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1.
本文基于长江中游江汉—洞庭盆地18个钻孔岩性、沉积特征及年代数据,结合研究区考古遗址点时空分布特征,恢复研究区全新世以来水文环境演变过程,并探讨了区域水文环境演变的成因机制及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,受东海海面上升和泥沙淤积等因素影响,距今11.5—5.5 ka,长江中游地区河湖水位呈上升趋势,随着新石器文化的发展及稻作农业活动的增加,人类文化聚落自山前平原地带逐渐向盆地平原中部扩展;距今5.5—4.0 ka,长江中游河湖水位有所下降,新石器晚期的屈家岭—石家河文化迅速发展,聚落数量增多,平原腹地聚落比例增加;距今4.0 ka前后,河湖水位再次有所上升,洪泛过程加剧,可能是石家河文化快速衰落的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
环嵩山地区史前聚落分布时空模式研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文利用GIS空间分析、模型分析,按照裴李岗（9000-7000 aBP）、仰韶（7000-5000 aBP）、龙山（5000-4000 aBP）、夏商（4000-3000 aBP）4个时期对环嵩山地区史前（9000-3000 aBP）聚落的空间分布形态、演化特征及其形成机制进行研究与分析,提出了一套适应于史前聚落时空分布模式研究的分析方法。结果表明：① 环嵩山地区裴李岗、仰韶、龙山、夏商4个时期史前聚落均具有集聚型空间分布特征,其中裴李岗和夏商时期聚落分别具有2个集聚中心,仰韶和龙山时期聚落分别具有3个集聚中心;② 区域史前聚落空间分布重心具有由南向北迁移的特征。裴李岗时期聚落以分布于南部地区为主,仰韶聚落分布重心开始向北部迁移,这种态势在龙山时期仍在持续。夏商时期,聚落分布形成了以嵩山北部为重心的东西分异特征;③ 史前聚落空间分布总体形态及演化特征的形成与自然环境条件与人类文化演进关系密切。以狩（渔）猎采集为主的经济形态使得裴李岗聚落主要分布于近山丘陵岗地与近水高台地两种地貌单元。全新世中期温暖湿润的气候条件对于南部平原地区影响较大,近山地区地势较高、顶面平坦的地貌单元成为仰韶、龙山时期聚落营建与开展农业生产理想的场所。夏商时期社会形态的复杂化使得聚落具有围绕都邑性中心聚落集中分布的趋势,嵩山北部也成为聚落分布的核心区域。 相似文献
3.
对辽东北部地区中全新世聚落遗址的时空特征进行分析研究,结合辽东北部地区的自然环境背景,探讨自然环境变迁与聚落遗址时空分布的关系。结果表明：① 研究区全新世文化序列可分为新乐下层时期-后洼上层时期-偏堡时期-北沟时期,各时期遗址数量及在总数中的比重均呈现出先增后降再增的“N” 型变化趋势。② 各期遗址点高程大多分布在0~200 m地区且高程分布呈先增后降的倒“V” 型变化;从坡度和坡向来看,各期遗址主要分布于0°~6°间平缓地区,除后洼上层时期外均分布于阳坡半阳坡且各时期聚落均表现出逐河而居的特征。③ 新乐下层时期,古人类受气候影响选择居于平原区较高海拔处,以避开潮湿低洼地带;后洼上层时期,下辽河平原的古人类为躲避洪水侵袭而选择远离河流的更高海拔处,而辽东山地地区后洼上层文化居民向高处迁徙的同时仍倾向于近河流居住以利用良好的渔猎环境;偏堡时期,受降温事件打击,为寻求更为温暖且食物充足的驻地,古人类从山地进入平坦温暖的平原。北沟时期,气候寒冷干燥,海侵进入衰退期,古人类开始向相对温暖的沿海地带进发,在原先被海水淹没的地区定居。 相似文献
4.
