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1.
中国天山冰川生态服务功能及价值评估 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
山岳冰川是干旱区生态环境和社会经济可持续发展的物质基础和特色文化基础,具有独特且无法替代的生态服务功能,而目前对冰川调节生态环境和提供人类福祉等方面服务功能和价值估算研究很少。本文基于第一、二次冰川编目数据,分析中国天山冰川面积和冰储量变化特征;梳理并构建山岳冰川生态服务功能体系,结合单位面积服务功能价格法和当量因子法,评估中国天山冰川年生态服务价值。结果显示：① 1970-2010年间,中国天山冰川面积减少1274 km2,退缩了13.9%,年平均冰川储量减少约4.08×109 m3。高海拔区（> 5200 m）冰川面积出现增加,可能是由于该区域降水增加对冰川积累的作用大于气温上升对冰川消融作用造成的。② 中国天山冰川年生态服务价值为602亿元,气候调节、水文调节和淡水资源供给价值分别占总价值的66.4%、21.6%和9.3%,水力发电的年均生态服务价值约为3.5亿元,其他类型的调节和服务功能价值约12.8亿元。③ 比较分析冰川、森林、草地和湿地生态系统不同服务价值所占总价值比例发现,淡水资源供给/实物生产和生态调节功能在生态系统中均占比例较大,冰川单位面积生态服务价值高于其他类生态系统。本文以期能提高冰川对人类福祉和维持生态环境等方面的认知,服务于冰冻圈生态安全、环境保护以及资源的可持续利用规划与管理。 相似文献
2.
森林生态系统服务价值评估对于人们全面认识森林生态系统服务功能及制定森林资源保护法规政策具有重要意义。依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721-2008）、祁连山区森林生态系统定位观测数据、2008年森林资源调查数据及社会公共数据,对甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值进行了评估。甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统年服务价值总计为654.44亿元。按服务功能类型的价值比例从高到低排序为:保育土壤（46.59%）>生物多样性保护（25.53%）>涵养水源（14.03%）>固碳释氧（12.69%）>森林防护（0.50%）>积累营养物质（0.41%）>净化大气环境（0.24%）>森林游憩（0.01%）。按森林类型的价值比例从高到低排序为:灌木林地（63.7%）>有林地（34.1%）>疏林地（2.18%）。单位面积林地年均产生的生态系统服务价值为7.47万元·hm-2,其中,最大为有林地,其次是灌木林地,第三是疏林地。本文还对比分析了本次评估与以前较为全面的7次评估之间的差别及原因。 相似文献
3.
近50年来祁连山冰川变化——基于中国第一、二次冰川编目数据 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
《地理学报》2015,(9)
基于修订后的祁连山区第一次冰川编目(1956-1983年)和最新发布的第二次冰川编目数据(2005-2010年),对祁连山区冰川变化进行分析。结果表明:1祁连山区现有冰川2684条,面积1597.81±70.30 km2,冰储量约84.48 km3。其中,甘肃省和青海省各有冰川1492条和1192条,面积分别为760.96 km2和836.85 km2。2祁连山区冰川数量和面积分别以面积1.0 km2的冰川和面积介于1~5 km2的冰川为主;冰川平均中值面积海拔为4972.7 m,并自东向西由4483.8 m逐渐上升为5234.1 m。3疏勒河流域冰川面积和冰储量最大,占祁连山冰川总量的31.91%和35.11%;其次是哈尔腾河流域,巴音郭勒河流域冰川面积最小,为2.20 km2;黑河流域是祁连山区冰川平均面积最小的四级流域,冰川平均面积仅0.21 km2。4近50年间祁连山冰川面积和冰储量分别减少420.81 km2(-20.88%)和21.63 km3(-20.26%)。面积1.0 km2的冰川急剧萎缩是该区冰川面积减少的主要原因,海拔4000 m以下山区冰川已完全消失,海拔4350~5100 m区间冰川面积减少量占冰川面积总损失的84.24%。冰川数量和面积在各个朝向均呈减少态势,其中朝北冰川面积减少最多,朝东冰川面积减少最快,而西北朝向冰川变化最为缓慢。5祁连山冰川变化呈现明显的经度地带性分异,东段冰川退缩较快,中西段冰川面积减少较慢。 相似文献
4.
