S”形变化趋势,浅层的土壤含水量明显高于其他深度,200 cm深度土壤含水量较低且年际间变化不大(1.53%~2.10%)。湿润年份土壤水分剧烈变化的土层深度为0～100 cm,而干旱年份为0～20 cm。(4)相对于干旱年份,湿润年份的土壤含水量不但较高,而且水分变化波动较为剧烈。当土壤水分较低时,其变异性会随着土壤水分含量的增加而增加。(5)试验区灌木盖度在5年间呈下降趋势,一年生草本受降水量影响年际变化较大。受降水时空分布影响的土壤水分是沙坡头人工植被演替的重要驱动力。 相似文献
10.
《自然地理学》2013,34(2):107-136
The study of land surface-atmosphere interactions is vital to understanding climatic variations in the Earth's planetary boundary layer, particularly given continual land cover modifications by humans on local to regional scales. An agriculturally important region ideal for the study of land surface-atmosphere interactions is the Midwest United States "Corn Belt." To evaluate the mesoscale relationships between Corn Belt land surface properties and a key indicator of the surface-atmosphere feedback in humid climates—warm-season convective cloud development—conventional meteorological data, digital maps of land surface properties, and satellite data were examined in a GIS framework for the May-September periods of 1991 through 1999. The results indicate associations between the surface and atmospheric moisture content and the formation of convective clouds: cumulus clouds initiate first and persist longer over a dry (moist) surface with an initially dry (moist) atmosphere. These relationships are evident when forcing from the free atmosphere is either extremely weak (i.e., when fronts and other disturbances are absent and 500 mb winds are <7 ms-1), weak (same as extremely weak, except 500 mb winds are 7-13 ms-1), or strong (same as extremely weak, except 500 mb winds >18 ms-1). However, the association between convective cloud development and other land surface properties (e.g., land use-land cover [LULC], soil order, elevation, and slope) is not consistent spatially. We find that a surface moisture-convective cloud relationship dominates Corn Belt land surface-atmosphere interactions across a range of barotropic synoptic conditions under different atmospheric moisture contents. The study results can help lead to improved prediction of convective cloud formation, and more realistic modeling of land surface-atmospheric interactions for weather and climate forecasting. 相似文献
11.
Dry periods between rainstorms control the soil moisture conditions, and are the antecedent conditions for various geomorphological, hydrological and ecological processes. An annual distribution of dry condition, based on the Dry Days Since Last Rain (DDSLR) approach is presented, showing the duration and timing of dry periods for various daily rainfall thresholds and probabilities.Daily rainfall data from five stations along a climatic transect in Israel, extending from the Judean Mountains, which have a Mediterranean climate, to the Dead Sea arid region were studied. The results show that DDSLR values increased with increasing aridity. At a 0.1 mm rainfall threshold, the DDSLR values were similar along this transect. However, at higher daily thresholds, differences among different locations along the transect, become more noticeable. 相似文献
12.
土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。 相似文献
13.
半干旱地区流动沙地土壤湿度变异及其对降水的依赖 总被引：23，自引：4，他引：19
应用半干旱区科尔沁沙地1983- 1990年5~ 10月份土壤湿度定点观测资料,对流动沙地土壤湿度的时空变异及其与降水关系进行了研究。结果表明:半干旱区科尔沁沙地,在0~ 300cm的垂直剖面上,以20cm作为一个层次,流动沙地土壤湿度多年平均值变化于3.25%~ 3.47%,层次间无显著差异。在时间序列土壤湿度存在年内和年际变异,5月份的土壤湿度与6~ 10月份存在显著差异,但6~ 10月份之间土壤湿度差异不显著。年际间降水量变化于243.3~ 567.1mm (变异系数9505%)之间,流动沙地土壤湿度变化于3.10%~ 3.69% (变异系数18.68%)之间。0~ 40cm土壤湿度与前月降水量不显著相关,但40~ 300cm土壤湿度与前月降水量显著相关,当月降水量与各层土壤湿度均显著相关。 相似文献
14.
