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1.
A treatise on the use of geostatistics for the characterization of nonrenewable resources 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James R. Carr 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(1):61-73
Five decades of geostatistical development are reviewed to summarize the state of the art for spatial interpolation vis-à-vis kriging or a form thereof. Although a search of the literature reveals a variety of kriging methods, there are but two infrastructures for geostatistical interpolation: simple cokriging, for estimating a single variable using two variables, and generalized cokriging, for estimating one or more variables using the same number of variables that are estimated. The many forms of kriging are varieties of these two interpolation infrastructures. This notion is emphasized to aid the selection of an appropriate interpolation model for a nonrenewable resource. These models are discussed, and literature for the models and for applicable software is cited. Additionally, all aspects of spatial interpolation are discussed, including the adequacy of spatial sampling, distribution characteristics of spatial samples, semivariograms, search parameters, and selection of interpolation models in conformance with spatial data characteristics. Finally, the relationship between interpolation and raster-based geographic information systems is emphasized. 相似文献
2.
Gerard B. M. Heuvelink 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):921-935
Abstract Recent developments in theory and computer software mean that it is now relatively straightforward to evaluate how attribute errors are propagated through quantitative spatial models in GIS. A major problem, however, is to estimate the errors associated with the inputs to these spatial models. A first approach is to use the root mean square error, but in many cases it is better to estimate the errors from the degree of spatial variation and the method used for mapping. It is essential to decide at an early stage whether one should use a discrete model of spatial variation (DMSV—homogeneous areas, abrupt boundaries), a continuous model (CMSV—a continuously varying regionalized variable field) or a mixture of both (MMSV—mixed model of spatial variation). Maps of predictions and prediction error standard deviations are different in all three cases, and it is crucial for error estimation which model of spatial variation is used. The choice of model has been insufficiently studied in depth, but can be based on prior information about the kinds of spatial processes and patterns that are present, or on validation results. When undetermined it is sensible to adopt the MMSV in order to bypass the rigidity of the DMSV and CMSV. These issues are explored and illustrated using data on the mean highest groundwater level in a polder area in the Netherlands. 相似文献
3.
地理学“空间分析导论”课程设置研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
空间分析是地理学和其他相关学科的重要研究手段与方法,其重要性日益引起关注。结合1960年代以来空间分析的发展脉络及各时期的典型方法,在对国内外40多所高校、组织与机构的空间分析课程大纲对比研究和教学实践的基础上,提出了“空间分析导论”课程的教学大纲、具体内容和实习软件等问题,最后对空间分析课程设置提出几点建议:① 拟定空间分析课程66学时左右,其中至少12学时左右的上机实习,实习软件可以针对不同的数据类型选用ArcGIS、GeoDa和R。② 在地理学相关专业或其他学科领域的本科高年级开设入门级的空间分析导论课程,之后,根据具体情况在研究生阶段开设比如"地统计学"、"空间模型与建模"等专题课程。③ 为进一步完善国内空间分析课程教材,可考虑选择引进国外相关著作,并筛选、开发相关的教学案例,编写详细的上机实习操作指导。 相似文献
4.
Daniel Fitzner Monika Sester 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1668-1693
Accurate estimations of spatio-temporal fields at unsampled locations are important in a number of applications. Often, spatio-temporal fields are advected, which means the change in field values over time at a particular point in space stems to a large extent from motion of a more or less constant spatial field. For such dynamic fields, interpolation methods including information on the motion behaviour of the field are promising extensions of solely spatial (snapshot) and symmetric spatio-temporal methods. In this paper, the performance of different deterministic and geostatistical interpolation methods is compared for precipitation estimation from 1-minute time series of spatially distributed rain gauges. The focus is on spatio-temporal methods that include information on the motion behaviour of the rainfield, estimated from weather radar using optical flow. The different interpolation methods are introduced and evaluated using rain gauge measurements of a 15-day period and cross-validation. The results show that including information on the motion behaviour significantly improves interpolation quality in terms of RMSE. 相似文献
5.
