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北大西洋臭氧极小值和北太平洋极大值及其相互关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1979～2002年TOMS卫星观测资料,采用臭氧总量纬向偏差和区域强迫的分析方法,研究北大西洋东北部大气臭氧低值与北太平洋西北部臭氧高值的季节变化过程和相互关系.研究表明,(1)北大西洋东北部存在一个大气臭氧极小值,年平均臭氧总量比纬向平均值低20 DU以上,冬季低50 DU以上; 北太平洋西北部存在一个大气臭氧极大值,年平均臭氧总量比纬向平均值高35 DU以上,冬季高70 DU以上.(2)上述两个地区大气臭氧的季节变化具有很强的区域特征,区域大气动力学输送和化学过程对上述两个地区大气臭氧季节变化的强迫分别为50.3%和42.6%.(3)上述两个地区大气臭氧纬向偏差的季节变化间存在很好的反相关,相关系数达到-0.98,说明其臭氧区域强迫之间存在良好的关系. 相似文献
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青藏高原对流时空变化与东亚环流的关系 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
根据1980～1998年逐日TBB和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨青藏高原对流(TBB)时空分布与东亚环流及天气气候的关系.研究指出,青藏高原主体地区(28°N～34°N,80°E～102°E)的对流冬弱、夏强,存在显著的6月和10月突变现象.夏季亚洲地区最强的对流出现在青藏高原上空,呈现为高原西部(28°N～34°N,82°E～94°E)和东部(27°N～34°N,104°E～110°E)型.夏季青藏高原上空对流弱,850 hPa风场上高原南、北侧的东亚地区分别呈现西风距平,夏季中国易出现南北二条雨带; 夏季高原上空对流强,850 hPa风场上的西风距平出现在东亚30°N附近,夏季易出现江淮流域雨带.夏季江淮流域洪涝年(如1980、1993、1996、1998年)与青藏高原东、西部对流同时加强有关; 夏季江淮流域干旱年(如1992、1994、1997年)与青藏高原东、西部对流同时减弱有关.20世纪90年代,江淮流域洪涝与干旱事件频繁发生可能与青藏高原东、西部对流强度变化出现同位相的年代际变化趋势有关. 相似文献
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The Relationship between the Wintertime Blocking over Greenland and the Sea Ice Distribution over North Atlantic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sea-ice concentration in the Northern Hemisphere, 500 hPa height, sea-level pressure and 1000-500 hPa thickness of monthly mean data are examined for the period 1953-1989, with emphasis on the winter season.Relationships between large-scale patterns of atmospheric variability and sea-ice variability are investigated, making use of the correlation method. The analysis is conducted for the Atlantic sectors. In agreement with earlier studies based upon monthly mean data on sea-ice concentration, the strongest sea-ice pattern is composed of a dipole with opposing centers of action in the Davis Straits / Labrador Sea region and the Greenland and Barents Seas. Its temporal variability is strongly coupled to the atmospheric North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The relationship between the two patterns is strongest with the atmosphere leading the ocean. The polarity of the NAO is associated with Greenland blocking episodes, during which the influence of the atmosphere is strong enough to temporarily halt the c 相似文献
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南海海温变化与初夏西太平洋副高活动及长江中、下游汛期降水关系的分析 总被引：21，自引：4，他引：21
本文对南海海温、西太平洋副热带高压的特征指数及长江中、下游汛期降水等要素做了统计分析,结果表明,南海秋、冬季节的海表温度与同海区第二年初夏的海温状态、长江中、下游的降水有明显的相关;初夏南海海温与同时期西太平洋副热带高压西部脊有密切的联系,而副高西部脊的西伸位置和强度变化又对长江中、下游的降水有显著的影响.也就是说,当秋、冬季节南海海温高时,下年初夏南海海温也偏高,南海副热带高压脊偏强,西太平洋副高脊位置偏西,相应地长江中、下游降水偏多.这个相关联系表明南海秋、冬季节海温的热状态是影响长江中、下游初夏降水的重要因素之一,而且副高西部脊又是这个过程的重要环节. 相似文献
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基于气象观测资料和再分析资料,从西南地区降水年际变化规律入手,运用统计学方法从时空角度分析了与其相伴随的环流型和非绝热加热的关联。结果表明,当西南地区降水偏多时,东西向异常气旋、反气旋分别位于我国长江以南地区上空以及青藏高原西南侧上空对流层中、高层,西南地区对流层高层被异常偏北风控制,低层被异常偏南风控制,中层伴有较强的异常垂直上升运动,且与异常非绝热加热源区基本重合,而青藏高原西南侧上空对流层中层为异常的垂直下沉运动,且与异常非绝热加热汇区基本重合;反之亦然。在此基础上进一步运用气候动力学方法揭示了导致西南降水异常的可能物理过程：高原西南侧爬升流的异常垂直运动通过影响南支气流向下游的水汽输送异常,进而导致西南地区非绝热加热异常,最终实现对西南地区降水的调制作用。 相似文献
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Alfred H. Woodcock 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1975,9(1):63-68
The flight performance of Herring Gulls relative to specific atmosphere and ocean conditions over the western North Atlantic indicates that large groups of gulls are able, through cooperative flight maneuvers, to induce ascending convective flow (thermals) in which they make extended soaring flights. These group flights in gull-induced thermals are limited to winds of 0 to ~ 1 m s?1 and to sea-minus-air temperature differences (δT) of ~3 to 6?C. As wind speed increases from ~ 2 to 5 m s?1, thermals are naturally induced, and the minimum δT required for soaring is inversely related to wind speed. At higher winds (~5 to 13 ms?1), the minimum positive δT and minimum wind speed required for thermal soaring are directly related, thus indicating an apparent maximum efficiency for the natural production of thermals at wind speeds of about 5 m s?1 and δT of 1 to 2 ?C. 相似文献