Armand Hernández Santiago Giralt Roberto Bao Alberto Sáez Melanie J. Leng Philip A. Barker 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(2):413-429
The late glacial-Holocene transition from the Lago Chungará sedimentary record in northern Chilean Altiplano (18°S) is made up of laminated sediments composed of light-white and dark-green pluriannual couplets of diatomaceous ooze. Light-white sediment laminae accumulated during short-term extraordinary diatom blooms whereas dark-green sediment laminae represent the baseline limnological conditions during several years of deposition. Diatom oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Odiatom) from 40 consecutive dark-green laminae, ranging from 11,990 to 11,450 cal year BP, show that a series of decadal-to-centennial dry–wet oscillations occurred. Dry periods are marked by relatively high isotope values whereas wet episodes are indicated by lower values. This interpretation agrees with the reconstructions of terrigenous inputs and regional effective moisture availability carried out in the lake but there is a systematic temporal disagreement between them owing to the non-linear response of the lacustrine ecosystem to environmental forcings. Furthermore, the δ18Odiatom record tracks effective moisture changes at a centennial scale. Three major phases have been established (11,990–11,800, 11,800–11,550, and 11,550–11,450 cal year BP). Each phase is defined by an increasing isotope trend followed by a sudden depletion. In addition, several wet and dry events at a decadal scale are superimposed onto these major trends. Spectral analyses of the δ18Odiatom values suggest that cycles and events could have been triggered by both El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and solar activity. Significant ENSO frequencies of 7–9 years and 15–17 years, and periodicities of the solar activity cycles such as 11 years (Schwabe), 23 years (Hale) and 35 years (Brückner) have been recognised in the oxygen isotope time series. Time–frequency analysis shows that although solar and ENSO forcing were present at the onset of the Holocene, they were more intense during the late glacial period. The early Holocene might have been mainly governed by La Niña-like conditions that correspond to wet conditions over the Andean Altiplano. 相似文献
15.
Due to high temporal variation of soil organic matter in arid regions, estimates of annual sequestered C might be overestimate. We assessed the soil stable organic matter (humic substances) in the transitional area between Dry Chaco and Monte eco-regions in western Argentina, as an approach to estimate realistic soil C sink. Soil samples were taken during wet and dry seasons in four sites along precipitation gradient. In each site three soil cover situations (under tree, under shrubs and on bare soils) were sampled (n = 5) and the quantity and type of residues (tree and shrub leaves, woody material, grasses and forbs) were recorded. Soil organic matter and humic substances (humic and fulvic acids) content were analyzed and non-humic substances were calculated by the differences between organic matter and humic substances. Soil humic substance proportion respect to SOM was low (20%) in all sites and it did not correspond with the precipitation gradient. Non-humic substances were lower in wet season indicating high C lability. The most important factors that affected soil humic substance content were the type and quantity of organic residues and soil cover type. Our results suggest that previous C sink estimations in Argentina dry forest probably are overestimated. 相似文献
16.
Kent M. McGregor 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):225-240
The Palmer Index (PI) was employed to compare anomalous dry spells with anomalous wet spells for 76 climatic divisions in the central United States. Comparisons were made in terms of the frequency, severity and persistence of wet and dry climatic episodes for the period 1931–75. The results indicated more frequent dry anomalies in the southwest (New Mexico and west Texas) portion of the study area and more frequent wet anomalies in the northeast (Illinois and Iowa). Not surprisingly, these are the most arid and most humid portions respectively. The results of the analysis for persistence were less clear. Typically dry anomalies lasted longer than wet anomalies, especially as the minimum length was increased. This was especially apparent when comparing the very longest dry spell with the very longest wet spell during the 45-year study period. Thus there are more but shorter wet spells and less frequent, but typically longer lasting dry spells. This final relationship posits the question of feedback processes between surface soil moisture and the persistence of atmospheric precipitation anomalies. [Key Words: Palmer Index, drought, moisture anomalies, wet spells, dry spells.] 相似文献
17.