利用不同方法估测土壤有机质及其对采样数的敏感性分析 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
用随机方法从262个采样点中抽取200个点作为已知有机质含量的数据集,将所有采样点的碱解氮作为辅助数据预测有机质的空间分布。利用有机质信息的普通克立格法的方差解释量和预测精度最低,而回归克立格法因在预测过程中加入了回归残差而使方差解释量最大、预测精度最高。为了分析采样数对不同方法预测精度的影响,从上述已知有机质含量的200个点中分别随机抽取40、80、120、160个点构成4个数据集,分别利用它们的有机质信息和不同方法预测了有机质的空间分布,结果表明:对于每个数据集,4种方法的预测精度顺序均为RGK>COK>RG>OK,线性回归法的预测精度随采样点的增加基本不变,而其它三种方法的预测精度却逐渐提高。 相似文献
6.
Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly. 相似文献
7.
Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1IntroductionSoil nutrient, as the synthetic results under the influence of various anthropogenic activities and the factors such as climate and topography, etc., possesses certain spatial distribution characteristics, and certain structural and stochastic characteristics. The study of the differences existing in different parts of the region lays the foundation for adjusting all management measures and all material input capacities and for gaining the maximal economic benefit. Presently, the … 相似文献
8.
Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly. 相似文献
9.
Qiang Zhang Zhiping Yang Yong Li Deli Chen Jianjie Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):965-981
Integrated nutrient management is important for sustainable agricultural production and protecting environment quality and has been widely investigated around the world. In this article the spatial variability of soil nutrients was investigated and a regionalized nutrient management system was developed using geostatistics and geographic information system technologies. A total of 511 GPS-referenced soil samples were taken in Yongji County, Shanxi province, China, and analysed for major soil nutrients: soil total nitrogen (TN), Olsen extractable phosphorus (OLSENP) and extractable potassium (EXTK). Low concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were found and they are likely to be the main limiting nutrients for crop growth in this county. Within the county moderate spatial dependence was found for all three soil variables, but at different spatial scales. The spatial distributions of TN, OLSENP and EXTK were estimated by using kriging interpolation. The cropped areas of the county were divided into fertilizer management categories consisting of four classes of TN, three classes of OLSENP and two classes of EXTK. For the targeted crop yields, regionalized fertilization maps of N, P and K in the county were produced using geographic information system. In 3-year field verification trials in two villages the crop yields of the wheat–maize rotation system increased by 10–20%, and farmers' cash income increased by 1550–2610 RMB ha?1 year?1 where regional fertilization recommendations were implemented, in comparison with traditional farmers' practices. The regionalized maps are a practical alternative to site-specific soil nutrient management approaches in areas where it is not practical, because of small farm size or other constraints, to use intensive soil sampling and chemical analyses. 相似文献
10.
降雨量地面观测数据空间探索与插值方法探讨 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
空间插值方法广泛应用于气象数据产品的制作,其精度与气象要素的空间变异特征、气象观测站分布和插值方法选择有关。选择美国得州599个地面观测站30年平均降雨量记录,设计了27个观测站样本方案,选择全年、1月和8月数据,利用空间统计、空间自相关、半变异函数等方法探索降雨量的空间变异特征,并采用5种常规方法进行空间插值,比较和解释插值结果,在此基础上讨论基于知识的气象要素空间插值方法。案例研究发现:①降雨量地面观测数据通常具有明显的空间趋势、较强的空间自相关特征和较稳定的空间变异规律,但针对不同时段或采样方案,其空间自相关强度和半变异函数模型会有一定的差异。②增加气象观测站数,空间插值误差有减小的趋势;但观测站数目达到一定数值后,增加观测站数,插值精度提高并不明显。③在观测站较少时,不同插值方法间的精度差异较大,而在观测站充足的情况下,其差异有减小的趋势。④探讨气象要素与地理环境要素之间的关系,获得定量化的先验知识,开发基于知识的空间插值模型,是高精度气象要素插值的关键;线性加权回归和地理加权回归方法的初步试验验证了这一思路的有效性。 相似文献
11.
