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1.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):139-172
Although welfare rolls have dropped considerably in recent years, most welfare recipients who find work are employed in low-wage, insecure jobs. The problem of "working poverty" is especially acute in large city-regions such as Los Angeles, where local labor market restructuring has created an expanding, low-wage economy, increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. This paper analyzes the employment outcomes of 6,931 women who completed the county's welfare-to-work program in 1996. I evaluate their earnings, labor market segmentation, and job stability. The results show that women were highly concentrated in low-wage service jobs and experienced high levels of turnover and unemployment. Many were unable to obtain employment in the formal labor market. I argue that the struggles of the working poor in a growing regional economy are explained not solely by human capital limitations, but by processes of local labor market restructuring that have contributed to widespread economic insecurity in Los Angeles County. 相似文献
2.
Environmental Justice in Hamburg,Germany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This environmental justice study investigates whether disempowered segments of the population in Hamburg, Germany, namely, foreigners and the poor, reside disproportionately in neighborhoods that contain, have higher concentrations of, and are in closer proximity to facilities releasing toxic chemicals into the environment. Methods include choropleth mapping; comparisons of means, correlation, and ordinary least squares (OLS); and spatial econometric regression. The results provide evidence that toxic release facilities are disproportionately located within, and closer to, neighborhoods with comparatively higher proportions of foreigners and the poor as compared to those with higher proportions of German citizens and the non-poor. We speculate that the causes of this pattern of environmental inequity are similar to the causes scholars have proposed for comparable patterns observed in many U.S. cities, where marginalized immigrant or minority groups subject to discrimination in housing and employment have sought low-wage labor in industrial areas, whereas wealthier German citizens have settled in environmentally safer parts of the city. 相似文献
3.
This article explored China's urban employment dynamics with particular focus on the city size effect.Big data derived from the largest recruitment website were used to ex-amine the direct and indirect impacts of city size on employment demand by using mediating and moderating models.We also investigated the roles of the government and location fac-tors which have seldom been considered in literature.Results showed that the concentration degree of new jobs is higher than that of stock employment and population across cities,implying a path dependency mechanism of job creation and employment expansion.Mean-while,numerous job posts in inland central cities are probably a symptom of more even dis-tribution of employment in future China.Econometric models further verified the significant correlation between city size and job creation.Moreover,industrial diversity,fixed asset in-vestment,and spatial location have heterogeneous effects on employment demand in cities of different sizes and different levels of administration.These results can not only deepen our understanding of the crucial role of city size in urban employment growth but also demon-strate the future trend of labor and population geography of China.Policy implications are then proposed for job creation in cities of China and other developing countries. 相似文献
4.
Thomas J. Cooke 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):458-467
This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems. 相似文献
5.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):458-466
This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems. 相似文献
6.
Elvin K. Wyly 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):431-444
This study analyzes commuting trends in a relatively vibrant setting during the 1980s to determine (a) how labor market segmentation correlates with differences in the spatial dimensions of local labor markets, and (b) whether this link represents a direct spatial effect, independent of earnings, travel mode, and part-time work. I use 1980 and 1990 PUMS data to analyze changes in racial and gender divisions in the workforce, and I develop an estimate of work trip distance to adjust for different travel modes. For all groups except white men, employment in a job “typical” of one's gender and racial group is associated with more localized commutes, but this effect is strongly mediated by variations in earnings and part-time work. Using a covariance structure model to control for these effects, I find no independent link between segmentation and longer commutes among African Americans. Earnings and commute distances remained unchanged over the decade for African Americans, providing no evidence of a purely spatial mismatch manifest in lengthening work trips without corresponding wage gains. The spatial dimensions of an employment mismatch for inner-city minorities are concealed through the replacement of production jobs by poorly paid service work in the expanding downtown economy of a vibrant regional center. 相似文献
7.
