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1 四川大地震概况 2008年5月12日西藏高原和四川盆地交界处发生大地震,从中国中部到西部的广阔地区遭到严重灾害.据中国政府发表的信息,到7月1日为止,已有69 195人死亡,18 404人下落不明,374 177人受伤,受灾总数达4 600万人.这次中国内陆发生的四川大地震,因震源在汶川而被正式命名为汶川地震. 相似文献
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山区滑坡的稳定性一直是倍受关注的一个重要安全问题。本文讨论了滑坡位移传统监测方法的缺陷和新型的基于GPS的自动监测技术所具有的独特优势,介绍了适用于山区公路滑坡位移监测的高精度的GPS技术。实践表明,采用GPS技术进行山区滑坡的稳定性监测,具有可操作性更强、精度更高、不受气候条件约束以及高度自动化等优点,能够为预测边坡可能出现失稳破坏的部位和变形破坏时间提供更可靠的监测资料,因而GPS监测技术值得在山区滑坡的变形监测领域中推广使用。 相似文献
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通常情况下花岗岩岩性稳定、岩石完整,是隧道工程的理想围岩.我国沿海地区花岗岩覆盖普遍,但因气候炎热,秋夏两季多台风暴雨,降雨量丰富,化学风化作用剧烈,使得花岗岩差异风化严重.风化作用不仅仅发生在近地表,而且深切入地下达数百米,常穿过隧道洞身.本文以新建厦门至深圳高速铁路(简称厦深高铁)某隧道工程勘察为例,采用探测深度大、工作方便的天然场源高频大地电磁测深法(HMT),探测花岗岩差异风化情况.四条相邻测线综合探测结果表明:根据HMT法二维反演剖面图中电阻率的差异,成功解释了已开挖段的施工塌陷范围,并预测了将要开挖段的强风化弱地质结构分布范围;通过垂向相对低阻异常特征定量推断了岩体风化带向下延伸情况,为隧道安全施工提供了科学指导. 相似文献
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The analysis of hydrogeological problems arising in bog watering by methods enabling the depth to groundwater table to be controlled was used to develop a method for estimating the efficiency of such control when data for directly solving groundwater flow problems are lacking. The effect of nonmonotone dependence of the rate of groundwater level rise on the hydraulic conductivity of peat underlain by high-permeability sand rocks is described. This effect is shown to be significant in assessing the potentialities of the operational control of groundwater level in bog massifs with this type of geological structure. 相似文献
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Nonlinearity in the response of soils in the 1995 Kobe earthquake in vertical components of records 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Strong motion records provided by seismic vertical arrays allow estimation of stress–strain relations in soils at depths from the surface to the location of the deepest device. As an example, time-dependent nonlinear soil behavior was estimated in vertical components of records obtained in the epicentral area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Degradation of the rigidity of soils in the strong motion was observed. The constructed nonlinear models of the soil behavior were used for estimating the nonlinear parts in the ground response by the nonlinear system identification technique. Nonlinear parts in the ground response were found to be as high as 50% at 2 km from the fault and 10% at 6–15 km from the fault plane. Odd types of nonlinearity, such as cubic, the fifth, seventh, etc. order, were found to be typical for soils, whereas, nonlinearities of even types are usually weak, but increase in liquefied soils. 相似文献
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The possibility of forming of higher diatomic biomasses in winter in the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk water and Aniva Bay is considered. Data of field observations, satellite information, and a mathematical model describing the transformations of compounds of biogenic elements (C, Si, N, and P) are used for this purpose. Field observations confirmed that active microalgae reproduction takes place in the ice of the Sea of Okhotsk. Determinations of their species composition were carried out. The active development of diatoms in winter was confirmed by the analysis of satellite observations during the examination of chlorophyll “a” dynamics on the sea surface. Mathematical modeling yielded quantitative data to characterize the development of diatoms in winter and within the year and interrelated variations in nutrient concentrations and the biomass of planktonic community in Aniva Bay. This is the first analysis of this type for the Sea of Okhotsk. 相似文献
