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1.
The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundarylayer （PBL） height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS （global position system ） radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by Chinas fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean （86°-88°N, 144°-170°W） during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between -52.2 and -54.10C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind （over 12 m/s） are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 m respectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the more intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone （800-85° N）. The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 870-88° N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong ice- atmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station. 相似文献
2.
Matched-field inversion is used to, estimate geoacoustic properties from data obtained in an experiment with a vertical line array (VLA). The experiment was carried out using broad-band sources (shots) in water depths of about 200 m on the continental shelf off Vancouver Island. The data were processed to obtain spectral components of the field for frequencies near the bubble frequency for the shot. The ocean bottom in this region consists of a layer of mainly sandy sediments (about 100 m thick) overlying older consolidated material. Consequently, the inversion was designed to estimate the parameters of a two-layer elastic sediment model. In the inversion, an adaptive global search algorithm was used to investigate the multidimensional space of geoacoustic models in order to determine the set of values corresponding to the best replica field. Convergence is driven by adaptively guiding the search to regions of the parameter space associated with above-average values of the matched field correlation between the measured and replica fields. The geoacoustic profile estimated by the inversion consisted of a 125-m layer with compressional speed ~1700 m/s and shear speed ~400 m/s, overlying a layer with compressional speed ~1900 m/s. This model is consistent with the results from conventional seismic experiments carried out in the same region 相似文献
3.
S. V. Anisimov S. V. Galichenko N. M. Shikhova K. V. Afinogenov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(4):390-398
The electric state of the middle-latitude convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated during a point in time when it is not disturbed by clouds, precipitation, mist, or industrial aerosols. A numerical model is developed that estimates the electroaerodynamic state of the convective ABL. The model is parameterized using results of field observations and laboratory experiments. According to the model, vertical profiles of atmospheric electric field strength, space charge density, electric conductivity, and atmospheric electric current density are calculated in the horizontally homogeneous approximation with a high space-time resolution. 相似文献
4.
Theoretical models of the height of the atmospheric boundary layer and turbulent entrainment at its upper boundary 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
S. S. Zilitinkevich Yu. I. Troitskaya E. A. Mareev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2012,48(1):133-142
The planetary boundary layer (PBL), which directly interacts with the underlying surface, differs significantly in its nature
from the low-turbulent stably stratified free atmosphere. Fluctuations of the Earth’s surface heat balance immediately affect
the PBL and assimilate there owing to the effective mechanism of turbulent heat transfer. In this case the upper boundary
of the PBL plays the role of a cover, preventing the direct penetration of thermal effects and contaminants into an overlying
atmospheric layer. In view of this, air pollution is especially dangerous when associated with shallow PBL. In addition, local
peculiarities of climate change are mainly determined by the PBL height due to the high sensitivity of thin stably stratified
PBLs to the thermal effects. Deep convective PBLs are not very sensitive to weak thermal effects, but they significantly affect
the formation of convective cloudiness and the climate system as a whole by means of the turbulent entrainment of the thermal
energy, humidity, aerosols, and other admixtures through the upper boundary. The PBL height and turbulent entrainment must
be calculated when simulating and forecasting air pollution, abnormal frosts and heat, and other hazardous phenomena. In this
paper we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge in the area of PBL height simulation and suggest a new model of turbulent
entrainment for convective PBLs. 相似文献
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6.
为定量化研究影响中国东部近海逆温层产生和发展过程的主要因素,基于Princeton Ocean Model(POM),通过进行河流和暖流的增减试验,对逆温层的季节变化及其影响因素进行了分析。模拟结果显示,受海表失热影响,逆温层主要出现在9月至翌年3月份,山东半岛北部及东部近海、闽浙沿海为三个主要逆温层发生区域,其中山东半岛北部近海逆温层范围和强度最大。当无河流输入时,整个研究海域无逆温层出现,而河流加倍或减半对逆温层的影响主要体现在长江口邻近海域,出现概率分别增高22%和降低15%。当暖流加倍或减半时,长江口邻近海域逆温层出现概率大幅增高23%和降低69%,山东半岛东部近海次之,分别增高34%和降低25%。当关闭暖流时,长江口外海逆温层消失,山东半岛东部近海逆温层出现概率降低约70%,且变浅76%。以上表明,河流淡水是中国东部近海逆温层形成的必要条件,在保持必要河流淡水输入条件下,暖流的变化对中国东部近海逆温层形成的影响比河流变化大,其中对长江口外海影响最大,山东半岛东部近海次之。暖流流量的增减可引起100 m以浅陆架区的海表面高度异常,影响跨40 m等深线海水交换和温盐锋面的形成,造成逆温层大范围的转移和变化。 相似文献
7.