北京居住与就业的空间错位研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
宏观上将北京作为一个整体,借助于空间错位指数,研究1982、1990和2000年不同地域范围的空间错位情况;微观上,利用调查问卷数据分析边缘区居民通勤的时间、距离、方式及费用.研究发现,宏观上,北京市不同地域范围的空间错位指数及其变化是不同的,北京市20世纪90年代之前空间错位不明显,1982和1990年的空间错位指数(SMI)分别是3.13和1.98,此后以年均增长1.48个点的速度达到2000年的16.81;中心城区三年的SMI非常低且随时间缓慢增长,2000年时仍小于1;城八区的SMI在20年来不断增大且加速发展;同时就业远离居民、居民追逐就业,空间错位的强度取决于两者作用的强弱.微观研究发现,居民就地或就近就业的比例较低,超过50%的通勤者通勤距离在10～40 km之间且每天通勤时间超过1 h,通勤方式以公交、地铁和私家车为主,通勤距离和时间的增长并没有带来费用的相应增长,50%的通勤者每月通勤费用在100元以下.居住与就业的空间错位,导致通勤给居民带来的经济上的压力很小,长时间通勤带来的时间消耗及由此引起的精神消耗才是最主要的. 相似文献
8.
芜湖市就业与居住空间匹配研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
借助偏离度指数分析法从宏观层面研究了芜湖市辖区的就业—居住空间匹配状况的变化特点,利用问卷调查数据,从微观角度分析了市区居民通勤的时间、距离、方式及费用。研究结果表明:芜湖市就业—居住空间匹配度趋于下降,核心区为服务业就业主导区,北部以制造业就业为主导功能,南部居住功能占主导,带来各区居住人口和就业人口的空间流动。居民通勤平均距离约为4km,平均时间约为25min,通勤方式以电动车、公交车为主。目前,居民对就业—居住地匹配状况的满意程度总体尚好,还需要采取措施以进一步提高满意度。 相似文献
9.
乌鲁木齐市职住空间组织特征及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文借助职住分离指数分析法从宏观层面分析了乌鲁木齐市辖区的职住空间匹配状况,利用问卷调查数据,从微观角度分析了不同类型居住区居民的通勤距离和通勤时间。研究发现：职住空间分离是乌鲁木齐城市空间结构的突出特征;全市职住空间不匹配程度较大,居住主导区的街道有35个,占街道总数的44.3%;就业主导区的街道有25个,占街道总数的31.65%;基本匹配区的街道仅有7个。居住区类型、居民受教育程度、职业类型、收入水平、住房形式等社会经济属性对其职住分离程度均有一定程度的影响;采用GWR模型定量分析了职住空间关系的影响因素,认为学历构成、住房产权性质、职业类型、流动人口以及住房面积是影响乌鲁木齐市职住空间关系的主要因素。 相似文献
10.
采用Hoover系数、空间聚集指数、重心模型、空间耦合指数以及面板数据回归模型,对1995—2015年福建省城市人口与服务业的空间协同机制进行了分析。结果表明：① 城市人口与服务业都有向中心城市集中的特征,服务业的空间集中度高于城市人口。② 城市人口与服务业都有向中心城市周边聚集的趋势,而且服务业的聚集度更强。③ 空间重心轨迹显示两者在东西方向上存在错位,服务业的分布更偏向东部沿海。④ 两者的空间耦合指数呈现持续上升的时序演化特征、由东部沿海向西部内陆逐步升高的空间梯度格局。⑤ 回归模型显示,城镇职工收入、农民收入、建设用地规模和固定资产投资是两者空间协同的重要影响因素。 相似文献
11.
中国市域工业污染对劳动力集聚的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2003~2016年中国286个地级及以上城市数据,研究工业污染和劳动力空间分布的演化特征及内在联系,继而将地区收入水平和工业集聚作为门槛变量研究工业污染对劳动力集聚影响。结果表明：①工业污染和劳动力的重心在移动方向上背向而驰,工业污染重心整体向北移动,劳动力重心整体向南移动,工业污染与劳动力的空间分布演化特征与二者相应的重心移动轨迹相契合。②工业污染会造成劳动力集聚水平降低,且随着地区收入水平的提高,高污染水平导致劳动力集聚水平下降的现象愈发明显。③以工业集聚作为门槛变量时,工业污染对劳动力集聚的影响存在明显的区域差异性,全国和东部地区劳动力集聚水平呈现出先降低后升高特征,中部地区为逐步升高的正向效应,西部地区则是逐步降低的负向效应。 相似文献
12.
