共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
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I.P. Gerasimov 《Geoforum》1976,7(2):115-120
In the elaboration of the interdisciplinary problem of environmental monitoring, geographical science is to play an important role as leader and integrator; because of its traditional objectives, methodology and factual basis ready to deal with the contemporary tasks of nature preservation. The general task is to observe the whole environment. To make the investigation more convenient, three stages of monitoring are suggested. The first is bio-ecological (sanitary-hygienic), the major aim of which is to study an influence of environment on human health. Human health is the most important and most complex criterion. To detect the health of the population in relation to the nature of the environment, a system of indices in the form of morbidity, mortality and the level of physical development should be used. At present the toxic indices (concentration limits of various substances) are the most clearly defined. Stations engaged in bio-ecological monitoring still need improvement. The second stage of monitoring should be geo-systematic or geo-ecological (natural—economic), with as objective observation of changes in geosystems which form the total environment. The aim of geo-ecological monitoring is to define the self-cleansing faculty of the environment, the loading capacity of the natural complexes, matter and energy balance of natural and natural-technical systems, etc. For this purpose a network of testing stations, related to the peculiarities of large natural-economic regions, should be arranged. The third stage of monitoring is observation, control and forecasting of changes in the environment on a global scale with the help of biospheric stations. 相似文献
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针对地下水监测工程施工中面临的承压-自流监测井密封、监测、取样、洗井等紧迫难题,研发了承压-自流监测井密封技术。该技术是在监测井管口安装一个具有多个功能组件的密封不锈钢盖板来实现自流监测井长期监测的各项需求。本文介绍了承压-自流监测井密封技术原理、系统组成和安装流程及方法。通过山西忻州市地下水监测井现场示范及其他地区50余口井的工程应用,证实该技术可有效解决自流监测井井口密封、水样采集、洗井清淤和维护探头等一系列问题,具有密封效果好、不污染水质、操作便捷和成本低等优点,可实现不同特征自流监测井地下水数据长期自动采集与传输,并可为类似井的封孔工作提供解决思路。 相似文献
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CCD微变形监测技术在边坡远程监控中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探索低成本、高精度长期定点监测技术是目前边坡监测工程中急需解决的问题。CCD微变形监测仪通过光电信号的相互转化来获取边坡的稳定性信息,比起传统的监测仪器,其在精度、时效性及成本上均具有一定的优势,通过远程无线遥控监测,节省监测人力物力。在分析CCD微变形监测系统工作原理的基础上,将其应用于诸永高速公路K101边坡的长期监测,与前期安装的GPS、全站仪共同工作一段时间后,对比相近观测点的监测值,结果显示,CCD微变形监测系统所取得的数据具有良好的精度和长期稳定性,表明该监测系统监测效果良好,适宜于边坡的长期监测使用。 相似文献
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应用信息熵方法对地下水观测网的层次分类——以河北平原地下水观测网为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
陈植华 《水文地质工程地质》2002,29(3):24-28
本文主要针对目前地下水观测网存在的层次不清问题，提出了基于信息熵理论新的分类方法。文章列举了观测网层次问题的表现，原因和可能造成的后果，提出地下水观测网的层次性应该对应地下水流动系统的层次性。认为地下水观测网就是一种信号通讯网，水位信号具有可传递性、差异性以及衰减性等特征，可以运用信息熵理论中的互信息概念，定量刻画观测孔之间的信息联系，并以这种信息联系程度作为观测孔层次分类的主要依据。作者以河北平原地下水观测网为实例，研究了区域尺度观测网的分类，结果表明信息熵方法可以很好地解决此类问题。 相似文献
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DAVID A. ROTHERY 《Geology Today》1989,5(4):128-132
'St Pierre, in the morning throbbing with life, thronged with people, is no more. Its ruins stretch before us, wrapped in their shroud of smoke and ashes, gloomy and silent, a city of the dead'. Thus was St Pierre described by the Vicar-General of Martinique in the aftermath of the 8 May 1902 eruption of Mt Pelée. Had the warning signs been understood and heeded, 29 000 deaths might have been avoided. Observations recorded by remote sensing satellites now offer additional means of early warning of volcanic hazards and a new way to measure the energy budgets of volcanoes. 相似文献
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地下水的自动化监测过程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
胡军 《水文地质工程地质》2003,30(1):101-102
本文详细介绍地下水位自动监测系统的基本构成、工作方式,以推动地下水动态监测工作的开展。 相似文献
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Ground-freezing is used in mining and civil engineering to make water-bearing strata temporarily impermeable and to increase their compressive and shear strength by transforming joint water and interstitial water into ice. Freezing of rock or soil layers is achieved by means of an array of cased boreholes, through which a cold liquid is circulated in order to remove heat energy, comparable to cooling coils.