采用水文气象长期定位观测数据,结合基于事件尺度的退水速率与流量关系分析方法,对2019—2021年典型南岭山地森林流域的退水过程变化进行识别,探索退水特征与同期土壤水分、地下水埋深、潜在蒸散发和实际蒸散发的关联程度,深入了解山地森林流域退水规律及主要影响因素。结果表明：1）相同流量情况下,流域在枯水条件下比丰水条件退水速率更快;2）流域土壤入渗能力较强,降水能迅速补给土壤水和地下水,地下水对降水的响应较土壤水略有延迟;3）地下水埋深对流域退水有显著影响,土壤水分次之,与之相比潜在蒸散发和实际蒸散发的影响并不明显;4）地下水埋深是影响山地森林流域出口退水过程的最主要因素,由于地下水位低于河床位置,流域出口河段处于地下水补给区,因此地下水埋深越深,河道水向地下水渗失越快,从而导致流域出口退水速率加快。可见,地下水埋深是流域退水规律分析乃至枯水期径流模拟不可忽略的关键变量。 相似文献
18.
《寒旱区科学》2021,13(3)
Rainfall variability dominates livelihoods in all countries of Saharan Africa. To better understand the processes involved in Sahara precipitation changes, we used the Global Precipitation Climatology Center(GPCC) dataset to examine dry and wet seasonal trends in the Sahara region from 1979 to 2016. We also used the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) to evaluate the general atmospheric circulation associated with seasonal change of Sahara precipitation. The Mann-Kendall test and Theil sens' slope estimator methods were adopted to test and estimate the significance and weight of precipitation trend, respectively. The results revealed that Sahara precipitation has increased significantly.The seasonal evaluation shows a positive trend of 0.42 mm/decade and 1.43 mm/decade in JAS(June, August, and September) seasons for the northern and southern Saharan Desert, respectively. Moreover, the JFMA(January, February,March, and April) period shows a negative trend but not statistically significant. An examination of the general circulation and moisture transport changes suggested an increase of rainfall in southern Sahara. The wet period is also driven by northward penetration of moisture originating from the Sahel region, African Easterly Jet(AEJ), and weakening in the upper tropospheric zonal wind. Summer rainfall has also been likely associated with positive anomalies of sea surface temperature(SST) in the North Tropical Atlantic(NTA) and the Mediterranean Sea. 相似文献
19.
利用额尔古纳牧业气象试验站降水量与土壤水分数据,通过降水与土壤水分动态变化及转化过程分析,确定土壤水分响应的降水临界值与不同降水级别引起土壤水分响应的概率,构建了降水过程量与土壤水分增量函数关系。结果表明：（1） 研究区降水量呈“先降后升”变化趋势,年内降水量呈单峰型分布。（2） 研究区以无降水天气为主,降水又以小降水事件占主导,大降水事件发生频次低、过程降水量大,小降水事件则相反。（3） 可以引起研究区0~50 cm各层土壤水分响应的降水临界值分别为8.1 mm、10.1 mm、19.0 mm、27.9 mm和31.6 mm,小雨仅能引起0~10 cm土壤水分响应的概率为28.6%,中雨不能引起40~50 cm土壤水分的响应。（4） 降水量与0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤水分达到最大值时的滞后时间呈现出极显著负相关关系,与20~30 cm呈显著负相关关系,0~30 cm各层土壤水分达到最大值时的滞后时间与降水量符合幂函数关系。（5） 降水量和0~50 cm土壤水分增量均呈现出极显著正相关关系,降水量与0~10 cm和10~20 cm土壤水分增量符合线性关系,与20~30 cm、30~40 cm和40~50 cm土壤水分增量符合多项式关系。检验结果表明,构建的函数模型可以较好地模拟研究区0~30 cm各层水分增量。研究结果为地方政府抗旱减灾提供了科学依据。 相似文献
20.
本文通过对1963—1987年北京城、郊区测点的降水和相对湿度资料的对比分析,发现北京城区夏、秋季存在“干岛”现象,而冬、春季却存在明显的“湿岛”现象。城区四季都存在雨岛,雨岛现象夏季最明显。 相似文献