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The Surface Friction and the Flow over Mountain 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Wu Rongsheng 《大气科学进展》1991,8(3):272-278
The flow over mountain is quite complicated. There are a lot of papers on this problem and a lot of progresses have been made. However, in the most of these papers, just the dynamics contributions of mountain have been analysed; the effect of the friction is often neglected. Since the frictional effect is always associated with flow, especially when it flows over the mountain. The study shows that the friction is small in the magnitude but it is not a negligible effect because it changes the features of the flow. In the case of super-or sub-critical flow, there are two extremes: one maximum, one minimum of the fluid surface on the lee-side of the mountain, while in the inviscid fluid, there is just one extreme. The frictional effect should neither be too strong nor too weak to make the situation happened according to the investigation of this paper. 相似文献
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A statistical method of reconstruction of winter and semiannual precipitation totals at the network of weather stations in Europe is considered. The sea-level pressure field in the North Atlantic is used as a predictor for precipitation reconstruction. The stability of pressure field filtration is studied from empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) with the help of informative parameter of the pressure vector components. Results of numerical experiments are presented. 相似文献
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文章讨论了利用ISCCP卫星观测资料确定青藏高原地区地表反射率的方法，在无积雪地区和季节，地表反射率可以ISCCP可见光反射率为基础，在模式计算过程中，假定紫外反射率以及红外与可见光反射率的比值分别为常数。敏感性试验表明，由这两个假设所产生的误差并不显著。在有积雪地区或季节，地表平均反射率可直接由ISCCP可见光反射率表示。试验结果与地面实际观测作了比较，除沙漠区外，两者比较一致。文中还计算了高原晴天行星反射率。经与ERBE卫星观测比较，发现从5月至9月高原周围沙漠区气溶胶对辐射平衡有较显著的影响。而在其 相似文献
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Persistence of Snow Cover Anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the Implications for Forecasting Summer Precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu Region 
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下载免费PDF全文 The present reported study investigated the persistence of snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau（TP） from the preceding seasons to summer and the relationship between the previous snow cover anomaly and summer precipitation over East Asia. The results showed that, relative to other snow indices, such as the station observational snow depth（SOSD） index and the snow water equivalent（SWE） index, the snow cover area proportion（SCAP） index calculated from the SWE and the percentage of visible snow of the Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grids（EASE-grids） dataset has a higher persistence in interannual anomalies, particularly from May to summer. As such, the May SCAP index is significantly related to summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. The persistence of the SCAP index can partly explain the season-delayed effect of snow cover over the TP on summer rainfall over the Meiyu-Baiu region besides the contribution of the soil moisture bridge. The preceding SST anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean and ENSO can persist through the summer and affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. However, the May SCAP index is mostly independent of the simultaneous SSTs in the tropical Indian Ocean and the preceding ENSO and may affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region independent of the effects of the SST anomalies. Therefore, the May SCAP over the TP could be regarded as an important supplementary factor in the forecasting of summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. 相似文献