Using a high-resolution LES numerical model, we calculated the turbulent thermal convection for high ratios of horizontal and vertical sizes of the computational domain (26: 26: 1). The natural analog of the simulated process is a planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the atmosphere growing with height in the background of stably stratified overlying air layers over a horizontally homogeneous heated surface under a weak average wind. We obtained the spectral distributions of variances of fluctuations in potential temperature and velocity components in ranges corresponding to scales from a few tens of meters to a few tens of kilometers. We found energetically significant segments of the spectrum of large-scale fluctuations in the potential temperature for which the power dependences S ～ k ?1/3 and S ～ k ?4/3 are satisfied with good accuracy. We calculated the characteristic spatial scales of horizontal fluctuations in velocity and temperature. We obtained a dependence of these scales on the height of the growing convective PBL. We discuss the characteristic features of large-scale distributions in terms of the self-similarity of the growing boundary layer behavior. 相似文献
8.
A system of quasi-hydrodynamic equations for the electric field, charges, and concentrations of cloud particles and light aeroions in stratified regions of mesoscale convective systems is proposed and analyzed numerically in a one-dimensional approximation. The important role of Debye-charge layers, which are caused by light ions, is established. It is shown that, under certain aerodynamic conditions, both noninductive and inductive melting-related charging of particles may cause a narrow intense positive-charge layer to form near the zero-temperature isotherm; the altitude at which the vertical velocity component changes sign with respect to the height of the zero-temperature isotherm is of particular importance. When consideration is taken for an inductive charging mechanism and the real structure of the rising flow’s velocity, the distributions of charges and field strength (with a peak of about 100 kV/m), which describe the profiles observed in experiments, form in about 30 min. Taking into account the polarization of melting aggregates and water drops in an electric field when aeroions attach to them causes the rate of generating electric-charge layers to reduce. Thus, the solutions obtained in this study describe the structure and dynamics of spatially separated regions of electric charges in the stratified region and offer a satisfactory explanation for the experimental data. The results are important for explaining the abnormally high lightning activity of mesoscale convective systems, their role in initiating charges in the middle atmosphere, and maintaining the quasi-stationary state of the global electric circuit. 相似文献
9.
We have studied the cyclotron-resonance absorption and photoluminescence properties of the modulation n-doped ZnSe/BeTe/ZnSe type-II quantum wells. It is shown that only the doped sample shows electron cyclotron-resonance absorption. Also, the undoped sample shows two distinctive peaks in the spatially indirect photoluminescence spectra, and the doped one shows only one peak. The results reveal that the high concentration electrons accumulated in ZnSe quantum well layers from n-doped layers can tunnel through BeTe barrier from one well layer to the other. The electron concentration difference between these two well layers originating from the tunneling results in a new additional electric field, and can cancel out a built-in electric field as observed in the undoped structures. 相似文献
10.
A. A. Vjatkin A. A. Ivanova V. G. Kozlov K. Yu. Rysin 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2017,53(2):187-194
Thermal convection in an inclined plane layer having boundaries with different temperatures and rotating around an axis perpendicular to its plane is studied experimentally. It is shown that the convection and heat transfer are determined by two different convective mechanisms—gravitational and thermovibrational ones; they manifest themselves in the threshold excitation of cellular convective structures with different sizes. The thermovibrational convection is caused by the period-averaged mass force arising as a result of tidal oscillations of a nonisothermal fluid with respect to the cavity under the action of the external force-field component tangential to the layer. The map of convection regimes on the plane of governing parameters—the gravitational Rayleigh number and its vibrational analog—has been constructed. It has been found that the thermovibrational convection can develop even in a layer heated from above. The role of the dimensionless velocity of rotation, which has a stabilizing effect on the excitation of both gravitational and thermovibrational convection, has been studied. 相似文献
11.