基于贝叶斯最大熵的甘肃省多年平均降水空间化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
贝叶斯最大熵方法可以对具有一定不确定性的“软数据”和认为没有误差的“硬数据”进行插值。对甘肃省1961—1990年52个气象站点的多年平均降水数据进行空间化研究。通过比较普通克里格、共协克里格、三元回归建模后残差插值以及基于贝叶斯最大熵的3种不同软硬数据参与情况下的插值结果,发现考虑降水30 a时间序列不完整性以及辅助变量经验模型不确定性的插值结果的MAE和RMSE,比直接使用多年平均降水数据直接插值的MAE和RMSE小,表明贝叶斯最大熵方法通过对不确定性的考虑可以有效降低预测结果的绝对误差。从降水的空间分布来看,考虑辅助变量DEM的插值结果能相对较好的体现高程对降水的地形影响,尤其分区将辅助变量转换为软数据可以有效体现不同区域高程对降水的不同影响问题。综合误差评价以及降水插值结果的空间分布,认为BME插值过程中可以考虑数据本身以及辅助数据利用的不确定性,使降水空间化的结果更加真实客观,同时为合理利用辅助信息提供了一个新思路。 相似文献
12.
喀斯特地区春季土壤水分空间插值方法对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以杨眉河小流域为研究区,通过土壤水分采样,选取辅助变量,采用普通克里金、协同克里金、回归克里金3种地统计学方法对土壤水分数据进行空间插值。结果表明：1）回归克里金对研究区土壤水分估算误差最小,其次为协克里金,普通克里金的误差最大;2）普通克里金生成的土壤水分表面最为平滑,而回归克里金最大程度反映了研究区实际的土壤水分空间变化;3）对于协同克里金,以湿度指数（WI）样点数据作为辅助变量的估算误差小于将WI栅格数据作为辅助变量的估算误差。总之,在可获得有效辅助变量的条件下,回归克里金对研究区土壤水分估算的效果优于协同克里金与普通克里金。 相似文献
13.
A. Geddes D.A. Elston M.E.A. Hodgson R. V. Birnie 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):785-803
Handling of uncertainty in the estimation of values from source areas to target areas poses a challenge in areal interpolation research. Stochastic model-based methods offer a basis for incorporating such uncertainty, but to date they have not been widely adopted by the GIS community. In this article, we propose one use of such methods based in the problem of interpolating count data from a source set of zones (parishes) to a more widely used target zone geography (postcode sectors). The model developed also uses ancillary statistical count data for a third set of areas nested within both source and target zones. The interpolation procedure was implemented within a Bayesian statistical framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, enabling us to take account of all sources of uncertainty included in the model. Distributions of estimated values at the target zone level are presented using both summary statistics and as individual realisations selected to illustrate the degree of uncertainty in the interpolation results. We aim to describe the use of such stochastic approaches in an accessible way and to highlight the need for quantifying estimation uncertainty arising in areal interpolation, especially given the implications arising when interpolated values are used in subsequent analyses of relationships. 相似文献
14.
空间软数据及其插值方法研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
由于对地观测技术的迅速发展,空间数据的种类和数量增长迅猛,由空间数据反演得到的各种信息日趋膨胀,这些反演结果中的信息不少以软数据的形式出现。在实际应用中,这些软数据往往与空间插值的目标变量具有一定的相关性,甚至成为控制目标变量空间分布特征的重要因素。然而,由于这些数据通常表示为非数值形式,在计算和处理上存在着一定困难,以致被传统的插值方法所忽视,从而造成信息浪费。近来出现的空间软插值方法是一种利用空间软数据作为辅助信息并以改善插值效果的方法,能够较好的处理并利用软数据所隐含的信息,具有较好的应用发展前景。本文根据空间软数据的特点及其分类,系统综述了空间软插值方法及其应用领域。首先分析了空间数据软硬性质的根本区别,论述了软数据的分类和“硬化”方法,然后介绍空间插值模型中对空间软数据的集成方法和原理,最后对空间软插值方法及其应用研究领域进行了展望。 相似文献
15.