南海珊瑚礁经济价值评估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据已有的基础数据、国外文献资料及野外调查资料,利用生产效益法和数值转移法估算南海珊瑚礁的经济价值（包括渔业经济价值、海岸保护价值、旅游休闲价值、生物多样性价值）以及由于过度捕捞、破坏性捕捞和陆源沉积物污染而造成其经济价值的损失。结果显示：南海珊瑚礁年经济价值为156.5亿元,其中渔业价值占90%,为140.4亿元;其次是海岸保护价值,占5.5%,为8.7亿元;而旅游休闲价值和生物多样性价值分别为5.3亿元和2.1亿元。珊瑚礁如果维持可持续利用的状态,并考虑10%的贴现率,未来20 a珊瑚礁总的经济价值为1 370亿元。由于南海珊瑚礁面临最大的威胁是人类不合理的利用,其对今后20 a珊瑚礁带来的经济损失是258.8亿元,其中因破坏性捕捞造成的损失为249.6亿元,占总经济价值损失的96.4%,而因过度性捕捞和陆源沉积物造成的经济损失分别是3.3亿元和5.9亿元。人类干扰对今后20 a南海珊瑚礁造成的经济价值损失占未来20 a南海珊瑚礁总经济价值的18.98%。 相似文献
5.
石羊河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其计量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态学和生态经济学研究的一个热点,生态服务功能的空间异质性是影响生态系统服务价值的重要因素,也是国家制定生态补偿政策的基础,但不易对其进行定量计算。本文以石羊河流域为例,遵循资源稀缺性原理,依生态区位（自然和社会）差异条件对石羊河各流域生态服务功能空间异质性进行测算。在此基础上,利用2009年石羊河流域各地区基础数据建立计量模型,对其流域内植被系统生态系统服务价值进行测算;并利用ArcGIS9.3对石羊河流域单位面积生态系统服务价值进行可视化处理。结果表明:（1）石羊河流域同一生态系统在不同流域存在巨大差异,其中以耕地最为明显,其下游是上游单位生态系统服务价值的13.99倍;（2）上游地区为典型的生态“输出”型地区,而中游与下游为典型的“输入”型地区;（3）耕地已经成为石羊河流域中游与下游重要的生态系统,其生态系统服务价值分别为334 343.516万元和125 179.201万元;（4）石羊河流域植被系统生态系统服务价值为1 277 691.282万元,占石羊河流域国内生产总值的32.53%。 相似文献
6.
1959年来中国天山冰川资源时空变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于两期冰川编目数据与气象数据,对天山1959年来冰川资源的时空变化特征进行研究。研究发现：① 天山地区现有冰川7934条,面积7179.77 km2,冰储量756.48 km3。冰川数量以面积< 1 km2的冰川居多,面积以1~10 km2和≥ 20 km2的冰川为主,冰川集中分布在海拔3800~4800 m之间。② 在四级流域中,阿克苏河流域冰川面积最大为1721.75 km2,面积最小的是伊吾河流域,为56.03 km2。在各市（州）中,阿克苏地区冰川资源量最多,其面积和储量分别占天山总量的43.28%和68.85%;冰川资源量最少的市（州）是吐鲁番地区,面积和储量仅占天山总量的0.23%和0.07%。③ 1959年来,天山地区冰川面积减少了1619.82 km2（-18.41%）,储量亏损了104.78 km3（-12.16%）,其中数量以< 1 km2的冰川减少最多,面积减少以< 5 km2的冰川最为严重。④ 冰川变化呈现明显的区域差异,变化速度最快的是天山东段博格达北坡流域,变化最慢的是中部的渭干河流域。初步分析认为夏季气温显著上升带来的消融大于年内降水带来的积累是天山冰川退缩的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
2015年中国生态系统生态破坏损失核算研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用遥感影像数据,结合第八次全国森林资源清查和第二次全国湿地资源调查以及草地监测报告,对中国2015年森林、草地和湿地三大生态系统因人类不合理利用导致的生态破坏损失进行核算。核算结果显示：① 2015年中国生态破坏损失约为2.38万亿元,占GDP比重的3.3%。其中,森林生态破坏损失约为2 437.5亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的10.2%;草地生态破坏损失约为3 112.1亿元,占比为13.1%;湿地生态破坏损失约为18 269.6亿元,占比76.7%。② 中国生态破坏损失主要分布在西部地区,区域空间差异大,青海、湖南、四川、黑龙江、内蒙古、江苏等省份的生态破坏损失都大于1 000亿元。③ 中国生态破坏损失主要来自气候调节和水流动调节服务损失。2015年中国气候调节服务损失量为17 451.8亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的73.3%;水流动调节服务损失量为4 234.6亿元,占比为17.8%。 相似文献
8.
