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1.
Geochemical analysis by means of XRF and ICP-AES was carried out on 35 selected saples,Major and trace elements were determined.They were:CaCO3,P2O5,Fe2Oe,TiO2,SiO2,Al2O3,CaO,K2O,MnO,Rb,Cs,Ga,Zr,Ta,Nb,Sr,Ba,Cr,Ni,Zn,Pb,Cu,V and B.The country rocks studied were of sandy-muddy lithofacies.belonging to a typical tide marine transgressive heterolithic succession of Middle Miocee age.They are called the Ituzatingo Formation.The formation outcrops in northeastern Argentina on the left of the Parana River Valley.The depositional setting largely depends on the outstanding internal structures and textures(i.e.,herringbone cross stratification,tidal bindles,reactivation surfaces).In the study area.loessial friable sediment was used as geochemical background because it overlies shallow marine sediments.The results show significant differences.Boron is absent in loessial sediments.On the other hand .several trace elements such as vanadium and chromium are concentrated in the shallow marine sediments.These results may be useful to discernuncertain beds in the area studied.  相似文献   

2.
Two Holocene sediment cores were retrieved respectively from the enclosed Lake Daihai in the monsoon/arid transition zone of North China and the Taihu Lake coast in the monsoonal area of the Yangtze delta, Eastern China. Distribution of major geochemical elements and their ratios were employed to reveal the characteristics of Holocene climate and associated environmental implications in the two regions. It is suggested that the temporal distribution of major elements serve as a useful indicator to denote the variations of monsoon effective precipitation for the enclosed lake area. High values of resistant elements such as Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, (FeO + Fe2O3), MnO in the lake sediments correspond to the depressed chemical weathering and weakened mon-soon effective precipitation, while the highs of mobile and easy soluble elements such as MgO, CaO, Na2O reflect the enhanced chemical weathering and increased monsoon effective precipitation in the lake basin. In comparison, the behaviors of the major elements in sediments of the Taihu Lake coast were largely controlled by the changes both in sea transgression in the different Holocene time periods and the monsoon precipitation. The relatively highs of Al2O3, TiO2, (FeO + Fe2O3), in marine-influenced sediments suggest relatively strong coastal hydrodynamics and chemical weathering, and vice versa. Meanwhile, the lows of SiO2, Na2O and CaO in the non-marine-influenced sediments also denote relatively strong hydrodynamics and chemical weathering due to enhanced monsoon precipitation, and vice versa. Sedimentary environment should be taken into account when achieving a full understanding of their climate implications.  相似文献   

3.
We present multi-element concentrations in the surface sediments from the offshore of Cauvery delta of southeast India to evaluate the impact of coastal pollution on the geochemical behaviour of surface deposits. For this study, 16 surface sediment samples were collected from the offshore of Cauvery delta of southeast India and were analysed using traditional XRF for various major (SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Fe2O3, MnO, Na2O, K2O, CaO, P2O5, TiO2) and trace elements (Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Nb, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Th, Pb) after powdering it to ASTM 230 (<63 μm). The main objectives of this study were to understand the geochemical behaviour of the coastal surface sediments and its performance and relation with the pollution indices and statistical analysis. To meet out the objective, pollution indices such as enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF) and Geoaccumulation Index (I geo) were calculated and statistical analyses were performed to understand the relationship between the geochemical parameters. Both EF and I geo show the enrichment of Cu, Cr and Zr, whereas CF shows enrichment of Cu and Cr. Statistical analyses exhibit poor correlation between these elements and fine fraction indicating the insignificant role played by both grain size and organic matter. Strong positive association between Cu and Zn with CaCO3 exhibits the role of carbonates in precipitating these metals from the overlying water column possibly related to agricultural pollution. Distribution and association of other elements suggest the influence of mineralogy in geochemical composition of surface sediments. Based on this study, we suggest that environmental indices alone should not be considered for evaluating environmental conditions and a prior geogenic characterisation of the sediments is necessary.  相似文献   

