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1.
Complex-valued random fields represent a natural extension of real-valued random fields and can be useful for modeling vectorial data in two dimensions (i.e., a wind field). In such a case, some theoretical issues arise concerning generating and fitting complex covariance functions to be used for prediction purposes. In this paper, some general aspects and properties of complex-valued random fields are summarized and a procedure to fit complex stationary covariance functions is proposed. A case study for analyzing wind speed data is presented. 相似文献
2.
A spectral algorithm is proposed to simulate an isotropic Gaussian random field on a sphere equipped with a geodesic metric. This algorithm supposes that the angular power spectrum of the covariance function is explicitly known. Direct analytic calculations are performed for exponential and linear covariance functions. In addition, three families of covariance functions are presented where the calculation of the angular power spectrum is simplified (shot-noise random fields, Yadrenko covariance functions and solutions of certain stochastic partial differential equations). Numerous illustrative examples are given.
相似文献3.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):73-82
Paleomagnetic declinations from the Inner Carpathian Paleogene Basin imply that the area rotated counterclockwise about 60°, during the Miocene[1]. The question may arise if the paleomagnetic declination could have been biased by the W-E directed turbidity currents prevailing in the basin causing an apparent counter-clockwise rotation of the paleomagnetic direction. The paleomagnetic results were obtained for fine grained strata, deposited in relatively calm water. Nevertheless, to confirm the paleomagnetic rotation, we needed evidence that flow activity on the magnetic grains was indeed insignificant in the beds yielding paleomagnetic results. Therefore, we carried out magnetic anisotropy measurements. Results of AMS (representing para and ferromagnetic minerals together) measurements, compared with paleomagnetic observations, demonstrate that well-clustered lineations at locality level and failure to define a paleomagnetic direction are coupled. Lineation, when observable, is flow parallel, suggesting that magnetic lineation in the Inner Carpathian flysch basins may be regarded as a good proxy for turbidity current direction. It is remarkable, however, that the well-defined paleomagnetic directions are observed for localities, where the magnetic fabric is not showing lineation on locality level. Moreover, the lineation direction of the ferromagnetic minerals alone (obtained by measuring the anisotropy of the remanence) is independent of that of the turbidity currents. Thus we can safely conclude that the Inner Carpathian flysch basin indeed was affected by 60° tectonic rotation, and the paleomagnetic vectors were not biased by paleocurrents. 相似文献
4.
为缩小等深流沉积研究中的现代海洋研究与地层记录研究之间的不平衡和探索中-晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯盆地西缘大洋环流体系在海相深水油气勘探中的意义,在详细的野外观测的基础上,对有关沉积构造进行了古水流和流体动力学分析.结果表明:（1）非水道环境下约有1/3的小型交错层理古水流方向与区域斜坡方向垂直;（2）水道环境下普遍发育双向递变沉积构造,包括平行层（沙纹层）-均匀层-平行层（沙纹层）、条纹条带和双向粒序层3种类型.上述特征可解释为深水斜坡环境下的等深流沉积,并识别出非水道型和水道型2类,后者又分为部分改造型和完全改造型2亚类. 相似文献
5.
海洋是全球最大的碳汇,确定海洋中人为碳含量及其时空变化是一件具有挑战性的工作。就当前海洋人为碳含量确定方法、人为碳储量及其随时间变化进行综述总结。研究表明海洋仍然可以吸收并储藏大量的人为碳,但未来对于海洋吸收储藏人为碳的研究仍具有诸多不确定性。已有证据表明稳态海洋的概念不完全正确,需要在非稳态条件下重新定义人为碳并开展研究。同时需要积累更多的观测数据,采用包括观测和模式模拟等手段来研究不同时间尺度的人为碳的吸收和储藏过程。 相似文献
6.
Transitive Geostatistics for Stepwise Modeling Across Boundaries between Rock Regions 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
J. A. Vargas-Guzmán 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(8):861-873
A single intrinsic stationary random field may not account for transitional heterogeneity and abrupt dissimilarity of geological
properties across boundaries between rock type regions. This paper proposes the stepwise construction of transitive covariance
models for modeling continuous properties correlated across boundaries of multiple disjoint physical domains such as rock
type bodies. Modeling in geology is usually simplified by splitting the geological space into rock type geo-domains (e.g.,
strata, sedimentary facies, soil series, diagenetic regions and alteration zones). Due to the limitations of simultaneous
solutions, a simplification is to model each domain independently at the cost of losing the conditioning of properties across
domains. This paper proposes to organize the modeling process in a triangular array which follows events in the geological
time domain; for example, the younger formations are at the top of the pyramid and the older formation at the base. The estimation
may go from top to base by assuming that younger events have perturbed older formations. Geology shows the scars of events
that cumulate in rock formations before they are finally eroded. In some cases, older formations may be parent material for
younger formations. The continuous property within each geo-domain has a conditional covariance in the main diagonal of the
array which may belong to a specific event in the geological time. This sequence leads to transitive estimation and simulations
in the physical space. If a simultaneous solution is sought (i.e., the future and past are correlated both ways), the complex
covariance functions can be constructed stepwise from conditional spectra. 相似文献
7.