It is extremely difficult to determine shallow ocean bottom properties (such as sediment layer thicknesses, densities, and sound speeds). However, when acoustic propagation is affected by such environmental parameters, it becomes possible to use acoustic energy as a probe to estimate them. Matched-field processing (MFP) which relies on both field amplitude and phase can be used as a basis for the inversion of experimental data to estimate bottom properties. Recent inversion efforts applied to a data set collected in October 1993 in the Mediterranean Sea north of Elba produce major improvements in MFP power, i.e., in matching the measured field by means of a model using environmental parameters as inputs, even using the high-resolution minimum variance (MV) processor that is notoriously sensitive and usually results in very low values. The inversion method applied to this data set estimates water depth, sediment thickness, density, and a linear sound-speed profile for the first layer, density and a linear sound-speed profile for a second layer, constant sound speed for the underlying half space, array depth, and source range and depth. When the inversion technique allows for the array deformations in range as additional parameters (to be estimated within fractions of a wavelength, e.g., 0.1 m), the MFP MV peak value for the Med data at 100 Hz can increase from 0.48 (using improved estimates of environmental parameters and assuming a vertical line array) to 0.68 (using improved estimates of environmental parameters PLUS improved phone coordinates). The ideal maximum value would be 1.00 (which is achieved for the less sensitive Linear processor). However, many questions remain concerning the reliability of these inversion results and of inversion methods in general 相似文献
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I. G. Granberg V. F. Kramar R. D. Kuznetsov O. G. Chkhetiani M. A. Kallistratova S. N. Kulichkov M. S. Artamonova D. D. Kuznetsov V. G. Perepelkin V. V. Perepelkin F. A. Pogarskii 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2009,45(5):541-548
The studies conducted in 1991–2004 by scientists of the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry yielded data on the structures of the surface air layer (to a height of 20 m) and both subinversion and inversion layers (to heights of from 800 m to 1 km), where arid aerosol is transported. One of the main objectives of the 2007 experiment was to record the space-vortex structures within a layer of 30–700 m that directly provide the removal and long-range transport of fine-dispersed (<5 µm) desert aerosol. This paper describes the organization of the Khar-Gzyr 2007 experiment (Black Lands, 2007) to study the convective removal of arid aerosol from desertificated lands, and it presents some data obtained from the remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer with a sodar network in the course of this experiment. The sodar network, which was developed to study a spatial structure of coherent vortices, included three identical minisodars (with carrier frequencies of 3.8 kHz) located at the apices of a triangle, each side of which was about 3.5 km, and a sodar (with a carrier frequency of 1.7 kHz). The vertical profiles of the three wind-velocity components and the characteristics of air temperature fluctuations were determined. The procedure of identifying coherent vortex structures is described. The variations in the vertical and horizontal wind-velocity components and the scales characteristic of such structures are estimated. 相似文献
14.
为充分挖掘海洋重力数据在反演海底地形中的应用潜力,尝试探索利用大地水准面高反演海底地形的技术途径,并以夏威夷—皇帝海山链拐点所在海区作为反演试验区进行验证。首先采用Belikov列推法计算伴随(缔和)勒让德函数,利用EIGEN-6C4地球重力场模型解算获取了分辨率为1'的大地水准面高格网数值模型;然后通过综合分析反演比例函数和转换函数特点、研究海区大地水准面高与海底地形的相干特性以及大地水准面高本身尺度特征,获得了利用大地水准面高反演海底地形的频段范围;最终以试验海区大地水准面高为数据输入,构建了相应的海底地形模型(BNT模型),并与ETOPO1等海深模型进行比对分析。试验结果表明:BNT模型检核差值在一倍均方差范围检核点数量占比70.60%,相比正态分布更加集中;BNT模型检核精度低于ETOPO1等海深模型;海深模型检核精度随着水深增加不断提升,水深小于1 000 m时,海深模型相对误差出现较大发散现象;计算海域ETOPO1模型精度最高,GEBCO模型和DTU10模型检核精度相当。 相似文献
15.
Utilizing High-Frequency Acoustic Backscatter to Estimate Bottom Sand Ripple Parameters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2009,34(4):431-443
16.