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Formation of deep basins in continental crust is usually explained by stretching. Intense stretching produces typical deformations in sedimentary cover. These deformations are observed in rift valleys. Deformations produced by stretching can in principle be revealed in presentsedimentary basins. There are also simple ways to reveal such deformations in fold belts, where the remmants of numerous deep basins in the continental crust were found. The sedimentary cover structure was analyzed in the Urals, Appalachians, Scandinavian Caledonides, North-American Cordilleras and in the Alpine, Verkhoyansk and Franklinian fold belts, but no deformations that are typical for significant stretching of continental lithosphere have been found there in most of the deep basins in the continental crust. These basins were commonly formed in cool cratonic areas by very rapid subsidence of the duration of a few million years. Such subsidence cannot be explained by thermal relaxation. Thrust loading as a cause of subsidence can also be excluded in most cases. The authors suggest a gabbro to eclogite transformation with the destruction of the basaltic layer as a possible cause of rapid subsidence. This occurs under upwelling of wet asthenosphere of not too high temperature to the base of the crust. Crustal attenuation from destruction of the basaltic layer permits an intense subsequent crustal shortening. This may explain why continental crust was intensely compressed only in those regions, where rapid subsidence of large magnitude took place. 相似文献
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在简要地介绍比较了傅立叶变换、小波变换、希尔伯特-黄变换理论的基础上,针对集集地震大量强震记录进行各种变换分析比较,以探求希尔伯特-黄变换在强震记录分析中应用的前景.通过对集集地震60条不同震中距和场地的强震纪录,分别作傅立叶频谱、希尔伯特-黄边际谱和能量密度谱分析,列表归纳对比显示希尔伯特-黄变换在强震记录处理中基本表现出和其他变换相同的趋势,并有其新特点,能体现出强地震动的瞬时特性,是对现有强震数据处理方法重要的补充. 相似文献
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Concentrations of 21 trace elements were determined in muscle of beluga (Huso huso), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) and stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) collected from coastal regions of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, surrounding the Caspian Sea during 2000-2001. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Sn, Hg, Pb and Bi in the muscle were apparently different among the five species of sturgeons. Especially, beluga showed the highest concentrations of Hg, Pb and Mn in all the five species. In addition, more than half of the individuals of beluga exceeded the guideline level (0.3 microg/g wet wt.) of Hg for food in UK. However, V, Cr, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations were similar among five sturgeons. Growth-dependent increase in Hg in beluga, Cu in Persian sturgeon, and Zn in Russian sturgeon were observed, whereas V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Sr, Mo, Sn, Hg and Bi concentrations in Persian sturgeon, Pb in ship sturgeon, and Cr, Mn, and Rb in stellate sturgeon were negatively correlated with body length. All species of sturgeon in Azerbaijan showed the highest concentration of Sr and the lowest concentration of Rb, while the five sturgeons from Iran showed opposite trends. Concentration of V, which is present in oil, in sturgeons in the Caspian Sea was considerably lower than that of fish from Kuwait, but was comparable to that of Cambodia and the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To our knowledge, this study provides the first extensive data on multielemental accumulation in sturgeons of the Caspian Sea. 相似文献
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ADP在太湖沉积物再悬浮分析中的应用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
分析太湖的悬浮物浓度时,使用传统的过滤与称重的方法,难以在短时间内取得大量的数据,并且进行大范围调查时困难较多,特别是在计算悬浮物浓度随时间的变化率时,根据导数的定义其时间间隔应足够小,此时上述方法显然难以得出较为准确的结果．本文从声学后散射原理出发,通过对声学多普勒三维流速仪(ADP)所接收的回声强度在传播距离上的校正,得出了当悬浮物粒径组成较为稳定时,该强度能反映水体中悬浮物浓度(SSC)的结论,并基于2002年在太湖乌龟山的一次为期一周的湖流观测结果,分析了经校正后的回声强度与太湖中悬浮物浓度间的指数相关关系,通过实测资料对上述关系进行了验证,结果表明该经验公式适用于太湖,其回声强度的变化能反映水体中SSC的变化规律,为大范围调查水体中悬浮物浓度提供了更加快速而有效的方法． 相似文献
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Transport of a conservative compound and two sorbing compounds through fractured chalk was studied using flow-through columns consisting of chalk cores with a single subvertical fracture. Two types of chalk matrix were compared, an oxidized white chalk with low organic carbon content (0.2%), and a gray chalk with a higher organic carbon content (1.3%). Initial rapid breakthrough followed by a delayed approach to a relative concentration of unity for the conservative compound (2,6–difluorobenzoic acid [DFBA]) was clear evidence for diffusion into the porous chalk matrix. Matrix diffusion of DFBA was apparently much greater in the gray chalk columns than in the white chalk columns. