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1.
Accurate measurements of soil CO2 concentrations (pCO2) are important for understanding carbonic acid reaction pathways for continental weathering and the global carbon (C) cycle. While there have been many studies of soil pCO2, most sample or model only one, or at most a few, landscape positions and therefore do not account for complex topography. Here, we test the hypothesis that soil pCO2 distribution can predictably vary with topographic position. We measured soil pCO2 at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO), Pennsylvania, where controls on soil pCO2 (e.g., depth, texture, porosity, and moisture) vary from ridge tops down to the valley floor, between planar slopes and slopes with convergent flow (i.e., swales), and between north and south-facing aspects. We quantified pCO2 generally at 0.1–0.2 m depth intervals down to bedrock from 2008 to 2010 and in 2013. Of the variables tested, topographic position along catenas was the best predictor of soil pCO2 because it controls soil depth, texture, porosity, and moisture, which govern soil CO2 diffusive fluxes. The highest pCO2 values were observed in the valley floor and swales where soils are deep (≥0.7 m) and wet, resulting in low CO2 diffusion through soil profiles. In contrast, the ridge top and planar slope soils have lower pCO2 because they are shallower (≤0.6 m) and drier, resulting in high CO2 diffusion through soil profiles. Aspect was a minor predictor of soil pCO2: the north (i.e., south-facing) swale generally had lower soil moisture content and pCO2 than its south (i.e., north-facing) counterpart. Seasonally, we observed that while the timing of peak soil pCO2 was similar across the watershed, the amplitude of the pCO2 peak was higher in the deep soils due to more variable moisture content. The high pCO2 observed in the deeper, wetter topographic positions could lower soil porewater pH by up to 1 pH unit compared to porewaters equilibrated with atmospheric CO2 alone. CO2 is generally the dominant acid driving weathering in soils: based on our observations, models of chemical weathering and CO2 dynamics would be improved by including landscape controls on soil pCO2.  相似文献   

2.
季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融循环期湿度与温度变化研究   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
在黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心的综合实验观测场, 利用2011年11月-2012年4月一个冬季冻融循环期的实测黑土耕层剖面土壤湿度和温度数据, 对典型中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤湿度与冻结融化期土壤温度变化进行研究. 根据阳坡的黑土耕层土壤浅层1 cm、 5 cm、 10 cm及15 cm四种不同深度, 对冻融循环过程中土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化特征进行分析, 研究黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 了解降水和温度对不同深度土壤湿度变化的影响. 结果表明: 在北京时间08:00、 14:00及20:00, 阳坡15 cm、 10 cm、 5 cm及1 cm深度黑土耕层土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化的线性相关可决系数分别为0.9298、 0.9216、 0.5989、 0.7281, 斜率平均标准偏差分别为0.017、 0.019、 0.095、 0.056, 截距平均标准偏差分别为0.17、 0.25、 1.31、 0.83. 阳坡10 cm及15 cm深度的黑土耕层土壤湿度随冻结融化期土壤温度变化呈十分显著的线性相关关系. 阳坡5 cm深度的黑土耕层土壤湿度在冻结融化期与土壤温度变化线性关系稍微显著. 在整个冻结融化期, 因受太阳辐射、 降水及蒸发的强烈影响, 阳坡浅层1 cm深度黑土耕层土壤湿度与土壤温度线性相关性不如10 cm及15 cm深度的关系显著, 但比5 cm深度的关系显著.  相似文献   

3.
喀斯特坡地石灰土硫形态分布及其同位素组成特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
土壤中S形态及各形态硫化物的稳定S同位素组成的分布特征对于土壤S循环研究具有重要意义。利用S形态连续提取方法测定了喀斯特坡地石灰土总S、SO4^2- -S、S^0-S、FeS—S、FeS2-S和有机S含量及其δ^34S值。有机S是石灰土主要的S形态,占总S的76．5％～93．6％。总S和有机S含量随土壤深度加深而降低,这与有机S矿化有关,对应有机S的δ^34S值逐渐增大。总体来看,FeS2是石灰土主要的无机S形态,其次为SO4^2-、FeS和S^0。石灰土表层以下深度FeS2-S增加与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率增大有关,对应SO4^2-和FeS2的δ^34S值平行增大。深层土壤FeS2-S降低则主要与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率减小及无机S厌氧氧化有关。土壤各形态S含量及其δ^34S值的分布特征,可以记录与深度相关的S形态转化过程。值得注意的是,受石灰土类型、植被状况及地形特征等因素的影响,喀斯特坡地石灰土中SO4^2-、FeS2和有机S组分容易迁移,这也是石灰土中各形态S分布变异的主要原因。  相似文献   