在冰脊的固结过程中,由于接触面积与温差的大幅提升,冰水之间的换热强度显著增强。本文通过浸没试验对自然对流条件下冰水间的换热系数进行了研究。在试验过程中,对试样内部的温度分布与体积变化分别用温度梯度测试系统与数字图像进行测量。为研究初始条件对换热系数的影响,分别采用不同初始温度与厚度的试样在瞬态热传导的环境下进行测试。试验结果表明,换热系数与表面温差呈指数增长,且在本文试验条件下的变化区间为0.3~175 W/（m2·K）。试样的初始温度及厚度并不是影响换热系数的直接因素,而其根本因素为流-固界面的边界层状态。在自然对流状态下流体的驱动条件是热胀效应,即当边界层存在温度差时,虽然外界并不存在扰动流体状态的因素,但由于液体自身温差引起的密度差进而驱动流体运动并影响了换热系数。随着边界层温度梯度的增加,边界层的影响区域扩大,从而导致了较高的换热系数。 相似文献
17.
针对机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)对海探测特点,采用多入射角法从SAR数据本身得到与海浪参数反演区域时空匹配的同步海面风速和风向,并结合线性变换关系,计算得到海浪初猜谱对应的仿真SAR图像谱,将仿真SAR图像谱和观测SAR图像谱输入代价函数中进行迭代运算,通过非线性方程的解算得到最适海浪谱;采用交叉谱法去除海浪传播180°方向模糊,最终得到海浪参数。论文提出的基于同步风场的机载SAR海浪参数反演方法,充分利用了机载SAR海洋环境探测的优势,解决了传统SAR海浪参数反演中初猜谱构造依赖外部风场的问题,机载同步飞行试验的海浪参数反演结果与浮标观测值的有效波高、波向的均方根误差分别为0.23 m和13.23°,验证了该方法的有效性,可为机载SAR海浪参数反演业务化提供支持。 相似文献
18.
Fabrikant A.L. Spiesberger J.L. Silivra A.A. Hurlburt E.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1998,23(1):20-25
An acoustic tomography simulation is carried out in the eastern North Pacific ocean to assess whether climate trends are better detected and mapped with mobile or fixed receivers. In both cases, acoustic signals from two stationary sources are transmitted to ten receivers. Natural variability of the sound-speed field is simulated with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) layered-ocean model. A sequential Kalman-Bucy filter is used to estimate the sound speed field, where the a priori error covariance matrix of the parameters is estimated from the NRL model. A spatially homogeneous climate trend is added to the NRL fluctuations of sound speed, but the trend is not parameterized in the Kalman filter. Acoustic travel times are computed between the sources and receivers by combining sound speeds from the NRL model with those from the unparameterized climate trend. The effects of the unparameterized climate trend are projected onto parameters which eventually drift beyond acceptable limits. At that time, the unparameterized trend is detected. Mobile and fixed receivers detect the trend at about the same time. At detection time, however, maps from fixed receivers are less accurate because some of the unparameterized climate trend is projected onto tile spatially varying harmonics of the sound-speed field. With mobile receivers, the synthetic apertures suppress the projection onto these harmonics. Instead, the unparametrized trend is correctly projected onto the spatially homogeneous portion of the parameterized sound-speed field 相似文献
19.
A. N. Rutenko 《Physical Oceanography》1990,1(4):317-320
The results of field measurements of velocity pulsations in the near-bottom layer generated by internal waves (IW) propagating in the thermocline close to the bottom are reported. It is shown that the power of velocity pulsations in the frequency range 0.5–6 Hz can vary more than 1000 times during the passage of various phases of IW. As a result of the interaction with the bottom, internal waves are transformed into solitary soliton-type waves and these transformations are followed by intense turbulence generated in the near-bottom layer.Translated by M. M. Trufanov. 相似文献
20.
利用径向基函数多尺度分析方法,将GOCO05S模型海洋大地水准面分解为3个尺度,并进行详细的分析统计。分解后重构的大地水准面精度达到了±0.02m,表明了径向基函数出色的多尺度分析能力。对不同深度层面上大地水准面异常的分布及成因做了深入探讨。浅层上地幔大地水准面异常主要分布于板块边缘,呈条状,与火山热点源分布类似;深层上地幔大地水准面异常和大洋中脊所在位置部分吻合,主要呈带状或块状,与上地幔的对流有关;中间层上地幔的大地水准面异常形态介于上述两者之间,主要受火山热点源和地幔对流的综合影响。 相似文献