基于指数模型的郑州—洛阳地区史前聚落遗址空间分布 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了探究郑州—洛阳地区史前人类聚落遗址空间分布规律,在GIS 支持下,主要使用高程分析、坡度坡向分析和缓冲区分析等空间数据分析方法,分别获取4个史前文化时期聚落遗址分布与高程、坡度、坡向、离水距离4种环境因子的关系。在此基础上构造适宜性指数评价系统,建立聚落遗址指数模型,将模型结果与遗址具体分布情况进行比较,阐述遗址分布的特征和原因,并据此解读史前人地关系演变。研究结果表明:① 史前人类遗址选址对上述4 因子具有强烈的选择倾向:地势较低的地区更有利于人类生活、交通和农作物种植;坡度较小的平原地带受地表径流势能作用相对较小,有利于建造房屋和抵御自然灾害;阳坡(朝南)不仅可在一定程度上抵挡风寒,也适宜植被和作物生长,有利于人类获得更多的生产、生活资料;而河流湖泊则可为人类提供充足的水源。② 在4个史前文化时期中,裴李岗时期的人类生存能力较弱,对环境依赖性较强,为谋求生存,必须尽可能占据环境最优区域;在仰韶前期和仰韶后期,人类适应和改造自然的能力逐步提高,不仅能够选择条件较优的居住点,还开始扩展新的生存领域;龙山时期人类按自由意志活动的能力进一步增强,体现在遗址数量大幅增长,并开始出现社会分化现象,部分人群凭借某种特权得以优先占据条件最好的区域。 相似文献
5.
莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址时空分布特征及其环境背景 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于ArcGIS10.3平台对莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址的高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度等指标进行分析,得出该时期聚落遗址的时空分布及演变特征,并结合全新世莱州湾南岸的环境背景,探讨全新世环境演变对聚落遗址分布及演变的影响。研究表明：① 全新世莱州湾南岸的聚落遗址数量、出现频率及在总数中的比重基本呈现明显的先增后降的倒V型（非对称）变化趋势。② 遗址高程分布具有一定的规律性,几乎所有时期的遗址点均分布于高程范围在0~29 m的地区,而大汶口文化时期遗址高程分布范围为10~29 m。从坡度来看,聚落遗址主要分布于坡度范围在0~4°的平缓地区;从坡向来看,古人大多集中在南向、东南向和西南向的位置。后李文化至龙山文化时期,河流对聚落选址的影响程度逐渐降低。③ 8.5~6.9 ka B.P.气候总体进入温暖期,且冷暖波动,干湿交替,后李文化由此得到发展;6.9~4.5 ka B.P.出现了短暂的降温,但整体较温和,优越的自然条件促进了大汶口文化的发展;4.5~4.0 ka B.P.左右气候条件较大汶口文化时期略干,但在此基础上新石器文化仍得到进一步发展,并于龙山文化时期进入鼎盛阶段;4.0 ka B.P.左右气候突变,出现剧烈降温事件,变化幅度超出了人类的适应能力,岳石文化随之衰落。④ 海水入侵限制了人类活动,而古湖泊和古河道的形成为古人生活质量的提高创造了天然条件。 相似文献
6.
《山地学报》2017,(4)
冀东地区地处内蒙古高原、东北平原、华北平原的中间地带,是游牧文化和中原文化的过渡地带,在文化发展与传承中占有特殊地位。本文以冀东地区新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址为研究对象,利用ArcGIS软件和该地区30 m分辨率的SRTM DEM数据,建立了新石器时代到青铜时代冀东地区815个古聚落遗址的GIS数据库,对冀东地区聚落遗址分布密度、分布重心进行了分析,探讨了海拔高程、坡度、距河流远近等环境因子对不同时期聚落遗址分布的影响。结果表明:(1)新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址分布的平均密度呈稳步上升的趋势,由新石器时代的10.73×10~(-4)个/km~2到青铜时代的58.8×10~(-4)个/km~2;聚落遗址分布重心由燕南丘陵区(30×10~(-4)-36×10~(-4)个/km~2)转移到燕北山地地区(195×10~(-4)-234×10~(-4)个/km~2);(2)新石器时代到青铜时代聚落遗址集中分布在距河流中心线3 km以内的区域,但青铜时代3km缓冲区以外的聚落遗址比例升高,濒河性呈减弱趋势;(3)新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址变迁表现出明显的由低海拔(50 m)到较高海拔(500-1000 m),由低坡度(3°)到较高坡度(7°-15°)转移的趋势;(4)环境变化对平原地区聚落遗址的影响远大于山区。 相似文献
7.