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Moisture transport over the Arabian Sea associated with summer rainfall over Pakistan in 1994 and 2002 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In this study,we aimed to elucidate the critical role of moisture transport affecting monsoon activity in two contrasting summers over the Arabian Sea during the years 1994,a relatively wet year,and 2002,a relatively dry year.A comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and comparisons of the moisture fields were conducted;we focused on the precipitation and evaporation as well as the moisture transport and its divergence or convergence in the atmosphere.Monthly mean reanalysis data were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP-I and-II).A detailed evaluation of the moisture budgets over Pakistan during these two years was made by calculating the latent energy flux at the surface(E P) from the divergence of the total moisture transport.Our results confirm the moisture supply over the Arabian Sea to be the major source of rainfall in Pakistan and neighboring regions.In 1994,Pakistan received more rainfall compared to 2002 during the summer monsoon.Moisture flow deepens and strengthens over Arabian Sea during the peak summer monsoon months of July and August.Our analysis shows that vertically integrated moisture transport flux have a significant role in supplying moisture to the convective centers over Pakistan and neighboring regions from the divergent regions of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.Moreover,in 1994,a deeper vertically integrated moisture convergence progression occurred over Pakistan compared to that in 2002.Perhaps that deeper convergence resulted in a more intense moisture depression over Pakistan and also caused more rainfall in 1994 during the summer monsoon.Finally,from the water budget analysis,it has been surmised that the water budget was larger in 1994 than in 2002 during the summer monsoon. 相似文献
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E.K. Bigg 《Atmospheric Research》1990,25(6)
In a first attempt to assess a proposed climatic change feedback process involving cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud albedo, CCN concentrations N as a function of supersaturation S were measured on a voyage from latitude 43 to 65°S in October–November 1988. The usual relationship N=CSk, with k=0.5 and C a constant was a fair apprraximation for S in the range 0.3–0.7% implying that CCN concentrations should largely determine cloud drop concentrations and hence albedo for clouds with S in that range. South of latitude 50°S and at smaller S,k was 1 or larger on average, which would lead to reduced dependence of albedo on CCN for the relevant clouds. N varied very widely for separations of the order of 100 km or 6 hours in time, particularly when the sea was partly ice-covered, suggesting strong local influences. During a large increase in N 60°S, unaccompanied by an increase in condensation nuclei (CN), cloud drops grew more rapidly than usual. In a subsidiary experiment particles were collected and examined by transmission electron microscopy. For particles less than 0.2 μm diameter, 80–90% appeared to consist of ammonium sulfate, the remainder being sea salt or an unknown substance which was more liquid and heat-resistant. Dialysis showed that the sulfate particles contained a few percent of insoluble material. Particles which formed cloud drops in vapours other water, were also studied. Comparison of these and water CCN and the rates of droplet suggested that the water insoluble portion of the particles was ethanol-soluble and surface-active. CN concentrations decreased by a factor of about 2 between 43 and 65°S, a change closely paralleled by ethanol CCN concentrations. 相似文献