4.
Deep-sea sediments in parts of the Pacific Ocean were recently found to contain remarkably high concentrations of rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY) of possible economic significance. Here we report similar REY-rich mud in a core section from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 213 in the eastern Indian Ocean. The sediments consist mainly of siliceous ooze, with subordinate zeolitic clay that contains relatively high REY concentrations. The maximum and average total REY (ΣREY) contents of this material are 1113 and 629 ppm, respectively, which are comparable to those reported from the Pacific Ocean. The REY-rich mud at Site 213 shows enrichment in heavy rare-earth elements, negative Ce anomalies, and relatively low Fe2O3/ΣREY ratios, similar to those in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the major-element composition of the Indian Ocean REY-rich mud indicates slight enrichment in lithogenic components, which probably reflects a contribution from southern African eolian dust. A volcaniclastic component from neighboring mid-ocean ridges or intraplate volcanoes is also apparent. Elemental compositions and X-ray diffraction patterns for bulk sediment, and microscopic observation and elemental mapping of a polished thin section, demonstrate the presence of phillipsite and biogenic apatite, such as fish debris, in the REY-rich mud. The strong correlation between total REY content and apatite abundance implies that apatite plays an important role as a host phase of REY in the present deep-sea sediment column. However, positive correlations between ΣREY and elements not present in apatite (e.g., Fe2O3, MnO, and TiO2) imply that the REY-rich mud is not formed by a simple mixture of REY-enriched apatite and other components.  相似文献   

5.
The geochemical analyses of fluvial-lacustrine aquifer sediments of the Kathmandu Valley have been made as a step in assessing the environment for the mobilization of arsenic in groundwater. Elements measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) include 4 major oxides (Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, P2O5) and 14 trace elements (As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, Sr, Y, Nb, Zr, Th, Sc and TS). Elution tests of 15 selected core samples were also carried out to determine the potential leaching of arsenic from the sediments. The XRF results show that average bulk concentrations of the major oxides and trace elements are similar to modern unconsolidated sediments and average upper continental crust. However, the abundance of elements varies with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer-size grades. Variations in elemental abundances within the basin are strongly controlled by sediment facies. The elution tests show that greater amounts of arsenic are generally eluted from the fine sediments, although the rates are variable. The results overall suggest that As concentrations in the bulk sediments are not a controlling factor for elevated As in the Kathmandu Basin groundwater, and the roles of other factors such as redox conditions and organic matter contents are likely to be more significant.  相似文献   

6.
《Applied Geochemistry》1993,8(2):177-187
The bulk geochemistry of unconsolidated sands from river terraces in two drainage basins of contrasting geology in the Limagne rift valley, France, was studied. Data processing and interpretation was done with multivariate statistics, notably factor analysis. In the Allier drainage basin, underlain by volcanic rocks and crystalline basement, the abundance of basaltic rock fragments causes significantly higher bulk concentrations of TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, P2O5, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Sr, Zr and Nb. In the Dore basin, underlain only by crystalline basement, sands have a significantly higher SiO2, K2O, Rb and Pb content, originating from quartz, K-feldspars and micas. Comparison between different terrace levels shows the impact of weathering and changes in supplied sediment composition over time. Approximately 65% of the total variance in the basaltic element content in the Allier terrace sands can be explained by the combined effect of parent material and weathering. The effect of grain size on sediment composition is only significant for Al2O3, Na2O and Rb content in the Allier sands, and for TiO2, Fe2O3 and Nb content in the Dore sands. Approximately 60% of the total variability in these elements is grain-size related. These results show that the technique of studying the bulk geochemical composition of stream sediments has direct applications for mineral exploration and Quaternary research.  相似文献   

7.
This paper presents data on the inorganic geochemical characteristics of the sediments from Hole LZ1024 (Lake El’gygytgyn, Chukotka, 67°30′ N 172°08′ E). It is demonstrated how these data are associated with climatic variations during isotope stages 1–9. The sediments of the warm stages are characterized by elevated contents of SiO2, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and Sr and low concentrations of TiO2, Al2O3, MgO, and Fe2O3. It has been established that the geochemical parameters correlate with global climatic variations.  相似文献   