4.
为了解不同土地利用方式/覆被条件土壤剖面CO2时空分布特征及其影响因素,对湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域的4种土地利用方式（林地、草地、玉米地、烟叶地）土壤不同深度的CO2浓度进行为期一年的观测。结果显示,不同土地利用方式的土壤CO2表现为草地(7 527 mg/m3)>林地(7 197 mg/m3)>烟叶地（4 562 mg/m3）>玉米地(4 414 mg/m3);随剖面深度加大,草地和玉米地土壤CO2呈先增大后稳定的趋势,林地和烟叶地则表现为先增大后降低的趋势;时间变化上,不同土地利用方式下的土壤CO2月均浓度曲线与气温的变化曲线有很好的对应性,表现为2-8月浓度升高,8-12月降低,12月至次年2月为小幅下降,土壤CO2浓度的最低值和最高值分别出现在2月和8月。相关性分析显示,气温对土壤CO2浓度的影响最显著,此外,不同土地利用方式下有机碳的差异,与气温相耦合的降雨因素等都对土壤CO2浓度变化有重要影响。   相似文献   

5.
江苏省土壤元素地球化学基准值   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文
土壤元素地球化学基准是指自然环境中土壤元素正常含量,属于土壤固有的化学组成与结构特征。江苏省现有国土面积约102 600 km2,至2007年已经完成全省1∶250 000多目标区域地球化学调查。按照4 km2采集1个样品、采样深度150～200 cm,16 km2分析测试1个组合样,共获得全省6 127个代表自然环境土壤之样品的52个元素与TOC含量的数据,剔除异常含量数据后,以平均含量代表全省土壤元素地球化学基准值、"基准值±1.5或2倍标准离差"表示元素基准值变化范围,获得了江苏省土壤52个元素及TOC的地球化学基准值,为土壤环境评价等提供了基础资料。结果表明:(1)全省土壤大多数元素含量数据不服从正态分布,但剔除异常数据后对平均含量影响不明显;(2)人为活动因素导致江苏土壤的Cd、Hg、Se、N等元素在地表20 cm以上深度发生显著富集,给建立土壤元素地球化学基准值增添了新的难度;(3)成土母质、土壤成因类型与地貌等差异是影响江苏土壤元素含量分布的基本要素。  相似文献   

6.
Soil moisture variability and controls are little known in large gullies of the Loess Plateau which represent complex topography with steep slopes. This study analyzed spatial–temporal variability of soil moisture at the 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depths in a large gully of the Loess Plateau based on root-zone soil moisture measurements for 3 years (2009–2011). The result showed that mean soil moisture, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation, were highly dependent on depth; the highest mean value was observed at the 20–40 cm depth, while the lowest one was at the 0–20 cm depth. The SD increased with mean soil moisture for various depths as soil moisture was relatively wet; however, a transition that SD decreased with mean soil moisture occurred when soil moisture was relatively dry. Positive correlations exist between moisture contents over different depths, and that the relationships of the neighboring layers are relatively high with R 2 from 0.70 to 0.76. Correlation analysis, principle component analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that soil particle size distribution and topography (slope and elevation) were the main environmental factors controlling soil moisture variability in the large gully.  相似文献   

7.
Fertilization and aglime (agricultural lime) application, as important agricultural activities in acid soil, exert an influence on the fluxes of carbon both between and within ecosystems. Animal manure added to soil can elevate the soil CO2 and release organic acid due to microbial decomposition of the high organic matter content of animal manure. Additionally, the elevated CO2 can accelerate carbonate weathering in alkaline soil, such as lime soil. However, in acidic soil, it is unclear whether the chemical weathering of additive aglime can be quickened by the elevated CO2 due to animal manure addition. Thus, to ascertain the impact of animal manure addition on aglime weathering in acidic soil and to understand the weathering agent of aglime or underlying carbonate in the acidic soil profile, we established two contrasting profiles (control profile and manurial profile) in a cabbage-corn or capsicum-corn rotation in a field experiment site located in the HuaXi district of Guiyang, China, and buried carbonate rock tablets at different depths of soil profiles to calculate the dissolution rate of carbonate rock by monitoring the weights of the tablets. The results indicated that soil CO2 increased due to animal manure addition, but the rate of dissolution of the carbonate rock tablets was reduced, which was attributed to the increase in the pH in acidic soil after animal manure addition because the relationship between the dissolution rate of carbonate rock and soil pH indicated that the weathering rate of carbonate rock was controlled by pH and not by CO2 in acidic soil. Thus, the contribution of H+ ions (mainly exchangeable acid) in acid soil as a weathering agent to the weathering of underlying carbonate (and/or aglime) may lead to the overestimation of the CO2 consumption through chemical weathering at the regional/global scale using hydro-chemical methods.  相似文献   

