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This paper provides some additional evidence supporting the necessary (but insufficient) condition for the formation of stream meandering proposed by Nakagawa: where Me is a non-dimensional parameter, τs, and τb are the average bank and bed shear stress respectively, ps and pb are the average bank and bed wetted perimeter of a half-channel respectively, and K?0.2 is the critical value of the parameter estimated from experimental data. Provided the criterion is satisfied, the main thread of the stream meanders in the non-erodible channel, and the maximum amplitude amax, the angle a between the channel central axis and oblique crest line of the surface wave, and the mean wavelength L of the main thread decrease as the non-dimensional parameter Me increases. 相似文献
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爆破对岩爆产生作用的初步探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
几个典型工程实例表明,岩爆发生的控制性因素主要是应力与岩性的关系,开挖爆破对岩爆的发生起着某种重要的作用,但这种作用一直未得到充分地认识。文章分析了开挖爆破产生的应力波在围岩中的传播及对围岩的影响:爆破产生的P波和Rayleigh波将分别在围岩中形成垂直和平行于围岩表面的拉张破裂面,这些破裂面可能是微观的,也可能是宏观的,它们为岩爆的发生提供了物质基础。文章最后通过岩爆实例及深井稳定性问题指出:开挖爆破不仅是岩爆的诱发性因素,在某条件下而且是一种控制性因素。 相似文献
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采煤对地下含水层的影响研究--以河南焦作矿区为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
大规模煤炭开采导致了地下水环境演化轨迹严重偏离天然状态的演化方向,引发了诸如地下水位下降、降落漏斗形成和扩展、水质恶化等一系列的地下水环境问题,并反作用于矿区的经济发展和居民的生产生活,使矿区陷于生态环境恶化、经济发展迟缓的境地。究其根本原因,就在于大规模煤炭开采造成了矿区含水层结构变异,进而导致了区域含水介质发生非均质性变化,最终影响了地下水循环演化态势。因此,开展含水层变异研究,揭示采煤对区域地下水环境演化的影响,显得尤其重要。以焦作矿区为例,通过野外调查、资料收集等工作,研究了采煤前后含水层环境的变化,阐明了采煤活动对地下含水层的影响。 相似文献
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基于Mamdani FIS模型的滑坡易发性评价研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
滑坡的形成是众多非线性关系的影响因子相互作用的结果,传统滑坡预测方法需要大量实地勘查数据。利用Mamdani FIS(模糊推理系统)模型对三峡库区巴东-秭归段进行滑坡易发性预测,并对结果进行评价。通过地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)、遥感(remote sensing,RS)技术和区域地质背景资料获取地形类、生态环境类和地质背景类共3类7种滑坡影响因子,建立了192条相关的推理规则,在Matlab平台下基于Mamdani FIS模型得到研究区滑坡易发性预测指数,并生成滑坡易发性区划图。预测结果的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积值为82.8%,显示滑坡评估效果良好。结果证明,与其他模型相比,基于空间信息技术的Mamdani FIS模型,利用其非线性分析能力和基于专家意见的推理规则,评估滑坡易发性时不需要先验知识支撑,简化了模型使用时对数据的要求。另外,该模型只需通过专家意见改变推理规则就可以应用于不同的地质地理环境区域,显示其较强的适应性。 相似文献
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隧道衬砌冻胀压力问题研究 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
冻胀压力的量值和分布不仅取决于围岩的性态和气象条件,而且同衬砌结构的材料、刚度以及施工质量密切相关,从岩石和土层两种围岩中衬砌承受冻胀压力的机理出发,探讨其计算方法.通过计算分析,对寒冷地区隧道衬砌的设计和施工提出了若干建议. 相似文献
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Atle Nesje 《GeoJournal》1992,27(4):383-391
The most common approaches used to calculate the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) on former glaciers are: a) the maximum elevation of lateral moraines (MELM), b) the median elevation of glaciers (MEG), c) the toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR), and d) the ratio of the accumulation area to the total area (AAR), of which the AAR method is considered to be the most accurate.A theoretical evaluation of the AAR approach, using changing slope angles and valley morphology on idealized glaciers at two different positions, shows that glaciers advancing into flat areas underestimate the ELA depression, while glaciers moving into areas of increasing slope angle, overestimate the ELA difference. Therefore, topographical and morphological effects on calculated ELA depressions on glaciers must be carefully evaluated. 相似文献
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Re-Os同位素体系在蛇绿岩应用研究中的进展 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Re-Os不同于由亲石元素构成的同位素体系,在原始上地幔(PUN)部分熔融过程中,母体Re是中等不相容元素,优先进入熔体相,子体Os是强相容元素,富集在残留相中,是研究蛇绿岩的极好示踪剂。在蛇绿岩应用研究中已经取得了4个方面的进展:(1)明确了熔体相的Re/Os和^187Os/^188Os比值高,而残留相的低;(2)铬铁矿中铂族元素矿物(PGM)的Re亏损年龄(TRD)证实了蛇绿岩中复杂的超镁铁岩体是多阶段部分熔融的产物;(3)现代大洋橄榄岩和玄武岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明熔体相和残留相的^187Os/^188Os比值在高于亏损地幔值(DMM)的部分是一致的,而低于DMM的存在不一致性,为研究蛇绿岩中熔体相与残留相是否存在“耦合”关系提供了新的制约因素;(4)揭示了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中含有古大陆岩石圈地幔,这是前所未知的。虽然取得了不少进展,但是由于Re-Os同位素体系用于蛇绿岩研究的时间较短,尚存在一些问题,如显生宙蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的定年问题,有待进一步深化研究。 相似文献
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本文介绍了基于GIS的地壳稳定性评价方法,选取了地震、构造,工程地质、地面沉降等4个因子,19个要素,提出了点,线、区图层定量处理方法,使用层次分析法确定权系数,通过GIS的叠加分析获得最终评价结果,以天津市为例给出了地壳稳定性评价图。 相似文献