8.
The Vellayani lake, located on the west coast, Kerala, South India, is a natural fresh water lake. In order to understand the source and nature of the sediments; thirteen lake floor sediment samples were collected from the Vellayani lake at different intervals along the S-N transects covering the entire surface area of the lake. Textural studies indicate that lake floor sediments are dominant in sand (55.39%) followed by clay (30.57%) and silt (14.04%) fractions. Coarse components are dominant at the inlet ofthe stream into the lake. The geochemical content of the sediments reveals low SiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5 content while TiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 are high when compared with Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) and Upper Continental Crust (UCC) values. SiO2 is high in coarse fractions while Al2O3 is strongly associated with fine sediments. Major oxide contents supported by Rare Earth Element (REE) data reveal a distinct negative Eu anomaly reflecting a dominant cratonic origin of the sediments. Detailed geochemical data indicate a mixed source, predominantly, the lateritic soils, sedimentary and metamorphic bedrocks exposed around the lake and in the catchment area.  相似文献   

9.
The Yellow River flows through an extensive area of aeolian desert and extends from Xiaheyan, Ningxia Province, to Hekouzhen, Inner Mongolia Province, for a total of 1,000 km. In the desert channel of the Yellow River, the major chemical components are SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Ti, CaO, MgO, Ba, P, Mn, Ce, Co in which SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and Ti have significant value as indicators of the sources of the coarse sediment. The spatial distribution of the elements’ weight percentages and the ratios of Si/Ti, Si/Al between sediment sources and riverbed sediment of the Gansu reach and the desert channel of the Yellow River, indicating that the coarse sediments deposited in the desert reach of the Yellow River are mostly controlled by the local sediment sources; and due to the higher mobility of the fine sediments, they are primarily contributed by the local sediment sources and the tributaries that originate from the loess area of the upper reach of Yellow River. The results of R-factor analysis illustrate that the first component score mainly shows negative values in the desert channel, suggesting that the coarse sediments in this reach contain a higher content of Si and a lower content of Mg + Ca + Al + Fe, which further proves that the Ningxia Hedong, Inner Mongolian Wulanbuhe, and Kubuqi deserts are the primary sources of the coarse sediment in the desert channel of the Yellow River.  相似文献   

10.
Activity profiles of excess 210Pb combined with chemical data determined in two sediment cores from Corumbataí River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil, provided new insights into the reconstruction of historical inputs of anthropogenic constituents, contributing to improving management strategies of the hydrological resources in the basin since most of the municipalities extensively utilize the waters of Corumbataí River and tributaries for drinking purposes, among other uses. Excellent significant relationships between loss on ignition (LOI) and organic matter were found for sediments of both analyzed profiles. Silica was found to be inversely related to organic matter at both analyzed profiles: its decrease accompanied an increase in the specific surface of the sediments. This relationship was confirmed by a great number of inverse significant correlations among silica and oxides Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, P2O5, Fe2O3, MnO, and TiO2. It was possible to identify the role of organic matter on adsorption of several oxides/elements in the core sediments profiles. Apparent sediment mass accumulation rates corresponding to 224 and 802 mg cm−2 year−1 were obtained, and are compatible with field evidence, indicating a higher value associated with sand mining activities interfering with the natural/normal sedimentation process, due to modifications of the channel drainage.  相似文献   

11.
The present work assesses the potential industrial uses of Paleocene limestone deposits, Garra Formation in Sinn El-Kaddab Plateau, South Western Desert of Egypt, based on their mineralogy and geochemical characteristics. Eighty-six limestone samples collected from ten stratigraphic columnar sections were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Petrographically, Garra limestone deposits consist dominantly of benthic foraminiferal wackestone and packstone microfacies. The XRD data revealed dominance of low-Mg calcite as essential carbonate mineral in the studied limestone. The bulk rock XRF results revealed CaO (29.28–55.75%) with an average of 52.74%. The CaO exhibits a strong negative correlation with MgO, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and moderate negative correlation with Fe2O3 which indicates that the contribution of these elements is mainly due to detrital input. On the other hand, Al2O3 and Na2O contents exhibit significant negative correlation with loss of ignition (LOI) wt% indicating their incorporation within terrigenous matrix. The average Sr content attains 1297 ppm indicating deposition in temperate marine environment. The average molar CaCO3% values of bulk samples have been computed for individual columnar sections to determine the purity status of Garra limestone deposits. They range from impure (CaCO3%?=?79.92%) to high-pure (CaCO3%?=?97.76%) limestone. Therefore, Garra limestone deposits have extremely valuable uses in a wide spectrum of industrial applications including Portland cement, steel, ceramics, whiting, chemical uses, paper, and feed stuff.  相似文献   