8.
The study was conducted with the selected soil profile of burnt (soil around brick kilns) and unburnt (agricultural land) soils in the Dinajpur, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Khulna and Patuakhali districts at the western part of Bangladesh to evaluate the effects of brick kilns on soil degradation and environmental pollution. The pH values of the unburnt soils increased as a function of the soil depth for Rangpur, Khulna and Patuakhali, while decreased for the soil profiles in Dinajpur. Burning of soils significantly (p<0.05) decreased the average pH values of soils by 0.4 pH units (7 % increased over average content = IOAC), but strikingly increased the average EC values from 0.26 to 1.77 mS/cm (592 % IOAC) and the effect was pronounced with the depth function. The average sand content of the soil profiles increased by 330%, while the silt and clay contents decreased by 49 and 40 %, respectively. The average losses arising from the burning of agricultural soils were amounted to 63% for organic matter, 56 to 86 % and 23 to 88 % for available and total N, P, K and S, respectively. This huge loss through the burning of 1 m deep soil profile, i.e. almost 3/4th of the deterioration of soil fertility is not only reducing the crop production but also polluting the associated environment and atmosphere. The burning of enormous C, N and S not only degrade the agricultural soils but also contributing to the changes in the global climate.  相似文献   

9.
Analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties is important to explain the site-specific ecosystems. Spatial patterns of some soil properties such as soil texture, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were analyzed in salt and sodic affected soils in the south of the Ardabil province, in the northwest of Iran, to identify their spatial distribution for performance of a site-specific management. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 30, 30 to 60, 60 to 90, 90 to 120 and 120 to 150 cm soil depths at sampling sites. Data were investigated both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of the semivariogram. The spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level varied in the study area. Among the considered parameters, maximum and minimum spatial variability were observed in EC and pH parameters, respectively. Soil properties showed moderate to strong spatial dependence, except for a few. ECe was strongly spatially dependent in the total soil depth and clay was strongly spatially dependent at the first depth. Sand and pH were moderately spatially dependent for three of the five depths. ESP was strongly spatially dependent and silt was moderate in the total soil depths, except at 90–120 cm depth. Furthermore, CEC had strong spatial dependence for three of the five depths. All geostatistical range values were >1,389 m in this study. It was concluded that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would lead to extrinsic factors such as bedrock, agricultural pollution, drainage and ground water level.  相似文献   

10.
A synthesis of high-resolution (Chirp, 2–7 kHz) seismic profiles in the South Korea Plateau reveals that large masses of wavy stratified sediment (≈60–90 m thick) cover broad, gently sloping (<0·5°) ridges in water depths of 1000–2000 m. The wavy stratified sediment (WSS) is characterized by wavy (0·2–5 km in wavelength and <15 m in relief), continuous reflective layers with a basal deformed zone that overlies undeformed, strong reflectors. The WSS exhibits systematic variation in wave dimensions and thickness of internal reflective layers with changes in slope gradient. The troughs of the waves are commonly associated with internal growth faults, and wave amplitude generally increases with subbottom depth. On steep slopes around the ridges, the WSS masses are bounded downslope by slide and slump deposits including slightly translated or rotated WSS blocks. The acoustic and geometric characters, and association with downslope slides and slumps on the steeper slopes, suggest that the WSS masses were most probably formed by slow creep movement before slope failure. In the absence of significant sediment input to the South Korea Plateau, the deep (1000–2000 m in water depth) mass movements were probably triggered by earthquakes that have occurred frequently in this region. Some slightly displaced, intact WSS blocks in the associated slides and slumps downslope reflect a progressive evolution from submarine creep into slide and slump.  相似文献   

11.
季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
利用黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心综合实验观测场2011年11月-2012年4月整个冻结融化期的实测野外黑土耕层土壤温度和水分数据, 对中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中冻结和融化特征分阴、阳坡进行了分析, 研究了冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 并探讨了降水对不同深度耕层土壤含水量变化的影响. 结果表明:黑土耕层土壤冻结融化过程分为5个阶段, 历时164 d, 约5.5个月. 阶段I, 秋末冬初黑土耕层土壤开始步入冻结期; 阶段II, 黑土耕层土壤整日处于冻结状态, 阴坡比同样深度的阳坡土壤温度低; 阶段III为黑土耕层土壤稳定冻结期; 阶段IV, 黑土耕层土壤步入昼融夜冻的日循环交替状态, 冻融循环的土层逐渐向深部发展, 阳坡比阴坡融化得更深、更早, 阴坡比阳坡经历冻融循环次数更多; 阶段V为稳定融化期, 在融化过程不存在冻融交替的现象, 直到整个冻层内的土壤全部消融. 各深度位置阴坡土壤温度的最高值出现时间比阳坡晚约0.5 h. 经过整个冻结融化期后, 阴、阳坡各层土壤含水量均大于冻结前, 阴坡土壤含水量比阳坡整体偏低. 在整个冻结融化期, 阳坡地下1 cm、5 cm、10 cm 及15 cm处含水量最大值出现在地下5 cm; 阴坡的含水量整体趋于平稳且在融化期受降水影响明显.  相似文献   