降雨信息空间插值的不确定性分析 总被引：50，自引：2，他引：48
文章以潮白河流域为样区,根据58个雨量站1990年的降雨观测数据,采用反距离权重法、克立格法、样条函数法、趋势面法等插值方法,分析了站点数量变化、时间尺度变化、栅格像元的尺度变化、插值方法的差异对降雨数据空间插值结果的影响,剖析降雨插值中的不确定性。结果表明：（1）插值站点数量越大,区域降雨插值的不确定性越小;（2）像元尺度在50m~1000m间变化对降雨插值的不确定性只有微弱的影响;（3）对应于时间尺度由年到月到日的变化,降雨插值的不确定性随时间尺度的减小而显著增大;（4）不同插值方法影响到降雨空间插值的不确定性水平。为了减少降雨信息空间插值的不确定性,根本途径是要引入第三方相关变量,并将其整合到现有的插值算法中。高相关性变量的选取及其与插值模型的整合方式将成为降雨插值研究的主导方向。 相似文献
16.
黄河三角洲地区土壤水盐空间变异特征研究 总被引：30，自引：7，他引：23
运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法研究黄河三角洲地区表层土壤盐分、pH与含水量的空间变异特征。结果表明:土壤盐分较高且呈一定的碱化趋势;盐分与含水量为中等变异强度,pH为弱变异强度。受结构性与随机性因素的共同作用,盐分、pH与含水量均表现为中等空间相关性。分维数与Moran′s I系数分析均表明,盐分、pH与含水量的空间依赖性小,随机性因素是引起空间异质性的关键原因。Kriging插值与相关性分析表明,盐分和pH的分布存在着空间负相关性,且盐分与pH、含水量均呈显著负相关,盐分过高是导致pH降低的重要因素,含水量可为判断旱季表层土壤盐分高低提供一定参考。 相似文献
17.
自然地理要素空间插值的几个问题 总被引：77，自引：8，他引：69
资源管理、灾害管理、生态环境治理以及全球变化研究的需要强化了部分自然地理要素空间插值研究的重要性。这些要素空间插值的核心是建立充分逼近要素空间分布特征的函数方程。对于给定的区域与要素样本值 ,插值函数可以有多种模型形式。各类模型的精度受其理论基础、模型算法、时空尺度效应、样本数据属性等因素的综合影响。通过对国际主要插值研究成果进行分析 ,文章认为各类模型插值精度的差异缘于模型对插值要素空间变异性与空间相关性的反映 ,具体应用中 ,只有对已知样本数据进行变异性与相关性分析才能选出适当的插值方法。 相似文献
18.
Using a maximum entropy model to optimize the stochastic component of urban cellular automata models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Haijun Wang Chang Xia Sanwei He Wenting Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(5):924-946
ABSTRACT The stochastic perturbation of urban cellular automata (CA) model is difficult to fine-tune and does not take the constraint of known factors into account when using a stochastic variable, and the simulation results can be quite different when using the Monte Carlo method, reducing the accuracy of the simulated results. Therefore, in this paper, we optimize the stochastic component of an urban CA model by the use of a maximum entropy model to differentially control the intensity of the stochastic perturbation in the spatial domain. We use the kappa coefficient, figure of merit, and landscape metrics to evaluate the accuracy of the simulated results. Through the experimental results obtained for Wuhan, China, the effectiveness of the optimization is proved. The results show that, after the optimization, the kappa coefficient and figure of merit of the simulated results are significantly improved when using the stochastic variable, slightly improved when using Monte Carlo methods. The landscape metrics for the simulated results and actual data are much closer when using the stochastic variable, and slightly closer when using the Monte Carlo method, but the difference between the simulated results is narrowed, reflecting the fact that the results are more reliable. 相似文献
19.