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of the sorbing compounds (2,4,6–tri-bromophenol [TBP] and ametryn [AME]) were retarded in all cases as compared to the conservative compound. Sorption retardation was far greater in the gray chalk as compared with the white chalk, in good agreement with results from batch sorption experiments. BTCs for the conservative compound were relatively nonhysteretic for both white and gray chalk columns. In contrast, BTCs for the sorbing compounds were hysteretic in all cases, demonstrating that sorption was not at equilibrium before desorp-tion began. These experiments suggest that on a field scale, transport of contaminants through fractures in chalk and other fractured porous media will be attenuated by diffusion and sorption into the matrix. 相似文献
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我国地震的现今地球动力学研究的进展与方向 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从活动构造、大陆地壳形变与现代地壳运动、地震活动区与大震震源区的深部探测及动力学、大陆强震区的地壳介质结构与地震成因、构造的物理及数值模拟、大陆岩石圈动力学以及地球动力学模型研究七个方面扼要介绍了近年来我国开展的与地震有关的现今地球动力学研究进展和取得的一系列新认识以及研究动向。在此基础上提出了微动态地球动力学，上地幔的非均匀性、深浅部构造关系及其动力学和地球动力学模型的理论研究三个应该优先发展的研究领域。 相似文献
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Kun‐xia Yu Lars Gottschalk Xiang Zhang Peng Li Zhanbin Li Lihua Xiong Qian Sun 《水文研究》2018,32(12):1844-1857
An approach for nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis is developed and demonstrated on a dataset from the rivers on the Loess Plateau of China. Nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis has drawn significant attention in recent years by establishing relationships between low‐flow series and explanatory variables series, but few studies have tested whether the time‐varying moments of low flow can be fully described by the time‐varying moments of the explanatory variables. In this research, the low‐flow distributions are analytically derived from the 2 basic explanatory variables—the recession duration and the recession coefficient—with the assumption that the recession duration and recession coefficient variables follow exponential and gamma distributions, respectively; the derived low‐flow distributions are applied to test whether the time‐varying moments of explanatory variables can explain the nonstationarities found in the low‐flow variable. The effects of ecosystem construction measures, that is, check dam, terrace, forest, and grassland, on the recession duration and recession coefficient are further discussed. Daily flow series from 11 hydrological stations from the Loess Plateau are used and processed with a moving average technique. Low‐flow data are extracted following the pit under threshold approach. Six of the 11 low‐flow series show significant nonstationarities at the 5% significance level, and the trend curves of the moments of low flow are in close agreement with the curves estimated from the derived distribution with time‐dependent moments of the recession duration and time‐constant moments of the recession coefficient. It is indicated that the nonstationarity in the low‐flow distribution results from the nonstationarity in the recession duration in all 6 cases, and the increase in the recession duration is resulted from large‐scale ecosystem constructions rather than climate change. The large‐scale ecosystem constructions are found to have more influence on the decrease in streamflow than on the increase in watershed storage, thus resulting in the reduction of low flow. A high return period for the initial fixed design value decreases dramatically with an increasing recession duration. 相似文献
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目的：探讨CBCT在牙中牙诊断及治疗中的临床应用价值。方法：对3例经x线根尖片或曲面体层摄片发现的牙中牙病例进行CBCT扫描。利用CBCT三维重建影像,观察牙中牙的根管腔形态、内陷牙的数目和内陷牙髓腔的形状以及治疗后牙中牙内腔隙的封闭情况,并且与x线根尖片、曲面体层摄片比较。结果：CBCT能清晰显示牙中牙的根管腔形态、内陷牙的数目和内陷牙髓腔的形状以及治疗后牙中牙内腔隙的封闭情况等。结论：CBCT扫描能够全面地提供牙中牙治疗前后的影像信息,有利于牙中牙的诊断和治疗。 相似文献
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Summary Microtremor observations at 59 stations in the Akita plain in Japan were carried out during November 23 through November 28, 1969 using magnetic tape recorder. The period distribution curves from these measurements showed that only very few locations (7 out of 58) indicated good ground conditions in the low land along the coast of the Japan sea from Akita to Oga. Most of the locations fell under the category of C type distribution curve (predominant periods in the range 0.35–0.40) suggesting underground alluvium of very soft nature over wide area. 相似文献