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1.
The main purpose of this paper is to present a photometrical evolutionary model for galaxies belonging to rich clusters. This numerical code puts together both cluster dynamics and galaxy photometry in order to obtain theoretical predictions for galaxy evolution, directly comparable with observations. We have specially taken into account the galaxy-cluster interactions and the intrinsic galaxy evolution.  相似文献   

2.
We have studied the poor southern cluster of galaxies S639. Based on new Strömgren photometry of stars in the direction of the cluster, we confirm that the Galactic extinction affecting the cluster is large. We find the extinction in Johnson B to be AB =0.75±0.03. We have obtained new photometry in Gunn r for E and S0 galaxies in the cluster. If the Fundamental Plane is used for determination of the relative distance and the peculiar velocity of the cluster, we find a distance, in velocity units, of (5706±350) km s−1, and a substantial peculiar velocity, (839±350) km s−1. However, the colours and the absorption line indices of the E and S0 galaxies indicate that the stellar populations in these galaxies are different from those in similar galaxies in the two rich clusters Coma and Hydra I. This difference may severely affect the distance determination and the derived peculiar velocity. The data are consistent with a non-significant peculiar velocity for S639 and the galaxies in the cluster being on average 0.2 dex younger than similar galaxies in Coma and Hydra I. The results for S639 caution that some large peculiar velocities may be spurious and caused by unusual stellar populations.  相似文献   

3.
A significant fraction of clusters of galaxies are observed to have substructure, which implies that merging between clusters and subclusters is a rather common physical process in cluster formation. It still remains unclear how cluster merging affects the evolution of cluster member galaxies. We report the results of numerical simulations that show the dynamical evolution of a gas-rich, late-type spiral in a merger between a small group of galaxies and a cluster. The simulations demonstrate that the time-dependent tidal gravitational field during merging excites non-axisymmetric structure of the galaxy, subsequently drives efficient transfer of gas to the central region and finally triggers a secondary starburst. This result provides a close physical relationship between the emergence of starburst galaxies and the formation of substructure in clusters. We accordingly interpret post-starburst galaxies located near substructure of the Coma Cluster as one observational example indicating the global tidal effects of group–cluster merging. Our numerical results further suggest a causal link between the observed excess of blue galaxies in distant clusters and the cluster virialization process through hierarchical merging of subclusters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
It is difficult to detect X-ray emission associated with galaxies in rich clusters, because the X-ray images of the clusters are dominated by the emission from their hot intracluster media (ICM). Only the nearby Virgo cluster provides us with information about the X-ray properties of galaxies in clusters. Here we report on the analysis of a deep ROSAT HRI image of the moderately rich cluster Abell 2634, by which we have been able to detect the X-ray emission from the galaxies in the cluster. The ICM of Abell 2634 is an order of magnitude denser than that of the Virgo cluster, and so this analysis allows us to explore the X-ray properties of individual galaxies in the richest environment yet explored.
By stacking the X-ray images of the galaxies together, we show that the emission from the galaxies appears to be marginally resolved by the HRI. This extent is smaller than for galaxies in poorer environments, and is comparable to the size of the galaxies in optical light. These facts suggest that the detected X-ray emission originates from the stellar populations of the galaxies, rather than from extended hot interstellar media. Support for this hypothesis comes from placing the optical and X-ray luminosities of these galaxies in the LB–LX plane: the galaxies of Abell 2634 lie in the region of this plane where models indicate that all the X-ray emission can be explained by the usual population of X-ray binaries. It is therefore probable that ram pressure stripping has removed the hot gas component from these galaxies.  相似文献   