12.
The Blue Gem coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian Westphalian B, Breathitt Formation), has low-ash (with some sample sites having less than 1% ash) and low-sulfur contents through parts of Knox County, Kentucky. Most collection sites exhibit similar vertical elemental trends in ash geochemistry. The relatively high-ash (>1% ash) lower part of the bed displays enrichment in TiO2, Zr, Cr, V and Ni; Co, Zn, Rb and Mn show enrichment at some sites. A low-ash (<1% ash) middle part of the bed displays enrichment in Sr, Ba and CaO; Fe2O3 is enriched in samples with carbonate minerals. The upper part of the bed contains >1% ash and a relative enrichment in SiO2, K2O and Rb and a relative decrease in Cu, Ni, Co, Ba and Mn when compared to the middle part of the bed. Principal components analysis indicates that the samples with an ash content 0.63–1.0% show associations for Ni, Cu, Cr and Co. Samples with between 1.01–2.0% ash display strong element associations that suggest increased clastic sediment contributions (TiO2, Zr, K2O, Rb, SiO2). The low-ash content and the upwards decrease in trace concentrations both suggest that the Blue Gem peat swamp was ombrotrophic through at least a part of its geologic history.  相似文献   

13.
The distribution of chemical elements in the Weinan loess section shows that: (1) carbonate is the critical constituent affecting loess chemistry. The leaching of carbonates may cause “apparent” enrichment of some other constituents. (2) CaCO3, SiO2, FeO, MgO, K2O and Na2O are mobile while Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2 are inert components. The mobility sequence may follow the order of CaCO3>FeO>MgO>Na2O>K2O>SiO2>Al2O3>TiO2>Fe2O3. (3) No obvious migration is noticed of iron, except changes in valence and forms, during the pedogenic process. Little iron has been supplied to paleosol from precipitation. (4) Carbonates and, to a lesser extent, iron are most sensitive to, and can be therefore used as good indicators of, environmental changes. This research project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49672137).  相似文献   

14.
The sediment geochemistry, including REE, of surface and core samples from Mansar Lake, along with mineralogical investigations, have been carried out in order to understand the provenance, source area weathering, hydrolic sorting and tectonic setting of the basin. The geochemical signatures preserved in these sediments have been exploited as proxies in order to delineate these different parameters.The major element log values (Fe2O3/K2O) vs (SiO2/Al2O3) and (Na2O/K2O) vs (SiO2/Al2O3) demarcate a lithology remarkably similar to that exposed in the catchment area. The chondrite normalized REE patterns of lake samples are similar to Post Archaean Australian Shale (PAAS) with LREE enrichment, a negative Eu anomaly and almost flat HREE pattern similar to a felsic and/or cratonic sedimentary source. However, the La–Th–Sc plot of samples fall in a mixed sedimentary domain, close to Upper Continental Crust (UCC) and PAAS, suggesting sedimentary source rocks for the Mansar detritus. It also indicates that these elements remained immobile during weathering and transportation. The mineralogical characteristic, REEs, and high field strength elements (HFSE), together with the high percentage of metamorphic rock fragments in the Siwalik sandstone, support a metamorphic source for lower Siwalik sediments. A very weak positive correlation between Zr and SiO2, poor negative correlation with Al2O3, negative correlation of (La/Yb)N and (Gd/Yb)N ratios with SiO2 and positive correlation with Al2O3, suggest that Zr does not dominantly control the REE distribution in Mansar sediments. The petrographic character and textural immaturity indicate a short distance transport for the detritus. The distribution of elements in core samples reflect fractionation. The higher Zr/Th and Zr/Yb ratios in coarse sediments and PAAS compared to finer grained detritus indicate sedimentary sorting. Plots of the geochemical data on tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest that the sediments derived from the lower Siwalik were originated within a cratonic interior and later deposited along a passive margin basinal setting. It therefore reveals lower Siwalik depositional history.  相似文献   