环嵩山地区9000-3000aBP聚落分布与区域构造的关系 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用GIS叠置分析与统计分析,按照裴李岗、仰韶、龙山、夏商四个时期对环嵩山地区9000-3000 aBP 聚落分布特征与区域构造及地貌的之间关系进行分析。结果显示,早期聚落分布与区域构造存在密切的关系,构造活动深刻影响着区域地形的高低起伏与地势的陡峭和缓,而早期聚落选址对于平坦地形的偏好使得聚落分布时空特征形成过程中与区域构造密切相关。由于主要受正断层控制,环嵩山地区东部华北坳陷与嵩箕台隆地带呈整体抬升与下降特征,区域发育有大量断块山地丘陵、断陷盆地、平原等地势平坦的地貌单元,大量早期聚落分布于这一区域,甚至一些海拔较高、顶部平坦的山地、丘陵顶部也有早期聚落分布。而边缘地带的熊耳山、外方山、伏牛山等区域,由于多为褶皱控制的褶皱构造山地,区域平坦地形较少,早期聚落则分布较少。环嵩山地区9000-3000 aBP聚落分布与区域构造关系研究表明,早期人类与自然环境的交互作用中,环境起到基础性作用,其为人类活动提供了不同自然条件的多种舞台。而人类活动在这一过程中具有主观能动性,其通常依据自身的文化特征,选择适合自身发展的自然环境栖息、生活。 相似文献
8.
在野外调查的基础上对郑州地区现代的地貌类型进行划分,以现代地貌数据作为聚落分布的基础平台,结合已有的调研成果,从不同时代遗址分布的地貌特征与生存环境需求、聚落分布变化与河湖地貌变迁的关系等方面,对郑州地区西周前古聚落的生境选择与自然环境变迁进行剖析。结果表明:水源是先民生存繁衍的基础,但水环境的优劣在郑州文化迁徙中是一种辩证的关系。在郑州地区先民们聚落的选址位置与湖泊消亡变迁也十分微妙。全新世以来,裴李岗的聚落只能选址在老湖积高地上。到了仰韶时代,聚落开始向湖沼边岸地带扩散。从龙山时期到商代,随着西部湖泊的萎缩消亡而向东发育,人类逐渐向低处转移,直至占据湖积平原。聚落的分布密度和范围逐渐从郑州西部扩迁到东部,尤以商代的遗址分布特征最为明显。 相似文献
9.
通过生成遗址点的Thiessen多边形,结合应用小多边形的概念及理论,综合分析了安徽淮北平原地区史前文化遗址的聚集状况以及该地区在石山子文化时期、大汶口文化时期和龙山文化时期的农业状况、生存环境及交通等特征。结果表明:用Thiessen多边形空间分析方法可以有效确定聚落中心,并合理推测史前时期农业、生存环境和交通等人地关系状况。从石山子到龙山文化时期,小多边形数量不断增加反映出聚落聚集程度和文化交流水平的提高,大汶口和龙山文化时期淮北平原中部明显是区域内聚落的中心,且多边形中心到边的距离逐渐减小说明先民对农业的依赖程度及农业发展水平也在不断提高。淮北平原史前文化发展受环境变化影响,从石山子到龙山文化时期,气候条件逐渐趋于干旱,沼泽萎缩,气温变化不大,这种环境条件十分有利于先民的生产生活,不仅遗址和小多边形数量不断增多,而且在平原中部和淮河干流沿岸地区出现了多个遗址群和聚落中心,史前文化蓬勃发展,人类适应自然和改造自然的能力提高。从小多边形的分布方向也可以推断出西北—东南向古水系对淮北平原史前遗址之间的交通起控制作用。 相似文献
10.
旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据对贵州230 处遗址的时空变化分析发现, 贵州旧石器时代遗址集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南等喀斯特发育的高海拔区域。至新石器时代, 遗址仍集中分布在中部、西北部和黔西南地区, 但南部、东部等沿河地带和中西部的山间坝子开始有遗址分布。到商周时期, 遗址主要分布在沿河地带和山间坝子里。其中, 东部和南部海拔低于1000 m的地区遗址多分布在沿河地带, 而西部和北部海拔高于1000 m的地区遗址则分布在山间坝子。贵州位于亚热带湿润气候区, 气候环境的冷暖干湿波动对从事渔猎、采集及原始农业生产的古人类影响不大, 人类居住空间变化更多的与贵州特殊的自然地理背景有关, 特别是喀斯特地貌发育及适宜农业生产地方的空间差异, 对贵州旧石器至商周时期的遗址分布影响显著。旧石器时代人类以采集和渔猎为生, 临近水源的天然溶洞是人类居住的首选。随农业的出现和发展, 便于农耕的沿河地带和山间坝子成为人类的生活居住地。故新石器时代, 贵州先民居住呈现洞穴和河流阶地或山间坝子并存;至商周时期, 农业成为人类的主要经济生产方式, 人类主要居住在沿河地带和山间坝子里。 相似文献
11.