陕西省湿地生态系统服务价值初步评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《湿地科学》2017,(6)
结合陕西省第二次湿地资源调查数据和其它相关资料,采用市场价值法和替代成本法等方法,评价了2014年陕西省湿地生态系提供的9类生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2014年陕西省湿地生态服务系统总价值为2 887.14×108元,占全省生产总值的15.41%;其中,涵养水源服务价值最高,为1 894.02×108元,占总价值的65.6%,其次为供水服务价值,为537.01×108元,占总价值的18.6%。 相似文献
9.
洞庭湖流域水生态系统服务功能经济价值研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
以洞庭湖流域水生态系统为例,在明确河湖库塘生态系统服务功能内涵的基础上,运用生态学与生态经济学方法对洞庭湖流域各类水生态系统服务功能经济价值进行了评估。结果表明,全流域河湖库塘水生态系统服务功能总价值量为1106.19亿元,约占湖南省2004年GDP(5612.26亿元)的19.7%,其中,城镇和农村生活供水、工农业生产供水、水力发电、内陆航运等直接利用价值为415.698亿元;调洪、输沙、水资源贮存等间接利用价值为690.492亿元。可以认为,流域水生态系统服务功能对湖南省工农业生产的持续发展,维系生态环境健康和人民生命财产安全起到了不可替代的支撑和保障作用。 相似文献
10.
三江源地区草地生态系统服务价值评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
三江源地区的草地生态系统对于维持区域生态平衡和保障社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于千年生态系统评估(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA)的生态系统服务分类体系, 采用多种方法对三江源草地生态系统的9 项服务价值逐项进行了评估, 得出2000 年三江源草地生态系统服务价值为562.60 亿元, 其中价值最高的两种服务类型依次为气候调节和食物生产, 分别达259.09 亿元和111.68 亿元, 贡献率分别为46.05%、19.85%。按照草地类型划分, 高寒草甸和高寒草原服务价值分别为490.95 亿元、64.68 亿元, 占总服务价值的87.42%和11.52%。虽然沼泽单位面积服务价值最高, 为4230.77 元/hm2, 但在草地生态系统面积中所占比例较低, 总价值相对很低。本文关于三江源草地生态系统的评估结果可以为制定区域生态保护和生态补偿政策提供科学支撑。 相似文献
11.
《地理学报(英文版)》2020,(8)
Glaciers provide essential resources and services for human well-being and socio-economic development in arid regions. It is of great significance for regional socioeconomic sustainable development and environmental protection to conduct a glacier service value assessment and to analyze its spatiotemporal characteristics. Based on the first and second Chinese glacier inventories of the Qilian Mountains, a glacier service value evaluation system was established. Then the glacier service value and its spatiotemporal variation were assessed by combining the methods of unit area service price, value equivalent factor, and the glacier service value change index(GSCI). Three key results were obtained.(1) The total service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains for 2016 was 24.354 billion yuan. The main services provided were climate regulation and runoff regulation, which accounted for 60.58% and 33.14% of the total service value, respectively. Minor services were freshwater supply and hydropower, which accounted for 3.47% and 1.75% of the total value, respectively. The value of other types of services was about 0.259 billion yuan.(2) Among the various river systems in the Qilian Mountains, the Shule River basin had the highest glacier service value(7.771 billion yuan, 31.91%), followed by the Haltang River basin(4.321 billion yuan, 17.74%) and the Beida River basin(3.281 billion yuan, 13.47%). In terms of administrative divisions, the glacier service value of the Qilian Mountains in Qinghai Province was 1.138 billion yuan higher than that of Gansu Province at 11.608 billion yuan, of which the services in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Jiuquan City were valued at 11.124(45.68%) and 7.758(31.86%) billion yuan, respectively.(3) During the period from 1956 to 2010, the service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains declined by 435 million yuan, with an acceleration in the decreasing trend from west to east. 相似文献
12.
Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half-century: Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Glaciers are the most important fresh-water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of western China. According to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI), primarily compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images, the Qilian Mountains had 2684 glaciers covering an area of 1597.81±70.30 km2 and an ice volume of ~84.48 km3 from 2005 to 2010. While most glaciers are small (85.66% are <1.0 km2), some larger ones (12.74% in the range 1.0–5.0 km2) cover 42.44% of the total glacier area. The Laohugou Glacier No.12 (20.42 km2) located on the north slope of the Daxue Range is the only glacier >20 km2 in the Qilian Mountains. Median glacier elevation was 4972.7 m and gradually increased from east to west. Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are distributed in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, which have 1492 glaciers (760.96 km2) and 1192 glaciers (836.85 km2), respectively. The Shule River basin contains the most glaciers in both area and volume. However, the Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China, has the minimum average glacier area. A comparison of glaciers from the SCGI and revised glacier inventory based on topographic maps and aerial photos taken from 1956 to 1983 indicate that all glaciers have receded, which is consistent with other mountain and plateau areas in western China. In the past half-century, the area and volume of glaciers decreased by 420.81 km2 (–20.88%) and 21.63 km3 (–20.26%), respectively. Glaciers with areas <1.0 km2 decreased the most in number and area recession. Due to glacier shrinkage, glaciers below 4000 m completely disappeared. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains presented a clear longitudinal zonality, i.e., the glaciers rapidly shrank in the east but slowly in the central-west. The primary cause of glacier recession was warming temperatures, which was slightly mitigated with increased precipitation. 相似文献
13.
Evaluation on glaciers ecological services value in the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Mountain glaciers, which perform a unique and irreplaceable ecological service, provide the material basis and characteristic cultural foundation of the ecological environment and sustainable socio-economic development in arid areas. However, few studies have estimated the service value of glaciers in regulating ecological environment and providing human welfare. According to the statistics of the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (FCGI/SCGI), this study analyzed the variations in glacier area and ice volume in the Tianshan Mountains in China and modeled the ecosystem service function of mountain glaciers. The service value per unit area and equivalent factor methods were combined to determine the annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area. The results show that: (1) In the period 1970–2010, the glacier area decreased by 1274 km2 (the ratio of area shrinkage was 13.9%) and the annual average decrease in ice volume was 4.08×109 m3. The increase in glacier area at high altitudes (> 5200 m) may be due to the fact that glacier accumulation caused by increasing precipitation is greater than glacier melting caused by rising temperatures. (2) The annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area is 60.2 billion yuan. The values of climate regulation, hydrological regulation, and freshwater resource supply account for 66.4%, 21.6%, and 9.3% of the total value respectively. The annual value of the ecological service provided by hydroelectric power is 350 million yuan. (3) From a comparative analysis of the glaciers, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems, the supply of freshwater resources/physical production and ecological regulation represent the main contributions of the four types of system, and the ecosystem service value of glaciers per unit area is higher than that of other types of ecosystem. This research will improve the understanding of the impact of glaciers on human welfare and maintenance of the ecological environment and will promote the ecological security of the cryosphere, environmental protection, and the sustainable use of resources.
相似文献14.
再论青藏高原范围 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
伴随青藏高原研究的深入,高原内外多学科研究程度和认识的提高,及地理大数据、地球观测科学和技术的进步,对青藏高原范围提出了新的要求。本研究系统论述了确定青藏高原范围的原则、依据和方法,分析探讨了高原地貌宏观结构（高原面、高原内低盆地与高原边缘河谷低地等）和周围边界各自然地段构成的基本特征。采用ArcMap软件,通过遥感影像和DEM数据及新资料对高原地貌比较研究,实现了1：100万比例尺地图精度的青藏高原范围的界定。研究表明,青藏高原北起西昆仑山-祁连山山脉北麓,南抵喜马拉雅山等山脉南麓,南北最宽达1560 km;西自兴都库什山脉和帕米尔高原西缘,东抵横断山等山脉东缘,东西最长约3360 km;范围为25°59′30″N~40°1′0″N、67°40′37″E~104°40′57″E,总面积为308.34万km2,平均海拔约4320 m。在行政区域上,青藏高原分布于中国、印度、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸、吉尔吉斯斯坦等9个国家。其中中国境内的青藏高原面积约258.09万km2（占高原总面积的83.7%）,平均海拔约4400 m,分布在西藏、青海、甘肃、四川、云南和新疆等6省区,西藏和青海两省区主体分布在高原范围内（约占高原总面积的60.6%）。 相似文献
15.