15.
烧结法赤泥的物质组成与颗粒特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
运用X射线荧光光谱仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜和激光粒度分析仪等手段,对贵州烧结法赤泥主量元素和微量元素的化学组成、物质组成、微观形态和粒度分布等基本特征进行系统研究,并将烧结法赤泥的组成与拜耳法赤泥进行对比。结果表明,烧结法赤泥的主要化学成分是CaO、Al2O3、SiO2、Fe2O3、TiO2、Na2O、K2O和MgO,与拜耳法赤泥相比具有高钙低铝的特征。透射电子显微镜分析烧结法赤泥中部分矿物的颗粒形态与特征,XRD分析其主要物相有硅酸二钙、铝酸三钙、方解石、钙钛矿等,还有少量分散的含铁矿物、黏土类铝硅酸矿物。根据微观形态的不同,将烧结法赤泥的组成矿物划分为三类:薄片状或者大块状聚集体;片状、柱状、颗粒状等规则形态;毛发状、细丝状聚集体。通过激光粒度分析仪测量烧结法赤泥的粒径分布情况,表明粒径细小是赤泥的重要特征,同时也是影响赤泥在选矿等领域综合利用的重要因素之一。通过对赤泥物相组成与粒度特征的综合分析,为烧结法赤泥综合利用提供了必要的基础资料和科学依据。  相似文献   

16.
Dongping Lake area, located in the lower reaches of Yellow River, is an ideal place to study the changes of modern river and lake sedimentary environment. The sediment samples of Dawen River, Yellow River, and Dongping Lake were collected, and the major elements, trace elements and organic matter geochemical composition of the samples were analyzed. Cluster analysis, characteristic element ratio method and graphic method were used to explore the geochemical characteristics of sediments and their environmental implication. The results show that the contents of SiO_2, Na_2O, TiO_2 and Zr in sediments of Dawen River and Yellow River are relatively high, and the contents of iron and manganese oxides, organic matter, CaO, P_2O_5 and Sr in lake sediments are relatively high. That reveals the differences of sedimentary environments between the rivers and the lake. The contents of Sr and Zr in Dawen River are affected by the rapid migration of clastic materials in the upstream carbonate source area during the flood season; the δCe,ΣREE and REE's ratios in the sediments of the Yellow River reflect the influence of the Loess source; and the distribution of elements changes along the flow direction during the flood season. The characteristics of p H, element composition and LREE HREE fractionation of the lake sediments indicate that the sediment source is complex, and the lake environment is affected by the flood season. The study shows that the geochemical content and its variation characteristics of sediments effectively reveal the sedimentary environment, material composition and characteristics of flood season of rivers and the lake in the study area.  相似文献   