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以神木生态观测站为例,利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分在空间三维不同方向和不同位置的空间变异性进行了研究,并对空间变异的尺度和时间依赖性等问题进行了探讨,以便为坡地水分管理和植被恢复提供参考。研究结果表明土壤水分在垂直方向和水平方向(垂直于坡长方向)的平均变异程度为弱变异;而在东西方向(坡长方向)、二维平面和三维空间上为中等变异性;土壤水分沿坡长方向从坡顶到坡脚表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上>坡中>坡下的趋势;土壤水分沿南北方向表现为阴坡>山脊>阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度为阳坡>阴坡;在40~200 cm土层深度内,土壤水分在垂直方向表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各土层的变异程度与各层平均土壤水分成明显的正相关。 相似文献
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A.E. Scheidegger 《Earth》1984,21(4):225-249
This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of mass movements on slopes. The subjects treated include surface-slips, deep-seated soil creep, rock mass creep, surficial landslides, mud flows and Alpine debris flows. In this instance, the paper supplements the Chapter “Accidents on slopes” in the author's book “Physical Aspects of Natural Catastrophes (1975)” by new data published mainly between 1976 and 1983. 相似文献
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重非水相液体(dense nonaqueous phase liquid,DNAPL)污染土壤和地下水的问题已引起广泛关注,研究其在不同粒径多孔介质及其界面的运移特征形态是确定污染区域、修复治理土壤和地下水环境的前提。文章通过室内试验研究多孔介质界面对DNAPL运移与分布特性的影响。首先在二维砂槽上进行DNAPL污染物的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机拍照,将DNAPL扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后用AutoCAD对图片进行处理,绘制出DNAPL迁移过程的锋面变化图。结果表明:DNAPL入渗过程中,迁移主要受到重力作用与毛细作用的控制,毛细作用力随着介质粒径的增大逐层减小,重力作用逐渐起主导作用使污染物入渗速度逐层增大;介质结构影响DNAPL的迁移形态,介质粒径逐层增大,DNAPL污染物的渗流面与指进扩散宽度逐层减小,扩散方式由面状变为指状;在不同粒径介质界面介质结构发生突变时,DNAPL迁移锋面线曲率也相应变大,此时DNAPL的迁移呈现“凸”型特征,另外,不同的界面横向扩散的滞留宽度不同,随着介质粒径的增大,界面的横向扩散宽度相对变短。 相似文献
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《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(6):1901-1913
The significance of source rocks for oil and gas accumulation has been indisputably acknowledged. Moreover, it has been gradually realized that there is difference between hydrocarbon generation capacity and hydrocarbon expulsion capacity, and this has prompted research on hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency. However, these studies dominantly highlight the results of hydrocarbon expulsion, and investigation into the corresponding process and mechanism is primarily from a macroscopic perspective. Despite its wide acceptance as the most direct hydrocarbon expulsion mode, hydrocarbon expulsion through micro-fractures is still not sufficiently understood. Therefore, this study obtains observations and performs experiments on two types of source rocks (mudstones and shales) of the Chang 7 oil group of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China. Microscopy reveals that organic matter is non-uniformly distributed in both types of source rocks. Specifically, mudstones are characterized by a cluster-like organic matter distribution, whereas shales are characterized by a layered organic matter distribution. Thermal evolution simulation experiments demonstrate that the hydrocarbon generation process is accompanied by the emergence of micro-fractures, which are favorable for hydrocarbon expulsion. Moreover, based on the theories of rock physics and fracture mechanics, this study establishes micro-fracture development models for both types of source rocks, associated with the calculation of the fracture pressure that is needed for the initiation of fracture development. Furthermore, the relationship between the fluid pressure, fracture pressure, and micro-fracture expansion length during micro-fracture development is quantitatively explored, which helps identify the micro-fracture expansion length. The results indicate that the development of micro-fractures is commonly impacted by the morphology and distribution pattern of the organic matter as well as the mechanical properties of the source rocks. The micro-fractures in turn further affect the hydrocarbon expulsion capacity of the source rocks. The results of this study are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the exploration and exploitation of tight oil and shale oil. 相似文献
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基于SIG的证据权法矿产资源评价及应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
阐述了基于SIG的证据权法矿产资源评价体系结构和方法,并以西南三江成矿带为示范区进行了铜矿资源预测评价。示范区分别设置一个主结点和三个省级结点,并在结点服务器上进行了相应的数据与服务的部署。评价结果表明,基于SIG的矿产资源评价很好地解决了空间信息资源共享与应用问题,提高了评价效率,是一种有实用价值的评价新方法。 相似文献