Based on the glacier area variation records in the typical regions of China monitored by remote sensing, as well as the meteorological data of air temperature and precipitation from 139 stations and the 0℃ isotherm height from 28 stations, the glacier area shrinkage in China and its climatic background in the past half century was discussed. The initial glacier area calculated in this study was 23,982 km2 in the 1960s/1970s, but the present area was only 21,893 km2 in the 2000s. The area-weighted shrinking rate of glacier was 10.1%, and the interpolated annual percentage of area changes (APAC) of glacier was 0.3% a-1 since 1960. The high APAC was found at the Ili River Basin and the Junggar Interior Basin around the Tianshan Mountains, the Ob River Basin around the Altay Mountains, the Hexi Interior Basin around the Qilian Mountains, etc. The retreat of glacier was affected by the climatic background, and the influence on glacier of the slight-increased precipitation was counteracted by the significant warming in summer. 相似文献
16.
近50 年气候变化背景下中国冰川面积状况分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
根据近年来中国典型区域冰川面积变化遥感监测数据,结合139 个地面站的气温、降水量与28 个探空站的0 ℃层高度气象资料,分析了近50 年气候变化背景下中国冰川面积状况。结果表明,研究区冰川面积从20 世纪60-70 年代的23982 km2减小到21 世纪初的21893 km2,根据冰川分布进行加权计算后冰川面积退缩了10.1%,对时间插补后得到1960 年以来的冰川面积年均变化率为0.3 % a-1。就冰川面积变化的空间分布特征而言,天山的伊犁河流域、准噶尔内流水系、阿尔泰山的鄂毕河流域、祁连山的河西内流水系等都是冰川退缩程度较高的区域。近50 年中国冰川区夏季地面气温与大气0 ℃层高度均呈上升趋势,而降水量的增幅却相对轻微,增长的降水量不足以抵消升温对冰川的影响,气候变暖是影响冰川面积变化的主要因素。 相似文献
17.
近些年来，生态系统的服务价值研究已成为生态学以及生态经济学领域中的一个热点问题。祁连山被称为伸进西北干旱区的一座湿岛，在我国“一带一路”建设中占有重要地位。景电灌区兴建以来从祁连山移出了大量农牧民。那么，景电灌区移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值如何呢？以景电灌区移民涉及到的祁连山东端景泰、古浪、天祝3县山区为研究区，用价值工程方法对从祁连山区向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草的生态价值做了分析，并与模型因子当量法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为37.458 1×108元。其中，退耕还林还草的生态价值为37.438 6×08元，退牧后草场植被盖度增加的生态价值为194.79×104元。计算结果为用COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法计算得的祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态服务价值40.054 0×08元的93.52%。两种方法计算结果祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为景电工程年总成本1.45×08元的25.8~27.6倍。两种计算结果一致表明，景电灌区生态移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值十分突出。由此也可以看出，COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法适用于祁连山的生态服务价值分析。 相似文献
18.
近50年气候变化背景下中国西部冰川面积状况分析(英文) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Based on the glacier area variation records in the typical regions of China moni-tored by remote sensing, as well as the meteorological data of air temperature and precipitation from 139 stations and the 0℃ isotherm height from 28 stations, the glacier area shrinkage in China and its climatic background in the past half century was discussed. The initial glacier area calculated in this study was 23,982 km2 in the 1960s/1970s, but the present area was only 21,893 km2 in the 2000s. The area-weighted shrinking rate of glacier was 10.1%, and the interpolated annual percentage of area changes (APAC) of glacier was 0.3% a-1 since 1960. The high APAC was found at the Ili River Basin and the Junggar Interior Basin around the Tianshan Mountains, the Ob River Basin around the Altay Mountains, the Hexi Interior Basin around the Qilian Mountains, etc. The retreat of glacier was affected by the climatic background, and the influence on glacier of the slight-increased precipitation was counteracted by the significant warming in summer. 相似文献