17.
辽冀地区(主要包括鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区)位于华北克拉通东北部,产出有诸多BIFs型大型-特大型铁矿床。鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区是我国最大的两个铁矿集区,其中鞍本地区铁矿储量占全国的24%左右,冀东地区铁矿资源储量占全国的10%以上。虽然辽冀地区BIFs大多为形成于新太古代绿岩带中的Algoma型BIFs,但不同矿区BIFs形成环境和受后期改造的程度不一致,鞍本地区BIFs变质级别为绿片岩相-角闪岩相,冀东地区BIFs经历了绿片岩相-麻粒岩相的变质作用,且辽冀地区普遍发育混合岩化。本文主要对比研究了辽冀地区28个铁矿床200件铁矿石的主量元素特征,为探讨辽冀地区BIFs的形成提供了更多的信息。BIFs样品主要由SiO2和Fe2O3T组成,其中鞍山-本溪地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为95.10%,冀东地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为88.06%,CaO和MgO含量仅次于SiO2和Fe2O3T,且大部分矿区具有正相关关系,Al2O3、TiO2、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5含量很低,这暗示BIFs原岩为一种化学沉积岩,主要为含有少量碳酸盐泥的硅质和铁质的胶体沉积;辽冀地区Al2O3和TiO2均可见明显的正相关,这可能是由于BIFs沉积过程中有少量碎屑物质的加入,这种相关性在冀东地区更为明显,且除SiO2+Fe2O3T外,其它氧化物含量明显高于鞍本地区,说明冀东地区BIFs形成时沉积环境更为动荡,有更多的碎屑物质加入;虽然辽冀不同地区BIFs经历了不同级别的变质作用,形成了不同的矿物组合,但是氧化物含量却变化不大,这说明了变质反应主要为等化学反应;鞍本地区和冀东地区碱质含量也存在差异性,前者的Na2O和K2O含量均低于后者,且后者Na2OK2O,结合野外地质特征,可能暗示了混合岩化作用对冀东地区的影响更为显著。  相似文献   

18.
黔北务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床元素迁移规律研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
金中国 《地质与勘探》2011,47(6):957-966
黔北务正道地区铝土矿矿床属古风化壳沉积型,成矿母岩具多源性,但主要来源于下覆的中下志留统韩家店组。本文依据Grant提出的质量平衡方程和图解法,对瓦厂坪矿床在成矿过程中元素迁移的富集、贫化（亏损）规律进行了定量研究。结果表明,主要成矿母岩韩家店组砂、页岩一中间产物铝土质页岩、粘土岩是主要元素A12O3、TiO2显著富集...  相似文献   

19.
The bed and suspended (slime) sediment phases associated with effluent water that are produced from phosphate-ore-upgrading process at Al-Abyad mine in the southern part of Jordan were analyzed chemically and mineralogically. The results show that the effluent water is highly oxic and mildly alkaline in nature. The geochemical behavior of each phase was controlled by the effluent water physicochemical parameters, sediment particle size, mineralogical constituents of the studied phases, and the prevailing climatic nature of the area. Bed sediments have higher concentrations of many elements than slime. Accordingly, the bed sediments can be considered as a sink rather than a pool for many elements. The geochemical dissociation of major oxides and trace elements between bed and slime sediments was evident using t test, particularly between P2O5, SiO2, CaO, K2O, Mn, Sr, Y, and Co, and to lesser extent, V, U, Zn, and Cr. This might be attributed to effluent water characteristics, mineralogy, and the presence of fine-grained materials. The spatial distribution of major oxide and trace element concentrations along the stream drainage exhibited a slight increase with distance either in bed or slime sediment phases. However, they increased suddenly at the last three sampling sites, which might be due to the abundance of fine-grained materials that are mainly composed of clay minerals (montmorillonite) that would enhance the adsorption process. Moreover, the XRD results confirmed the existence of elemental geochemical dissociation as a function of mineral control.  相似文献   

20.
Surface sediments from the Jizan shelf, southern Red Sea, were analysed for grain size and mineralogical and elemental composition in order to establish their geochemical characteristics. Texturally, sediments are classified into sand and mud; the latter dominates the shelf. Grain size variability and mineralogical assemblages present in the sediments largely control the abundance and distribution of CaCO3, organic carbon content (OC) and the major and trace elements. Sand sediments are composed of carbonate material of marine origin and contain high concentrations of Ca, Mg and Sr. Mud sediments are relatively rich in OC and are characterised by high concentrations of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, V and Ba. Unlike the sand, Mg concentration in the mud sediments seems to be controlled by stronger contribution from non-carbonate material. Factor analysis is applied to identify the variables accounting for most of the variance in the mud sediment samples. Three factors are found to describe about 78% of the variance. The first factor which accounts for 41% of the total variance is the Fe and Mn oxides that reach the area through episodic flooding. The second and third factors are the mud (22%) and the mineralogy (15%) of the sediments, respectively.  相似文献   

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