5.
Using a large (14 857), homogenously selected sample of cluster galaxies identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4, we investigate the impact of cluster membership and local density on the stellar mass–gas phase metallicity relation (MZR). We show that stellar metallicities are not suitable for this work, being relatively insensitive to subtle changes in the MZR. Accurate nebular abundances can be obtained for 1318 cluster galaxies in our sample and we show that these galaxies are drawn from clusters that are fully representative of the parent sample in terms of mass, size, velocity dispersion and richness. By comparing the MZR of the cluster galaxies with a sample of control galaxies matched in mass, redshift, fibre covering fraction and rest-frame   g − r   colour cluster galaxies are found to have, on average, higher metallicities by up to 0.04 dex. The magnitude of this offset does not depend strongly on galactic half-light radius or cluster properties such as velocity dispersion or cluster mass. The effect of local density on the MZR is investigated, using the presence of a near neighbour and both two- and three-dimensional density estimators. For all three metrics, it is found that the cluster galaxies in locally rich environments have higher median metallicities by up to ∼0.05 dex than those in locally poor environments (or without a near neighbour). Control (non-cluster) galaxies at locally high densities exhibit similar metal enhancements. Taken together, these results show that galaxies in clusters are, on average, slightly more metal rich than the field, but that this effect is driven by local overdensity and not simply cluster membership.  相似文献   

6.
We present the results of a study of the morphology of the dwarf galaxy population in Abell 868, a rich, intermediate-redshift     cluster which has a galaxy luminosity function (LF) with a steep faint-end slope     . A statistical background subtraction method is employed to study the     colour distribution of the cluster galaxies. This distribution suggests that the galaxies contributing to the faint-end of the measured cluster LF can be split into three populations: dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrrs) with     dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs) with     and contaminating background giant ellipticals (gEs) with     . The removal of the contribution of the background gEs from the counts only marginally lessens the faint-end slope     . However, the removal of the contribution of the dIrrs from the counts produces a flat LF     . The dEs and the dIrrs have similar spatial distributions within the cluster, except that the dIrrs appear to be totally absent within a central projected radius of about 0.2 Mpc     . The number densities of both dEs and dIrrs appear to fall off beyond a projected radius of ≃ 0.35 Mpc. We suggest that the dE and dIrr populations of A868 have been associated with the cluster for similar time-scales, but evolutionary processes such as 'galaxy harassment' tend to fade the dIrr galaxies while having a much smaller effect on the dE galaxies. The harassment would be expected to have the greatest effect on dwarfs residing in the central parts of the cluster.  相似文献   

7.
Detailed three-dimensional numerical simulations of an elliptical galaxy orbiting in a gas-rich cluster of galaxies indicate that gas dynamic stripping is less efficient than the results from previous, simpler calculations by Takeda et al. and Gaetz et al. implied. This result is consistent with X-ray data for cluster elliptical galaxies. Hydrodynamic torques and direct accretion of orbital angular momentum can result in the formation of a cold gaseous disc, even in a non-rotating galaxy. The gas lost by cluster galaxies via the process of gas dynamic stripping tends to produce a colder, chemically enriched cluster gas core. A comparison of the models with the available X-ray data of cluster galaxies shows that the X-ray luminosity distribution of cluster galaxies may reflect hydrodynamic stripping, but also that a purely hydrodynamic treatment is inadequate for the cooler interstellar medium near the centre of the galaxy.  相似文献   

8.
We present BVI photometry of 190 galaxies in the central 4 ×3 deg2 region of the Fornax cluster observed with the Michigan Curtis Schmidt Telescope. Results from the Fornax Cluster Spectroscopic Survey (FCSS) and the Flair-II Fornax Surveys have been used to confirm the membership status of galaxies in the Fornax Cluster Catalogue (FCC). In our catalogue of 213 member galaxies, 92 (43 per cent) have confirmed radial velocities.
In this paper, we investigate the surface brightness–magnitude relation for Fornax cluster galaxies. Particular attention is given to the sample of cluster dwarfs and the newly discovered ultracompact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) from the FCSS. We examine the reliability of the surface brightness–magnitude relation as a method for determining cluster membership and find that at surface brightnesses fainter than 22 mag arcsec−2, it fails in its ability to distinguish between cluster members and barely resolved background galaxies. Cluster members exhibit a strong surface brightness–magnitude relation. Both elliptical (E) galaxies and dwarf elliptical (dE) galaxies increase in surface brightness as luminosity decreases. The UCDs lie off the locus of the relation.
  B − V   and   V − I   colours are determined for a sample of 113 cluster galaxies and the colour–magnitude relation is explored for each morphological type. The UCDs lie off the locus of the colour–magnitude relation. Their mean   V − I   colours (∼1.09) are similar to those of globular clusters associated with NGC 1399. The location of the UCDs on both surface brightness and colour–magnitude plots supports the 'galaxy threshing' model for infalling nucleated dwarf elliptical (dE, N) galaxies.  相似文献   