In most modern coal mines, there are many coal quality parameters that are measured on samples taken from boreholes. These data are used to generate spatial models of the coal quality parameters, typically using inverse distance as an interpolation method. At the same time, downhole geophysical logging of numerous additional boreholes is used to measure various physical properties but no coal quality samples are taken. The work presented in this paper uses two of the most important coal quality variables—ash and volatile matter—and assesses the efficacy of using a number of geostatistical interpolation methods to improve the accuracy of the interpolated models, including the use of auxiliary variables from geophysical logs. A multivariate spatial statistical analysis of ash, volatile matter and several auxiliary variables is used to establish a co-regionalization model that relates all of the variables as manifestations of an underlying geological characteristic. A case study of a coal mine in Queensland, Australia, is used to compare the interpolation methods of inverse distance to ordinary kriging, universal kriging, co-kriging, regression kriging and kriging with an external drift. The relative merits of these six methods are compared using the mean error and the root mean square error as measures of bias and accuracy. The study demonstrates that there is significant opportunity to improve the estimations of coal quality when using kriging with an external drift. The results show that when using the depth of a sample as an external drift variable there is a significant improvement in the accuracy of estimation for volatile matter, and when using wireline density logs as the drift variable there is improvement in the estimation of the in situ ash. The economic benefit of these findings is that cheaper proxies for coal quality parameters can significantly increase data density and the quality of estimations.
相似文献20.
近48 a新疆干湿气候时空变化特征 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
根据新疆101个气象台站1961—2008年的逐月气候资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波、自然正交分解（EOF）、累计距平、t-检验和Kriging空间插值等方法,对近48 a反映新疆干湿气候的年降水量、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度等要素的时空变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:①新疆年降水量在空间分布上表现为山区多于平原和盆（谷）地,北疆多于南疆,西部多于东部的格局;近48 a,新疆各地年降水量均为增多趋势,增多倾向率的空间分布为:天山山区>北疆>南疆,全疆平均年降水量以9.123 mm/10a的倾向率增多;新疆年降水量空间异常分布主要表现为“全疆一致型”和“南北疆反向变化”两种模态;全疆平均年降水量主要存在3～4 a、6～8 a、11 a和16 a的振荡周期,并于1987年发生了突变性的增多。②新疆年潜在蒸散量总体表现为南疆大于北疆、东部大于西部、盆（谷）地大于山区的分布格局;近48 a,新疆各地年潜在蒸散量总体为减少趋势,其中南疆为递减倾向率高值区,北疆大部和天山山区为递减倾向率低值区,全疆平均年潜在蒸散量以-23.8 mm/10a的倾向率减少;新疆年潜在蒸散量空间异常分布也主要表现为“全疆一致型”和“南北疆反向变化”两种模态;潜在蒸散量主要存在准22 a的振荡周期,并于1984年发生了突变性的减小。③受降水量和潜在蒸散量时空变化的共同影响,新疆年干燥度指数总体表现为南疆大于北疆、东部大于西部、盆（谷）地大于山区的分布格局;近48 a,新疆各地年干燥度指数均表现为不同程度的减小趋势,其中,吐鲁番、哈密盆地以及塔里木盆地东部地区是干燥度指数减小最明显的区域,全疆平均年干燥度指数以-3.164/10a的倾向率减少;新疆年干燥度指数空间异常分布主要表现为“全疆一致型”;干燥度指数主要存在准5 a、8 a和18 a的振荡周期,并于1987年发生了突变性的减小。 相似文献