12.
基于吸力量测确定膨胀土活动带和裂隙深度   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
采用M itchell公式和裂隙扩展深度方程两种吸力法确定安康地区膨胀土大气影响深度和裂隙开展深度。其一通过对安康地区两处天然边坡开挖观测井,利用张力计进行不同深度处吸力值的现场量测,根据M itchell提出公式计算大气影响深度;其二根据非饱和土抗拉强度公式,建立膨胀土裂隙扩展深度方程,利用基质吸力量测结果求其理论解。结果表明,安康地区膨胀土吸力变化曲线随深度增加变幅减小,呈波浪式推移。M itchell公式确定安康地区膨胀土的大气影响深度为3.35m以内,裂隙深度方程确定裂隙开展深度为3.063.14m。利用M itchell公式计算大气影响深度与膨胀土断裂理论公式确定的裂隙开展深度结果接近。  相似文献   

13.
湖北神农架石笋年纹层与氧碳同位素关系   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
梁燕  孔兴功  汪永进 《中国岩溶》2008,27(4):371-376
基于湖北神农架青天洞石笋U 系测年和年纹层统计结果,分别建立了末次盛冰期( 17 474± 174～ 16 105± 151 aB. P. )和全新世大暖期( 6 935. 4± 33. 8～6 137± 48 aB. P. )长达1 000余年的两个石笋年纹层生长序列。全新世大暖期年纹层平均厚度( 265μm) 约为末次盛冰期( 102μm)的2. 5倍,说明在间冰期东亚季风增强时石笋沉积速率较大,冰期时则相反。两支分辨率为4～ 8年的石笋年纹层厚度与δ13 C变化曲线对比显示: 在百年尺度上,石笋年纹层厚度与δ13 C变化曲线均呈良好的相关性(相关系数分别为- 0. 53和- 0.60) ,说明两指标可能受洞穴上覆土壤带CO2 产率这一主控因素的影响。当上覆土壤层生物活动增强, CO2 分压较高时,导致石笋δ13 C值偏负、生长速率增大。然而,在相同尺度上,两支石笋δ18O变化与对应的δ13 C及年纹层厚度之间的相关性较弱,反映研究地点上覆土壤层CO2产率对东亚夏季风强弱变化响应关系比较复杂。   相似文献   

14.
通过对祁连山大野口流域的青海云杉林大样地进行土壤剖面取样, 分析了样地土壤有机碳与pH值、养分和阳离子交换量等基本化学性质的变化规律及其相互关系. 结果表明: 随土层深度不断增加, 土壤有机碳含量逐渐减小, 在20～30 cm以下趋于稳定(P > 0.05); 土壤pH值不断增大, 仅在0～10 cm与10～20 cm差异显著(P<0.05); 土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和阳离子交换量不断减小, 全氮含量在30～40 cm以下趋于稳定(P > 0.05), 速效氮含量变化剧烈(P<0.05), 全磷含量差异性不显著(P > 0.05), 阳离子交换量与有机碳含量变化规律相同; 土壤速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量没有明显的变化规律, 速效磷和全钾含量差异性不显著(P > 0.05), 速效钾含量仅在0～10 cm与10～20 cm差异显著(P<0.05). 土壤有机碳与全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量之间呈极显著和显著正相关, 与土壤pH值和全钾含量之间呈极显著和显著负相关. 土壤有机碳与其他基本化学性质的回归方程具有较高精度(R2=0.793), 影响土壤有机碳含量的主要化学因子依次为土壤阳离子交换量、速效钾和全磷含量.  相似文献   