9.
We examine the evolutionary status of luminous, star-forming galaxies in intermediate-redshift clusters by considering their star formation rates (SFRs) and the chemical and ionization properties of their interstellar emitting gas. Our sample consists of 17 massive, star-forming, mostly disc galaxies with   MB ≲−20  , in clusters with redshifts in the range  0.31 ≲ z ≲ 0.59  , with a median of  〈 z 〉= 0.42  . We compare these galaxies with the identically selected and analysed intermediate-redshift field sample of Mouhcine et al., and with local galaxies from the Nearby Field Galaxy Survey of Jansen et al.
From our optical spectra, we measure the equivalent widths of  [O  ii ]λ3727, Hβ  and [O  iii ]λ5007 emission lines to determine diagnostic line ratios, oxygen abundances and extinction-corrected SFRs. The star-forming galaxies in intermediate-redshift clusters display emission-line equivalent widths which are, on average, significantly smaller than measured for field galaxies at comparable redshifts. However, a contrasting fraction of our cluster galaxies have equivalent widths similar to the highest observed in the field. This tentatively suggests a bimodality in the SFRs per unit luminosity for galaxies in distant clusters. We find no evidence for further bimodalities, or differences between our cluster and field samples, when examining additional diagnostics and the oxygen abundances of our galaxies. This maybe because no such differences exist, perhaps because the cluster galaxies which still display signs of star formation have recently arrived from the field. In order to examine this topic with more certainty, and to further investigate the way in which any disparity varies as a function of cluster properties, larger spectroscopic samples are needed.  相似文献   

10.
Abell 85 is a cD cluster of galaxies with the redshift of 0.055 in the southern hemisphere. Based on the spectroscopic data obtained by predecessors and the data of the SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey), 370 member galaxies of the cluster are sieved by means of the 3σ method and their dynamical states are analyzed. From the spatial distribution and the local line-of-sight velocity distribution of these member galaxies it is found that this cluster of galaxies contains 4 clear substructures and they are just in the process of pairwise coalescence. This shows that the cluster Abell 85 is in the actively dynamical state, far from reaching the dynamical equilibrium.  相似文献   

11.
In smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) codes with a large number of particles, star formation as well as gas and metal restitution from dying stars can be treated statistically. This approach allows one to include detailed chemical evolution and gas re-ejection with minor computational effort. Here we report on a new statistical algorithm for star formation and chemical evolution, especially conceived for SPH simulations with large numbers of particles, and for parallel SPH codes.
For the sake of illustration, we also present two astrophysical simulations obtained with this algorithm, implemented into the Tree-SPH code by Lia & Carraro .
In the first simulation, we follow the formation of an individual disc-like galaxy, predict the final structure and metallicity evolution, and test resolution effects. In the second simulation we simulate the formation and evolution of a cluster of galaxies, to demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm in investigating the chemo-dynamical evolution of galaxies and of the intergalactic medium in a cosmological context.  相似文献   

12.
This paper briefly presents a numerical code which simulates the evolution of galaxies belonging to rich clusters. The evolutionary model considers both, cluster dynamics and galaxy photometry, taking into account the galaxy-cluster interactions (collisional stripping, merging and ram-pressure stripping by the ICM) and the intrinsic galaxy evolution. We use different initial mass distributions for galaxies and we briefly discuss the influence of the initial segregation in mass on the evolution of the photometrical properties.Paper presented at the 11th European Regional Astronomical Meetings of the IAU on New Windows to the Universe, held 3–8 July, 1989, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.  相似文献   