Settlement distribution and its relationship with environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong, China 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution of the settlement sites of six periods from the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong was investigated using the ArcGIS program, and the relationship between settlement distribution and environmental changes was discussed, based on the proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in the sediments from three sections at the Shuangwangcheng site and the previous work. The results show that the climate was warm and humid and the sea level was relatively high during the period of 8000-5000 a BP in the study area, and the ancient people lived in the relatively flat （slope of 〈2°） areas at high elevation （20-300 m above sea level）, such as diluvial tableland and alluvial plain. On the other hand, few archaeological sites in the low-lying plain in the west of the study area indicate that few people lived there during that period. This might be attributed to frequent flooding in the area. After 5000 years ago, the scope of human activity extended to the area close to the sea because the relatively colder and drier climate results in sea-level fall, meanwhile the low-lying plain in the west was occupied by the ancient people. The study area of this period was characterized by the rapid development of prehistoric culture, the intensified social stratification and the emergence of early city-states. However, around 4000 a BP, the abrupt change in climate and the increase in frequency and intensity of floods severely disrupted human activities, and eventually led to the decline of the Yueshi culture. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the climatic conditions gradually stabilized in a mild-dry state, which promoted the redevelopment and flourish of the Bronze Culture. The previous situation, which was characteristic of sparse human settlements due to freshwater shortage and unfitted conditions for sedentary agriculture, changed during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern coastal wetlands.Local residents effectively adapted themselves to the tough environmental conditions by producing sea-salt, which led to the rapid growth of human activities. 相似文献
12.
长江三角洲7000年来的环境变迁 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
上海马桥遗址14C测年、环境地球化学、孢粉与环境磁学分析,结合搜集的研究区部分考古地层与自然地层分析,结果表明,7 200 aBP~5 300 aBP研究区经历一次海退过程,大面积土地裸露,为良渚时期人类活动提供了广阔空间。该期适宜的气候使当时人类活动频繁,文化发达,出现前所未有的玉器文化。良渚文化后期气候向干冷转化,导致一次大范围的洪泛期,使良渚文化衰落。考古地层、自然洪积层以及与建湖庆丰剖面气候曲线分析表明,研究区洪泛期与气候转型期相一致。考古地层与自然地层对比研究认为,洪水事件是研究区存在多期文化断层的重要原因。 相似文献
13.
The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China. 相似文献
14.
The Yangtze Delta is one of the economically most developed areas in China. It is located in the eastern China monsoon region. Archaeological excavations and environment-archaeology studies over many years in this region provide exceptional information about climate changes, development of human civilization and also human-environment interactions. Archaeological excavations made in the study region reveal that the development of Neolithic cultures is not continuous, which may be a result of extreme climatic events. The analysis of ^14C-dated buried paleotrees, peat and shell ridges show the rise and fall of human civilization in the study area. The research results presented in this paper confirm that human civilization collapsed six times in the Yangtze Delta, matching six high sea level epoches, peat accumulation and buried paleotrees formation periods respectively. This indicates that human activities in the Yangtze Delta are controlled by local climate changes and changing hydrological conditions. The collapse of the Liangzhu culture (5000 aBP-3800 aBP) in about 4000 aBP, after a tremendous flooding event, followed by a relatively backward Maqiao culture (3800 aBP-3200 aBP) confused researchers and aroused their great interest. The research results in this paper show that the collapse of the Liangzhu culture is a result of several factors, for example war and food shortage, but the flooding event occurred in the late Liangzhu culture epoch is the main factor therein. 相似文献
15.
《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2012,112(2):93-104
The twenty-first century is likely to be characterised by large changes in regional climatic and environmental conditions, with implications for the availability and distribution of key resources such as water and productive land. While the implications of such changes for human societies are potentially profound, the empirical evidence base for understanding human–environment interactions focuses largely on the relatively recent past, during which examples of rapid and severe climate change are lacking. While there are no precise past analogues for twenty-first century climate change, the Middle Holocene Climatic Transition (MHCT), from about 6400–5000?years before present, provides us with an example of a period of large-scale global climatic reorganisation, punctuated by episodes of rapid and severe climate change, at a time when human societies were beginning to resemble those of today. A survey of archaeological and palaeo-environmental data from the northern hemisphere subtropics and other regions provides us with evidence for linked climatic, environmental and societal change during the MHCT. This evidence, the strength of which varies with location, allows us to construct convincing narratives of linked climatic, environmental and societal changes that accommodate a variety of responses and outcomes, and that are much more nuanced than narratives of the proposed climate-induced collapse of individual societies. Such synthetic studies that compare contexts across time and space can help us understand human–environment interactions during times of climatic disruption, while allowing for diverse outcomes and avoiding the pitfalls of climatic determinism. 相似文献
16.