15.
以广西武鸣县典型的碳酸盐岩成土剖面和陆源碎屑岩成土剖面为研究对象,研究了不同成土母质在成土过程中Se元素与其形态在垂向上的迁移变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩在成土过程中,土壤Se含量均继承了成土母质的特点,且前者在表层明显富集,而后者相对较稳定,算术平均值分别为0.55 mg/kg和1.43 mg/kg。前者的水溶性总硒含量高于后者,平均含量分别为3.48 μg/kg和1.81 μg/kg,但均以硒酸态硒为主,其次是亚硒酸态硒和腐殖酸结合态硒。成土剖面上,土壤Se含量及其形态影响因素研究表明,碳酸盐岩成土剖面上,Se的含量与形态主要受土壤TOC含量和pH值影响;陆源碎屑岩成土剖面上,影响Se的含量及其形态的因素较多,土壤pH值、TOC、Al2O3和Fe2O3含量以及土壤质地等均对其有不同程度的影响。  相似文献   

16.
本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度   相似文献   

17.
Three soil profiles were selected in the Ejina Oasis, northwest China, to determine water content profiles and evolution of soil moisture potentials in the unsaturated zone within the arid area. The total soil moisture potentials have been monitored for about 3 months in 2001 at different depths in the soil profiles. The occurrence and movement of water in the unsaturated zone was analyzed using the zero flux plane (ZFP) method. It is shown that convergent ZFPs and divergent ZFPs may occur at depths between 0.5 and 3.0 m, and that the depth of the ZFPs was controlled by the root zone of plants growing on the land surface. Profiles of the total soil moisture potentials were observed to be coincident with those of the water contents at the three experimental sites. The total soil moisture potential showed a slight increasing trend and the ZFPs tend to vanish from summer to winter as the water extraction by roots decreased. Evapotranspiration through vegetation has an important bearing on the water content and the total potential in the unsaturated zone.  相似文献   

18.
Geological and seismic profiling data (more than 25000 km of seismic profiles and about 1000 sediment sampling stations) collected during the last 30 yr by research vessels of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences are summarized. Seismic records are directly correlated with sediment cores. The distribution map (scale 1 : 500000) of Quaternary lithofacial complexes corresponding to certain stages of the Baltic Sea evolution is compiled. The following four complexes are distinguished (from the base to the top): (I) moraine, with maximum thicknesses 60 and 170 m in valleys and ridges respectively: (II) varved clay of periglacial basins and from the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL), up to 25 m thick in depressions; (III) lacustrinemarine homogeneous clay with a thickness up to 4–8 m in depressions; (IV) marine sediments (mud, aleurite, coarse-grained deposits) accumulated in environments with intense bottom currents activity (thickness 2–4 m in the Gotland Basin, 4–6 m in the Gdansk Basin, and 10–20 m in fans and prodeltas). The Quaternary sequence is cut through by inherited valleys, where the thickest Holocene sediments are noted. Today, these valleys serve as routes of sediment transport to slope bases and central parts of basins. Outblows of deep gas (through faults and fractures) and diagenetic gas (from sediments) to the bottom surface also occur in the valleys. Sedimentation rates are higher in the Gdansk Basin (up to 100–120 cm/ka). Thick sand, aleurite, and mud bodies are accumulated here (about 15–20 m in the Visla River prodelta). The sedimentation rate is slower in the Gotland Basin (up to 50–60 cm/ka), where thin (2–4 m) sections of more fine-grained mud occur  相似文献   

19.
调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。   相似文献   

20.
The Nullarbor Plain is the largest karst area in Australia (220,000 km2) and one of the largest in the world. Its climate is arid (Köppen BWk and BWh), and the surface relief is less than 10m. The landscape is divided into extensive closed karstic depressions separated by low rocky ridges, and the dominant vegetation is chenopod shrubland. The extent and severity of soil degradation has been assessed using remote sensing. GPS rectified images from 1972–1973, 1979, 1983, 1988, and 1991 have been compared for two sites on the Nullarbor. Over the 19 years the total extent of bare soil has reduced significantly, but some areas around water points have degraded and there is some disturbance due to fossorial wombats. Sheet-flow processes occur during intense rainfall events, which happen two or three times per decade. Runoff only occurs after the 10– or 50– year return frequency events, and at these times turbid water ponds in depressions and enters caves. Surface soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity differ markedly between ridges and depressions; the ridges are clearly zones of groundwater recharge, while ponding is evident in most depressions. Sorptivity is influenced by the extent and nature of ground cover and cryptogam crusts on the soil. The landscape has been divided into classes on the basis of vegetation type and percentage of foliage cover. In each class the activities of fallout radionuclides will be determined by high resolution spectroscopy. Preliminary results suggest that in undisturbed sites little sediment movement has occurred over the time scale of cesium-137 (the last 35 years) but that the landscape has been well sorted over a much longer time scale. Future work will investigate disturbed sites to estimate relative soil loss during the pastoral period.  相似文献   

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