13.
The recent detection by Limousin et al. of five new strong lensing events dominated by galaxy cluster members in Abell 1689, and outside the critical regime of the cluster itself, offers a way to obtain constraints on the cluster mass distribution in a region inaccessible to standard lensing analysis. In addition, modelling such systems will provide another window on the dark matter haloes of galaxies in very dense environments. Here, it is shown that the boost in image separation due to the external shear and convergence from a smooth cluster component means that more numerous, less massive galaxies have the potential to create multiple images with detectable separations, relative to isolated field galaxies. This comes in addition to a potential increase in their lensing (source plane) cross-section. To gain insight into the factors involved and as a precursor to a numerical study using N -body simulations, a simple analytic model of a cluster at   z = 0.3  lensing background galaxies at   z = 2  is considered here. The fiducial model has cluster members with isothermal density profiles and luminosities L , distributed in a Schechter function (faint-end slope  ν=−1.25  ), related to their velocity dispersions σ via the Faber–Jackson scaling L ∝σ4. Just outside the critical regime of the cluster, the scale of galaxy-dominated image separations is significantly increased. Folding in the fact that less massive galaxies present a lower lensing cross-section, and that the cross-section can itself be enhanced in an external field leads to a factor of a few times more detected events relative to field galaxies. These values will be higher closer to the critical curve. Given that the events in Abell 1689 were detected over a very small region of the cluster where ACS data were available, this motivates the search for such events in other clusters.  相似文献   

14.
This paper deals with the observed variation in the flattening of galaxies with the density of galaxies in the subclusters of Coma surrounding NGC 4889, NGC 4874, and NGC 4839 based on data from the Abastumani Combined Catalog of Galaxies. The mean values of the observed ratios of the diameters of the galaxies, as well as histograms of their distributions, indicate that in the central, dense regions of the subclusters within a volume of 0.5h 75 −1 Mpc3, E and S0 type galaxies are close to spheroidal. A significant reduction in the mean values of the diameters of the galaxies in the subclusters is noted, regardless of their morphology relative to the galaxies in the halo of the Coma cluster. In the subclusters, spiral galaxies are found with a hydrogen deficit that is more than 5 times the hydrogen deficit in spirals within the halo of the cluster. According to their 3-D coordinates, most of the galaxies with a hydrogen deficit are located closer to the south-east edge of the subcluster surrounding NGC 4874 near an extended gas filament in the x-ray region. This may indicate that the subcluster is moving toward a central condensation of faint galaxies in the Coma cluster and a possible merger with it. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 355–368 (August 2007).  相似文献   

15.
We present K -band observations of the low-luminosity galaxies in the Coma cluster, which are responsible for the steep upturn in the optical luminosity function at M R∼−16, discovered recently. The main results of this study are as follows.
(i) The optical–near-infrared colours of these galaxies imply that they are dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The median B − K colour for galaxies with −19.3< MK <−16.3 is 3.6 mag.
(ii) The K -band luminosity function in the Coma cluster is not well constrained, because of the uncertainties due to the field-to-field variance of the background. However, within the estimated large errors, this is consistent with the R -band luminosity function, shifted by ∼3 mag.
(iii) Many of the cluster dwarfs lie in a region of the B − K versus B − R colour–colour diagram where background galaxies are rare ( B − K <5; 1.2< B − R <1.6). Local dwarf spheroidal galaxies lie in this region too. This suggests that a better measurement of the K -band cluster luminosity can be made if the field-to-field variance of the background can be measured as a function of colour, even if it is large.
(iv) If we assume that none of the galaxies in the region of the B − K versus B − R plane given in (iii) in our cluster fields are background, and that all the cluster galaxies with 15.5< K <18.5 lie in this region of the plane, then we measure α=−1.41+0.34−0.37 for −19.3< MK −16.3, where α is the logarithmic slope of the luminosity function. The uncertainties in this number come from counting statistics.  相似文献   

16.
This paper investigates the possibility that ultra-compact dwarf (UCD) galaxies in the Fornax cluster are formed by the threshing of nucleated, early-type dwarf galaxies (hereafter dwarf galaxies).
Similar to the results of Côté et al. for the Virgo cluster, we show that the Fornax cluster observations are consistent with a single population in which all dwarfs are nucleated, with a ratio of nuclear to total magnitude that varies slowly with magnitude. Importantly, the magnitude distribution of the UCD population is similar to that of the dwarf nuclei in the Fornax cluster.
The joint population of UCDs and the dwarfs from which they may originate is modelled and shown to be consistent with a Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) profile with a characteristic radius of 5 kpc. Furthermore, a steady-state dynamical model reproduces the known mass profile of Fornax. However, there are a number of peculiarities in the velocity dispersion data that remain unexplained.
The simplest possible threshing model is tested, in which dwarf galaxies move on orbits in a static cluster potential and are threshed if they pass within a radius at which the tidal force from the cluster exceeds the internal gravity at the core of their dark matter halo. This fails to reproduce the observed fraction of UCDs at radii greater than 30 kpc from the core of Fornax.  相似文献   