《Urban geography》2013,34(5):395-430
The spatial containment of women relative to men remains a prominent theme in research on women's employment in American cities. Drawing on a dataset for all metropolitan areas in the United States in 1990, this research analyzes the contextual variability of containment effects and the link between localized commutes and the incidence of occupational sex segregation. Women's more localized commutes persist across most of the urban system, with particularly wide differentials in suburban labor markets in proximity to national service and finance centers. Treatment effects models confirm that differences in the extent of local labor markets among women reinforce occupational sex segregation, but the effect varies by mode of travel. Working close to home slightly increases the likelihood of segregation for women with access to private automobiles, suggestive of spatial containment. Among women reliant on bus transportation, spatial mismatch is so severe that even poorly paid secondary jobs require long commutes. 相似文献
13.
国际贸易对地区劳动力技能升级的影响——基于中国大陆地区地级市的数据分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着中国人口红利逐渐消失,劳动力技能升级的问题日益突出。已有研究表明,发展中国家融入全球生产网络体系并非必定能够促进劳动力技能的升级。论文以中国大陆地区主要地级市为例,利用2005、2010、2015年的面板数据,试图分析国际贸易对各地区劳动力技能结构变动及技能升级方面的影响。结果表明：出口贸易对地区高技能劳动力就业比重具有抑制作用,表现为出口贸易对劳动力技能降级的影响;而进口贸易所产生的技术扩散效应尚未显现,进出口贸易整体影响并不显著。进一步来看,从区域产业地理格局角度,对外贸易影响了不同技能水平劳动力人群的区域间流动,使得对外贸易对劳动力技能升级的影响效果在不同的区位与城市规模特征间存在显著差异。沿海城市和大城市主要表现为进口贸易显著促进高技能劳动力就业比重进而带来地区劳动力技能升级,相对于内陆地区和小城市而言,出口贸易会带来高技能劳动力就业比重下降,地区劳动力技能呈现降级趋势。 相似文献
14.
本文构建了中国地级市工业竞争力评价指标体系, 运用主成分分析法综合评价了中国286 个地级市工业竞争力水平, 研究了中国经济区的工业竞争力水平和空间格局特征。并尝试将集聚和外部联系作为空间要素引入生产函数模型, 探讨不同的工业发展水平下, 综合技术、资本、劳动力和空间各投入要素的贡献程度。研究表明:①经济区工业竞争力水平由高到低依次为东部沿海经济区、南部沿海经济区、北部沿海经济区、东北经济区、长江中游经济区、黄河中游经济区、西北经济区、西南经济区, 各经济区各具独特的空间格局特征。②把空间要素引入生产函数模型是可行的, 并验证了空间要素对产出具有重要影响, 但对于不同的工业发展水平的贡献强度存在差异。③随着工业水平的提高, 要素贡献程度的趋势分别是:综合技术先增大后减小, 劳动力持续减弱, 资本稳步增大, 空间要素则先减小后增大。④在现有工业投入结构下, 强和弱等级城市具有明显的投入规模报酬递增, 而较强和较弱等级没有明显的投入规模报酬递增。 相似文献
15.
Steven R. Holloway 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):445-458
The spatial mismatch hypothesis, which argues that job decentralization has had a major impact on the economic fortunes of inner-city minorities, has been a popular argument in academic and policy circles. It is possible, however, that employment decentralization was a temporary shock to inner-city labor markets and that labor supply has successfully adjusted by residential relocation and alterations in job search patterns. This paper examines this issue with an empirical analysis of the 1980 and 1990 employment probabilities of black and white male teenagers living in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Findings indicate that the impact of job accessibility on employment probabilities declined between 1980 and 1990, especially for black male teenagers not enrolled in school. Accessibility had a declining effect for this group because of losing the advantage of accessibility rather than overcoming the disadvantage of inaccessibility. By 1990, black male teens living in job-accessible areas no longer enjoyed as much of an employment advantage relative to teens living in job-inaccessible areas as they did in 1980. We should thus be cautious about ascribing too much theoretical or policy importance to job accessibility factors. 相似文献
16.
The spatial mismatch situation of tourism development in Guangdong Province is analyzed by gravity model and two-dimensional matrix based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, and the results are visualized using ArcGIS software. This study finds that varying degrees of spatial mismatch exist between the level of tourism development, abundance of tourism resources and accessibility of tourism locations in the 21 cities in Guangdong Province. The gravity centers for tourism economy, tourism resources and tourism location are (113.55° E, 23.00° N), (113.69° E, 23.21° N) and (113.74° E, 22.86° N), respectively. According to the two-dimensional combinatorial matrices, synchronous development is shown in 10 prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-resource abundance combination, whereas it is shown in seven prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-tourism location combination. Guangzhou and Shenzhen are synchronous-double high zones for both combinations, while Foshan, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, Zhongshan and Jieyang are deviating-negative mismatch zones for both combinations. Furthermore, the vast majority of prefecture-level cities within the province currently present mismatching trends in tourism development. Based on the analysis results, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward taking into account the actual situation and opportunities for further tourism development in various prefecture-level cities. 相似文献
17.