The discharge of taconite tailings into Lake Superior at Silver Bay, Minnesota, produces turbidity current flow. The silty fine-sand tailings fraction transported to the deepest part of the lake has formed a small fan with valleys similar in gross morphology to a submarine fan. Current meters anchored 5 m above the lake floor over the wall and over the levee of a distributary valley on the fan recorded intermittent turbidity current flows during 30 weeks in 1972–73. At least twenty-five discrete periods of observation of turbidity current flow were obtained; single episodes lasted 4?328+ h. Only flows thick enough to overflow the eastern levee of the valley could be observed, and this accounts for the intermittent nature of our observations, as flow within the valleys is expected to be continuous as long as tailings are discharged. Flow velocities were higher near the valley axis where the flow is thicker. Velocities measured over the valley wall averaged 10.8 cm/s for eleven episodes; velocities measured over the levee, more than 1/2 km from the valley axis, only 3.3 cm/s. The maximum velocity during 1300 h of observation did not exceed 31 cm/s. This agrees reasonably well with velocities calculated from channel properties, as commonly done for turbidity currents on deep-sea fans. Current meters tethered above the bottom meters indicate that lake currents normally parallel the shore throughout the water column. With the onset of a turbidity current, currents higher in the water column remain unchanged but velocities near the bottom go to zero, currents then change azimuth by 90° to parallel the downslope (down-valley) direction of the fan, then increase in velocity. During a turbidity current episode, the direction of bottom flow stays relatively constant (± 20° of the down-valley trend) but the velocity oscillates (commonly with 10 cm/s amplitude), periods being of 1/2 h or less to several hours. Turbidity currents generated on Reserve Mining Company's delta are effective in carrying essentially all tailings discharged into the lake into deeper water, where they are deposited. 相似文献
8.
USGCRP碳循环研究的最新动向 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
碳循环研究是国际全球变化研究的热点之一。根据美国全球变化研究委员会提出的“美国全球变化研究计划”(USGCRP),详细介绍了美国碳循环研究的目标、重点研究计划和行动。USGCRP碳循环研究的主要目标是提供碳源和碳汇的综合评价,其重点在于确定北美洲陆地碳汇的数量、位置和成因,通过设立集成观测、过程研究和建模研究的项目来减少其中的不确定性,并提供北美洲陆地碳汇及其变化的更精确估计。USGCRP将从大气、海洋、陆地和人类因素方面结合适当的研究方法,提供多样化的碳循环时空信息,而且提供必要的北美洲陆地碳汇状态的详细描述。在基本反映美国碳循环研究最新趋势的同时,提出了中国碳循环研究应注意的方向。 相似文献
9.
The impact of using an incorrect covariance function on kriging predictors is investigated. Results of Stein (1988) show that the impact on the kriging predictor from not using the correct covariance function is asymptotically negligible as the number of observations increases if the covariance function used is compatible with the actual covariance function on the region of interestR. The definition and some properties of compatibility of covariance functions are given. The compatibility of generalized covariances also is defined. Compatibility supports the intuitively sensible concept that usually only the behavior near the origin of the covariance function is critical for purposes of kriging. However, the commonly used spherical covariance function is an exception: observations at a distance near the range of a spherical covariance function can have a nonnegligible effect on kriging predictors for three-dimensional processes. Finally, a comparison is made with the perturbation approach of Diamond and Armstrong (1984) and some observations of Warnes (1986) are clarified. 相似文献
10.
Speed and direction of bottom currents induced by density underflow of two sediment-laden rivers were measured by oceanographic current meters in the Walensee (= Lake of Walenstadt), Switzerland. The apparently shooting flow of currents (up to 30 cm/s in this study) is suggested as an explanation for laminations in turbidite sequences. The current speed apparently stabilizes on slopes around 2°; this angle seems to correspond to the critical slope where the flow of the measured currents becomes steady. Current direction is controlled by bottom topography and direction of river inflow. Reversal of current direction observed at two sites is probably due to the underflow-induced backward motion of the overlying lake water. Underflow activity in Walensee is correlative with density peaks of the river water input. The currents are compared to Lake Mead (Southwestern U.S.) underflows and sporadic currents in some submarine canyons. 相似文献
11.
Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Efficient,Differentiable Parameterization of Multipoint Geostatistics 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
This paper describes a novel approach for creating an efficient, general, and differentiable parameterization of large-scale
non-Gaussian, non-stationary random fields (represented by multipoint geostatistics) that is capable of reproducing complex
geological structures such as channels. Such parameterizations are appropriate for use with gradient-based algorithms applied
to, for example, history-matching or uncertainty propagation. It is known that the standard Karhunen–Loeve (K–L) expansion,
also called linear principal component analysis or PCA, can be used as a differentiable parameterization of input random fields
defining the geological model. The standard K–L model is, however, limited in two respects. It requires an eigen-decomposition
of the covariance matrix of the random field, which is prohibitively expensive for large models. In addition, it preserves
only the two-point statistics of a random field, which is insufficient for reproducing complex structures.
In this work, kernel PCA is applied to address the limitations associated with the standard K–L expansion. Although widely
used in machine learning applications, it does not appear to have found any application for geological model parameterization.
With kernel PCA, an eigen-decomposition of a small matrix called the kernel matrix is performed instead of the full covariance
matrix. The method is much more efficient than the standard K–L procedure. Through use of higher order polynomial kernels,
which implicitly define a high-dimensionality feature space, kernel PCA further enables the preservation of high-order statistics
of the random field, instead of just two-point statistics as in the K–L method. The kernel PCA eigen-decomposition proceeds
using a set of realizations created by geostatistical simulation (honoring two-point or multipoint statistics) rather than
the analytical covariance function. We demonstrate that kernel PCA is capable of generating differentiable parameterizations
that reproduce the essential features of complex geological structures represented by multipoint geostatistics. The kernel
PCA representation is then applied to history match a water flooding problem. This example demonstrates that kernel PCA can
be used with gradient-based history matching to provide models that match production history while maintaining multipoint
geostatistics consistent with the underlying training image. 相似文献
12.
Identifying the spatial extent of volcanic ash clouds in the atmosphere and forecasting their direction and speed of movement has important implications for the safety of the aviation industry, community preparedness and disaster response at ground level. Nine regional Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres were established worldwide to detect, track and forecast the movement of volcanic ash clouds and provide advice to en route aircraft and other aviation assets potentially exposed to the hazards of volcanic ash. In the absence of timely ground observations, an ability to promptly detect the presence and distribution of volcanic ash generated by an eruption and predict the spatial and temporal dispersion of the resulting volcanic cloud is critical. This process relies greatly on the heavily manual task of monitoring remotely sensed satellite imagery and estimating the eruption source parameters (e.g. mass loading and plume height) needed to run dispersion models. An approach for automating the quick and efficient processing of next generation satellite imagery (big data) as it is generated, for the presence of volcanic clouds, without any constraint on the meteorological conditions, (i.e. obscuration by meteorological cloud) would be an asset to efforts in this space. An automated statistics and physics-based algorithm, the Automated Probabilistic Eruption Surveillance algorithm is presented here for auto-detecting volcanic clouds in satellite imagery and distinguishing them from meteorological cloud in near real time. Coupled with a gravity current model of early cloud growth, which uses the area of the volcanic cloud as the basis for mass measurements, the mass flux of particles into the volcanic cloud is estimated as a function of time, thus quantitatively characterising the evolution of the eruption, and allowing for rapid estimation of source parameters used in volcanic ash transport and dispersion models.
相似文献13.
Quadratic estimators of components of a nested spatial covariance function are presented. Estimators are unbiased and possess a minimum norm property. Inversion of a covariance matrix is required but, by assuming that spatial correlation is absent, a priori, matrix inversion can be avoided. The loss of efficiency that results from this assumption is discussed. Methods can be generalized to include estimation of components of a generalized polynomial covariance assuming the underlying process to be an intrinsic random function. Particular attention is given to the special case where just two components of spatial covariance exist, one of which represents a nugget effect. 相似文献
14.
Numerical investigation of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) effect on the Loop Current warm core eddy (WCE) in the Gulf of Mexico
is performed using the Modular Ocean Model version 2 (MOM2). Results show that the storm-induced maximum sea surface temperature
(SST) decrease in Gilbert’s wake is over 2.5°C, as compared with the 3.5°C cooling in the absence of the WCE. The near-inertial
oscillation in the wake reduces significantly in an along-track direction with the presence of the WCE. This effect is also
reflected between the mixed layer and the thermocline, where the current directions are reversed with the upper layer. After
two inertial periods (IP), the current reversal is much less obvious. In addition, it is demonstrated that Hurricane Gilbert
wind stress increases the current speed of the WCE by approximate 133%. With the forcing of Gilbert, the simulated translation
direction and speed of the WCE towards the Mexican coast are closer to the observed (42% more accurate in distance and 78%
more accurate in direction) compared with the simulation without the Gilbert forcing. The simulated ocean response to Gilbert
generally agrees with the recent observations in Hurricane Fabian. 相似文献
15.