17.
Galaxy harassment has been proposed as a physical process that morphologically transforms low surface density disc galaxies into dwarf elliptical galaxies in clusters. It has been used to link the observed very different morphology of distant cluster galaxies (relatively more blue galaxies with 'disturbed' morphologies) with the relatively large numbers of dwarf elliptical galaxies found in nearby clusters. One prediction of the harassment model is that the remnant galaxies should lie on low surface brightness tidal streams or arcs. We demonstrate in this paper that we have an analysis method that is sensitive to the detection of arcs down to a surface brightness of 29 B μ and we then use this method to search for arcs around 46 Virgo cluster dwarf elliptical galaxies. We find no evidence for tidal streams or arcs and consequently no evidence for galaxy harassment as a viable explanation for the relatively large numbers of dwarf galaxies found in the Virgo cluster.  相似文献   

18.
We simulate the assembly of a massive rich cluster and the formation of its constituent galaxies in a flat, low-density universe. Our most accurate model follows the collapse, the star formation history and the orbital motion of all galaxies more luminous than the Fornax dwarf spheroidal, while dark halo structure is tracked consistently throughout the cluster for all galaxies more luminous than the SMC. Within its virial radius this model contains about     dark matter particles and almost 5000 distinct dynamically resolved galaxies. Simulations of this same cluster at a variety of resolutions allow us to check explicitly for numerical convergence both of the dark matter structures produced by our new parallel N -body and substructure identification codes, and of the galaxy populations produced by the phenomenological models we use to follow cooling, star formation, feedback and stellar aging. This baryonic modelling is tuned so that our simulations reproduce the observed properties of isolated spirals outside clusters. Without further parameter adjustment our simulations then produce a luminosity function, a mass-to-light ratio, luminosity, number and velocity dispersion profiles, and a morphology–radius relation which are similar to those observed in real clusters. In particular, since our simulations follow galaxy merging explicitly, we can demonstrate that it accounts quantitatively for the observed cluster population of bulges and elliptical galaxies.  相似文献   

19.
We investigate the evolution of the star formation rate in cluster galaxies. We complement data from the Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology 1 (CNOC1) cluster survey  (0.15 < z < 0.6)  with measurements from galaxy clusters in the Two-degree Field (2dF) galaxy redshift survey  (0.05 < z < 0.1)  and measurements from recently published work on higher-redshift clusters, up to almost   z = 1  . We focus our attention on galaxies in the cluster core, i.e. galaxies with   r < 0.7  h −170 Mpc  . Averaging over clusters in redshift bins, we find that the fraction of galaxies with strong [O  ii ] emission is ≲20 per cent in cluster cores, and the fraction evolves little with redshift. In contrast, field galaxies from the survey show a very strong increase over the same redshift range. It thus appears that the environment in the cores of rich clusters is hostile to star formation at all the redshifts studied. We compare this result with the evolution of the colours of galaxies in cluster cores, first reported by Butcher and Oemler. Using the same galaxies for our analysis of the [O  ii ] emission, we confirm that the fraction of blue galaxies, which are defined as galaxies 0.2 mag bluer in the rest-frame B – V than the red sequence of each cluster, increases strongly with redshift. Because the colours of galaxies retain a memory of their recent star formation history, while emission from the [O  ii ] line does not, we suggest that these two results can best be reconciled if the rate at which the clusters are being assembled is higher in the past, and the galaxies from which it is being assembled are typically bluer.  相似文献   

20.
The study of galaxy clusters and groups covers a large range of physical scales, from cosmology to large scale structure, to individual galaxies. This workshop on the evolution of galaxies in clusters and groups provided a rich assembly of subjects. Brief summaries are given in some of these topics, including: the applications of clusters to cosmology, the evolution of cluster galaxies in the context of the Butcher-Oemler effect, the galaxy populations in clusters – from dwarfs to the cD galaxy, the interplay between cluster/group environment and the evolution of clusters, the infalling cluster members and the galaxy luminosity function. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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