北京住宅郊区化与就业空间错位 总被引：38，自引：3，他引：35
北京从20 世纪80 年代末开始出现郊区化,其住宅郊区化特点尤为突出。北京市住宅郊区化的驱动力与西方城市的郊区化相比既有相似之处又有明显差异,相似之处是：都是城市化水平不断提高与社会进步的必然结果,以及土地有偿使用制度的实施和城市规划的引导; 不同之处在于北京的住宅郊区化是一种被动的郊区化,居民本身并不想离开市区,但是旧城改造与市区内高昂的房价迫使居民不得不到郊区购房。随着住宅郊区化的大规模发展,北京也出现了居住与就业的空间错位问题,这种空间错位虽然与美国郊区化过程中空间错位有许多不同之处,但在本质上是一致的,都是出现居住与就业的空间分离,造成低收入阶层通勤的时间成本与经济成本增加,导致交通拥挤、社会隔离等社会问题。 相似文献
18.
本文旨在揭示互联网影响城市内部就业分布的净效应及其动态变化。首先,将互联网分散力与集聚力的相对变化纳入互联网动态影响的分析框架并提出相应理论假说;其次,利用中国2004年、2008年、2013年3次经济普查中289个地级市的2247万个企业的微观数据,以“邮区”为基本空间单元构建了城市内部就业集聚指数;最后,构造工具变量以缓解内生性问题。结果显示,平均而言,互联网能显著促进城市内部的就业集聚,但随互联网渗透率的提高,其促进作用呈现“边际递减”趋势,而城市就业的空间多中心性不断提升,即就业向远离城市主中心的次中心集聚;对于高发展水平的城市,互联网渗透率的提高促进了就业先短暂分散,而后“边际递增”式集聚。本文研究发现对于预判未来城市中经济活动的空间分布和指导空间规划具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
Traditionally, industrial diversification has been stressed as a tool for achieving economic growth and development. The literature on the spatial division of labor also incorporates the importance of occupational structure while recognizing the continued role of industrial structure. This paper examines the changing association between industrial and occupational diversification and the associations of industrial and occupational diversification with indicators of the business environment. The results indicate a weakening association between the industrial and occupational employment structures over time. Industrial diversification continues to be important for economic development but occupational diversification operates somewhat differently. For example, a trend toward occupational diversification is associated with employment growth but with lower levels of income. This suggests that occupational diversity may not necessarily ensure job quality, and hence, the lower levels of income. 相似文献
20.
北京市职住空间错位对居民通勤行为的影响分析——基于就业可达性与通勤时间的讨论 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
基于问卷调查的非汇总数据、第五次人口普查和第一次经济普查数据,测度了北京城市124 个街道的就业可达性,并作为职住空间错位的标度指标,讨论了职住空间错位与居民通勤时间之间的关系。研究发现：① 北京城市中心区的就业可达性高于郊区,高就业可达性的街道主要集中在二环以内及东二环至东四环的东北一隅。② 全体样本的回归分析发现,在控制社会经济属性与住房状况等条件下,街道就业可达性对通勤时间的影响并不显著,但就业可达性平方与居民通勤时间存在负向相关关系。③ 分收入组来看,中高收入组两变量影响均不显著,中低收入组和低收入组就业可达性对通勤时间的影响显著,表现为通勤时间与就业可达性为正向相关,与就业可达性平方为负向相关,说明一定的阈值范围内居住街道就业可达性的提高鼓励居民延长通勤时间,但超过一定阈值后则限制居民长时间通勤。该结果与西方城市研究的研究结论不同,反映出中国城市处于空间重构和转型期的独特性。但二者的共同点是低收入居民等弱势群体更容易受城市职住关系的结构性变化的制约,城市规划和住房政策应更加重视通过公共服务设施的空间配置消减低收入居民面临的空间障碍。 相似文献