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The Summer Snow Cover Anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Association with Simultaneous Precipitation over the Mei-yu–Baiu region 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The summer snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and their effects on climate variability are often overlooked,possibly due to the fact that some datasets cannot properly capture summer snow cover over high terrain.The satellite-derived Equal-Area Scalable Earth grid （EASE-grid） dataset shows that snow still exists in summer in the western part and along the southem flank of the TP.Analysis demonstrates that the summer snow cover area proportion （SCAP） over the TP has a significant positive correlation with simultaneous precipitation over the mei-yu-baiu （MB） region on the interannual time scale.The close relationship between the summer SCAP and summer precipitation over the MB region could not be simply considered as a simultaneous response to the Silk Road pattern and the SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and tropical central-eastern Pacific.The SCAP anomaly has an independent effect and may directly modulate the land surface heating and,consequently,vertical motion over the western TP,and concurrently induce anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean via a meridional vertical circulation.Through a zonal vertical circulation over the tropics and a Kelvin wave-type response,anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean may result in an anomalous high over the western North Pacific and modulate the convective activity in the western Pacific warm pool,which stimulates the East Asia-Pacific （EAP） pattern and eventually affects summer precipitation over the MB region. 相似文献
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1998年5～8月青藏高原东部和邻近地区大气热源日变化特征及其与高原环流的关系 总被引：6，自引：7，他引：6
利用1998年5－8月“南海季风试验”期间观测站的探空及地面资料，计算并分析了高原及邻近地区大尺度大气热源和水汽汇的日变化特征及其与高原环流的关系。初步结果表明：中南半岛－高原东部的大气热源在早上弱，傍晚较强；南海北部－华南－华中的热源在早上强，傍晚弱。水汽汇的日变化与热源基本相似。傍晚高原东部上升运动明显增强，高原及其南侧的局地经向季风环流增强；高原东部下游地区傍晚的上升运动减弱或变为下沉，形成一个西升东降的局地日变热力纬向环流。1998年夏季长江中偏上游的致洪暴雨和华南的降水主要集中在夜间至午后。 相似文献
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利用1979—2011年ERA-Interim的月平均再分析资料和全国气象台站观测资料,通过小波分析、合成分析和相关分析等多种统计分析方法,分析了夏季青藏高原湿池的基本特征,定义了能较好表征夏季青藏高原湿池强度变化的特征指数,并揭示了夏季青藏高原湿池强弱异常时的大气环流特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系。主要结论为:夏季高原上湿池特征非常明显,2个湿中心分别位于高原东南部和西南部。高原湿池强度指数有明显的阶段性变化特征,以4 a左右和6 a左右的变化周期为主。夏季高原湿池偏强(弱)年,南亚高压、西太副高、高原季风、低层风场以及整层水汽输送等均有显著变化,进而对我国夏季降水产生重要影响。 相似文献
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印度洋和南海海温与长江中下游旱涝 总被引：41，自引：10，他引：41
作者统计分析了1958～1999年42年长江中下游地区夏季5～8月旱涝事件的分布特征.结果表明,42年中旱涝月出现频次相等,但洪涝强度远大于干旱强度.对比分析旱涝月的环流异常和海温异常(SSTA)发现,南海地区SSTA和对流层低层经向风异常均与长江中下游旱涝显著相关,尤其正SSTA和涝月的关系更为密切,因此南海SSTA为我国长江中下游地区旱涝的一个强讯号.进一步分析发现,夏季南海SSTA与前春赤道南印度洋SSTA存在显著相关,可将其作为预报因子.最后得到的预报思路为:当前春赤道南印度洋海温异常偏暖,则夏季南海海温异常偏暖,南海低空出现异常偏南风,异常多的水汽向我国南方输送,长江中下游地区易涝;反之当前春南印度洋海温异常偏冷,夏季南海海温亦异常偏冷,南海低空出现异常偏北风,向北输送水汽偏少,长江中下游易旱. 相似文献
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夏季长江流域暴雨洪涝灾害的天气气候条件 总被引：36，自引：22，他引：36
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨夏季中国东部长江流域严重洪涝灾害发生时的天气气候异常特征.分析表明:东亚夏季风环流偏弱是夏季长江流域发生严重暴雨洪涝灾害的气候特征.天气特征是东亚地区东、西、南、北天气尺度系统的最佳配合以及东亚大气环流出现较显著的20～30天的低频振荡.东亚中高纬大气环流出现20～30天的低频振荡,有利于青藏高原上空的低压系统沿着中纬度东传到115～125°E附近,造成长江流域梅雨锋低压扰动加强;东亚低纬大气环流出现20～30天的低频振荡,有利于印度洋、南海和热带西太平洋的水汽输送到长江流域,为长江流域暴雨提供持续充足的水汽来源.夏季西太平洋副热带高压西伸出现20～30天的低频振荡,有利于低压系统在长江流域(115～125°E)再生和维持. 相似文献