ZHANG Guangsheng ZHU Cheng WANG Jihuai ZHU Guangyao MA Chunmei ZHENG Chaogui ZHAO Lanhui LI Zhongxuan LI Lan JIN Aichun 《地理学报》2010,20(3):455-468
Based on the samples collected from the west wall of the ABYT2004 at Yuhuicun Site in Bengbu, Anhui Province, the multi-environmental substitute indexes such as the grain-size, Rb/Sr, zircon crystal morphology and magnetic susceptibility were analyzed. The age of archaeological strata was determined by AMS14C dating. According to the results, combined with the information of the ancient human activities and the cultural heritage data obtained from the Longshan cultural archaeological strata, it can be concluded that (1) Before 4500 aBP, the climate was humid and water level was high in the Huaihe River and its tributaries, the drainage basin and its surrounding areas were even flooded, so the site area was submerged and there were no human activities around the site. (2) About 4500 aBP, the climate began to become drier and water level of the Huaihe River and its tributaries began to decline, thus floodplain gradually appeared, Yuhuicun Site and Longshan Culture began to appear. (3) Around 4100 aBP, the climate was humid and rainfall was abundant, which resulted in frequent flood disasters in the whole Huaihe River Basin. (4) After 4100 aBP, the climate gradually transited to be cold and dry, agricultural production was constrained to reduce the food source, Yuhuicun Site was almost abandoned. (5) The environmental information in sedimentary strata and historical records based on ancient books agree with each other. In addition, Yuhuicun Site was related to Dayu Zhishui (Yu the Great in taming the floods) in ancient books. 相似文献
17.
黄河下游地区堌堆遗址时空分布特征及其与黄河洪水关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对考古资料和古文献的查询、总结，阐释了黄河下游地区堌堆遗址的形成及其时空分布特征，利用地理学和统计学的方法，分析了该地区堌堆遗址分布与黄河洪水之间的关系。研究表明，堌堆遗址时间分布为大汶口文化、龙山文化、岳石文化、商周与汉时期，且主要分布在龙山文化时期，可能反映了古人类向黄河下游迁移及洪水相对频发的情势；汉代以后由于国家和黄河两岸居民抵御黄河洪水的策略转为筑堤，且此后一段时期黄河长期安流，致使堌堆被逐渐废弃。堌堆遗址空间分布为鲁西南，豫东北地区，位于历史时期黄河频繁改道与泛滥的重点区域，这些地区地势较低，容易发生洪水泛滥事件。研究认为黄河洪水是影响堌堆遗址分布的主要因素，洪水的出现迫使人类避往高处，而生活在平原地区的居民主要采取加高居住地的策略避洪，从而形成了堌堆——今日的堌堆遗址。 相似文献
18.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(3)
Based on the samples collected from the west wall of the ABYT2004 at Yuhuicun Site in Bengbu,Anhui Province,the multi-environmental substitute indexes such as the grain-size,Rb/Sr,zircon crystal morphology and magnetic susceptibility were analyzed.The age of archaeological strata was determined by AMS14C dating.According to the results,combined with the information of the ancient human activities and the cultural heritage data obtained from the Longshan cultural archaeological strata,it can be concluded that(1) Before 4500 aBP,the climate was humid and water level was high in the Huaihe River and its tributaries,the drainage basin and its surrounding areas were even flooded,so the site area was submerged and there were no human activities around the site.(2) About 4500 aBP,the climate began to become drier and water level of the Huaihe River and its tributaries began to decline,thus floodplain gradually appeared,Yuhuicun Site and Longshan Culture began to appear.(3) Around 4100 aBP,the climate was humid and rainfall was abundant,which resulted in frequent flood disasters in the whole Huaihe River Basin.(4) After 4100 aBP,the climate gradually transited to be cold and dry,agricultural production was constrained to reduce the food source,Yuhuicun Site was almost abandoned.(5) The environmental information in sedimentary strata and historical records based on ancient books agree with each other.In addition,Yuhuicun Site was related to Dayu Zhishui(Yu the Great in taming the floods) in ancient books. 相似文献