Frost expansion from the boreholes into the ground is monitored, for a better and more economic control of the freezing process. For this purpose, instruments for the determination of borehole deviation, for measurement of the temperature field and for an assessment of the degree of freezing with ultrasonic waves, have proved useful. These three techniques are described based on results obtained from field measurements. 相似文献
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针对煤层气排采现场分散、实时通信和生产数据采集困难等问题,提出用无线传感网技术实现对现场数据采集、数据传输、实时监测监控、指令下达、指令执行等管理工作的系统设计。针对无线传感器网络通信易受干扰、通信距离受限、无线传感器节点寿命有限等问题,提出采用我国自主研发的龙芯CPU、C-MAC协议及基于该技术的通用无线传感器节点、无线网关、中继器等产品作为本设计的主选产品,解决无线传感网络应用存在的问题。针对排采现场需采集的数据较多且各异,设计时在叶节点无线传感器中配置串口、并口、USB口等通信接口。在设计后台管理系统时引用冗余技术和概率统计理论算法提高系统可靠性。 相似文献
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为了保证建筑物在沉降过程中变形观测点的观测成果的连续性、可比性，对沉降监测中基准网与监测网的观测精度匹配问题进行了详细的探讨，得出了有参考价值的结论。 相似文献
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G. I. Dolgikh 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2012,6(1):61-69
The paper discusses the technical characteristics of hardware-software complexes based on the application of broadband seismographs,
GPS/GLONASS receivers, and laser strainmeters in the context of the examination of their capacity to study variations in the
Earth’s stress-strain field leading to natural and technogenic catastrophes. 相似文献
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地下水水质监测与评价 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
地下水由于分布广、水质好且开发费用低而成为全世界重要的供水水源。中国北方生活供水的一半来自地下水,地下水也是干旱期重要的农业灌溉水源。然而,地下水水质日益面临来自农业、工业和城市污染源的威胁。地下水水质监测是评价水质状况最可靠的方法,并可作为供水水源保护的早期预警系统。它为水管理部门和水用户提供可靠的科学数据以便更好地管理和保护地下水资源。世界上正在执行两个巨大的地下水质监测和评价项目:一个是欧盟的水框架计划;另一个是美国的国家水质评价计划。文章评述了地下水水质监测的现状,介绍了地下水易污性评价、地下水污染源分级和地下水污染风险评价的方法。地下水易污性分区图是土地利用规划和供水水源保护的基础。地下水污染源分级结果为污染源治理提供了优先顺序。地下水污染风险分区图圈划出地下水污染的高风险区,为地下水资源保护和地下水污染监测提供重要的依据。 相似文献
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M. Scaioni L. Barazzetti A. Giussani M. Previtali F. Roncoroni M. I. Alba 《Earth Science Informatics》2014,7(2):83-95
This paper presents two innovative methods for tunnel monitoring that are based on digital photogrammetry. Both have been conceived to speed up operations that are currently accomplished by using engineering geodesy techniques and instruments. On the same time, proposed solutions are cheap and affordable. The first one is aimed at measuring relative deformations of transversal cross-section of tunnels. Some special targets are placed on the tunnel vault and their coordinates are measured by means of a small photogrammetric block made up of four images. A wire is used to setup the scale and to make all measurements comparable overtime. The second method can be applied for the measurement of vertical deformations along the longitudinal profile of tunnels. A new image-based approach called ‘photogrammetric levelling’ is discussed here, which is based on the metric rectification of each single image depicting a couple of special rods to be hung on levelling benchmarks. This technique can be used to replace traditional optical and digital level instruments. Both applications can be carried out by using a calibrated amateur camera. Some experiments in controlled and real environments allowed assessing performances and limitations of these techniques for operational surveys in tunnel monitoring. 相似文献
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Understanding the performance of disaster monitoring systems is a key to understanding their success; therefore, various qualitative
and quantitative measures and metrics can be applied in the characterization and analysis of such systems. Through evaluation
studies, problems that impede a disaster monitoring system performance can be identified. The results can be used for system
design, control, and capacity planning. Previous studies address technical performance analysis metrics for analyzing monitoring
systems leaving out human and organizational dimensions of such systems. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to identify
and describe a set of metrics that may be employed to evaluate such systems. This study may be valuable to researchers and
practitioners involved in disaster and emergency response studies in planning the transportation of vital first-aid supplies
and emergency personnel to disaster-affected areas and in improving chances of survival after a disaster. 相似文献
20.
Prof. Dr. M. R. D. Seaward 《GeoJournal》1992,28(4):403-411
The decline of lichens throughout Europe and elsewhere over the past two centuries is mainly attributable to increases in air pollution in general, and to sulphur dioxide in particular. The destructive role of other atmospheric pollutants, and indeed other factors, has either been masked by the overriding effects of sulphur dioxide or insufficiently appreciated due to the inadequacy of monitoring equipment. Research has shown that qualitative as well as quantitative changes in air pollution due to shifts in energy and transportation policies on the one hand and economic and legislative factors on the other over the past twenty years are having significant effects on lichen floras. The versatility of lichens in highlightning not only the existence but also the rise and fall in levels of these new pollution regimes over wide geographical areas is demonstrated by reference to the British Isles. 相似文献