A Field Study of How Wind Waves and Currents May Contribute to the Deterioration of Saltmarsh Fringe
Deltaic landscapes, such as the Mississippi River Delta, are sites of extensive conversion of wetlands to open water, where increased fetch may contribute to erosion of marsh edges, increasing wetland loss. A field experiment conducted during a storm passage tested this process through the observations of wave orbital and current velocities in the fringe zone of a deteriorating saltmarsh in Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana. Incident waves seaward of the marsh edge and wave orbital and current velocities immediate landward of the marsh edge were measured. Through a dimensional analysis, it shows that the current and orbital velocities in the marsh fringe were controlled by the incident waves, inundation depth, submergence ratio, and vegetation density. Similarly, it is shown that the longshore currents in the inundated saltmarsh fringe depended on the local wave-induced momentum flux, vegetation submergence, and vegetation density in the fringe zone. The cross-shore current showed the presence of a return flow in the lower region of the velocity profile. A high correlation between the current direction and the local flow-wave energy ratio as well as the vegetation submergence and density is found, indicating the important role of surface waves in the fringe flow landward of an inundated wetland under storm conditions. The field observations shed light on the potential ecological consequences of increased wave activities in coastal saltmarsh wetlands owing to subsidence, sea level rise, limited sediment supply, increases in wind fetch, and storm intensity. 相似文献
16.
利用水文资料推测海洋流场的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据研究方法不同的动力学特征及其运用上的差异,利用已知的水文气象资料推测海洋流场的方法可以分成 3类：①描述性方法;②热成风关系式与示踪物守恒相结合的诊断方法;③Sarki syan诊断模式及复杂动力模式。结合南海环流的工作讨论了这些方法的进展情况及在南海环流研究中的作用,并对目前利用水文气象资料推测海洋流场的研究趋势进行了分析。 相似文献
17.
In kriging, parametric approaches to covariance (or variogram) estimation require that unknown parameters be inferred from a single realization of the underlying random field. An approach to such an estimation problem is to assume the field to be Gaussian and iteratively minimize a (restricted) negative loglikelihood over the parameter space. In doing so, the associated computational burden can be considerable. Also, it is usually not easy to check whether or not the minimum achieved is global. In this note, we show that in many practical cases, the structure of the covariance (or variogram) function can be exploited so that iterative minimizing algorithms may be advantageously replaced by a procedure that requires the computation of the roots of a simple rational function and the search for the minimum of a function depending on one variable only. As a consequence, our approach allows one to observe in a straightforward fashion the presence of local minima. Furthermore, it is shown that insensitivity of the likelihood function to changes in parameter value can be easily detected. The note concludes with numerical simulations that illustrate some key features of our estimation procedure. 相似文献
18.
Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values. 相似文献
19.
Dynamic stochastic estimation of physical variables 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A fundamental problem facing the physical sciences today is analysis of natural variations and mapping of spatiotemporal processes. Detailed maps describing the space/time distribution of groundwater contaminants, atmospheric pollutant deposition processes, rainfall intensity variables, external intermittency functions, etc. are tools whose importance in practical applications cannot be overestimated. Such maps are valuable inputs for numerous applications including, for example, solute transport, storm modeling, turbulent-nonturbulent flow characterization, weather prediction, and human exposure to hazardous substances. The approach considered here uses the spatiotemporal random field theory to study natural space/time variations and derive dynamic stochastic estimates of physical variables. The random field model is constructed in a space/time continuum that explicitly involves both spatial and temporal aspects and provides a rigorous representation of spatiotemporal variabilities and uncertainties. This has considerable advantages as regards analytical investigations of natural processes. The model is used to study natural space/time variations of springwater calcium ion data from the Dyle River catchment area, Belgium. This dataset is characterized by a spatially nonhomogeneous and temporally nonstationary variability that is quantified by random field parameters, such as orders of space/time continuity and random field increments. A rich class of covariance models is determined from the properties of the random field increments. The analysis leads to maps of continuity orders and covariances reflecting space/time calcium ion correlations and trends. Calcium ion estimates and the associated statistical errors are calculated at unmeasured locations/instants over the Dyle region using a space/time kriging algorithm. In practice, the interpretation of the results of the dynamic stochastic analysis should take into consideration the scale effects. 相似文献
20.
Case deletion diagnostics are developed for detecting observations that are influential in estimating the covariance function of a spatial random field. Diagnostics are developed within the context of universal kriging. Computational formulae are given that make the procedures feasible and the diagnostics are illustrated in an example. 相似文献