共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
After losing much of their demographic vitality under communism, rural areas of Eastern Europe are now handicapped by greatly
reduced commuting opportunities and by a lack of foreign investment in the countryside. Although restitution and privatisation
has placed much of the land under the control of private farmers, there is a need to modernise agriculture and rural infrastructure
generally and also to increase the scope for pluriactivity. At the same time, functional links with the towns must be restored
through a growth of employment linked with the central place system. Despite the importance of private enterprise under the
conditions of a market economy, the government must take a lead and this paper deals with initiatives taken in rural Slovakia
to mobilise the human resources of the countryside. The paper is heavily oriented towards research by the geographers at Nitra
who have been much involved with the transformation of their local area. It is evident that while there has been no shortage
of ideas, progress has been limited on account of low investment and the tensions associated with a series of three Meciar
governments which have dominated Slovak politics through the 1990s.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
通过实施土地开发整理,从根本上改善了农村生态环境,不仅增加了农村耕地面积,促进了农业生产水平的提高和农民增产增收,更有力地促进了农村经济发展。农业生产条件的改善,使生产成本得到有效降低,规模效益普遍提高,壮大了村集体经济实力,加快了社会主义新农村建设步伐。但工作中仍存在领导重视不够、工程质量不够高、后期管护不到位等问题,今后应进一步强化领导、规范运作、跟踪管理,以保证开发整理成效。 相似文献
3.
The implementation of neoliberal economic reforms with its resultant effects on rural agricultural economies has facilitated the migration of young girls from northern to southern Ghana to seek for alternative livelihoods in the urban informal economy as head porters (Kayayei). Using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with 45 Kayayei in Makola and Agbogbloshie Markets, Accra, this study examines how migration as a livelihood strategy contributes to an improvement in the living conditions of young girls and their families. The paper also looks more closely into the pathways through which the livelihoods of these young female migrants may contribute to local economic development. The study highlights that Kayayei contribute to local economic development through market exchange and revenue generation, also there is significant perceived positive impact of head portering on standard of living of these young girls through improved access to income, health care and asset accumulation while their families benefit from remittances. The study concludes by advocating for the need to provide access to credit and skills training in enhancing the livelihood of Kayayei. 相似文献
4.
This paper focuses on the Curvature Sub–Carpathians, especially with respect to Buzau County. The region as a whole has always
been relatively well-settled and agriculture has usually been combined with a range of local industrial and handicraft employments.
A study of traditional domestic activities brings out a close connection between specific natural resources and characteristic
features of traditional peasant household work. The Prahova Valley has been particularly favoured on account of the oil industry
and a major transport axis connecting Bucharest with Brasov via Ploiesti, but elsewhere industry did not spread extensively
beyond the county centres (Buzau, Focsani, Pitesti and Targoviste) and their immediate environs such as Colibasi and Doicesti.
During the present transition phase the rural population is struggling to survive by combining elements of the modern and
traditional economies. The main rural centres are relatively well off while the outlying villages are experiencing severe
poverty problems. Apart from brandy distilling, traditional rural industries are no longer viable, although alternative systems
of pluriactivity are under discussion.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
苍山县城乡建设用地增减挂钩试点工作对统筹城乡发展、改善农村村容村貌、提高复垦耕地质量等发挥了积极作用,但工作中存在领导重视不够、资金不足、农民意识薄弱等问题,需进一步落实目标责任制、拓宽融资渠道、提高农民积极性。 相似文献
6.
Grenzebach K 《GeoJournal》1978,2(3):215-224
The spatial analysis of agricultural development is the necessary precondition for research in the rural landscape and for rural planning. Basic data emerging from field investigation and a systematic interpretation of aerial photographs have resulted in a series of thematic maps of Southern Nigeria and parts of Western Cameroon. This comprehensive research work has been organized within the framework of the Afrika-Kartenwerk of the German Research Society.In this paper our recently published population map of the scale of 1:1 million and the map of rural settlement patterns form the basis for some rather general estimates of agricultural potential. Exact spatial information of simple but non the less most important regional processes, like migration, are caused by population pressure. Not bare statistical figures but their transformation by cartographic means forms a fundament for area studies and hypothetical prospects for regional planning as well as for regional analysis.By larger scale observations agricultural carrying capacity, evaluation of rural potential, migration dynamics and changes of land-use systems have to be analyzed. This calls for meticulous studies of individual areas. The first of three such case studies stresses the process of intensification of land utilization near the Nsukka-Escarpment. Linear settlement patterns and chains of regular individually owned stripfields can be seen as inprints of a dynamic transformation within the cultural landscape. Reception of new agricultural technology has been a way for emigrant farmers to exploit traditionally sparsely utilized zones with rich soils, which had been less attractive, because they were hard to cultivate with the hoe.The second case deals with the well known migratory and agro-economic links between the overpopulated food crop belt of Northern Yoruba Savannah Country and the cocoabelt in the rain forest about 100 km further south.In Central Iboland rural overpopulation of more than 1000 persons per km2 and land shortage theoretically could be diminished by opening up uninhabited areas of the Niger flood-plain and the delta for modern agricultural exploitation. But not only the physical obstacles such as there are poor soils, very high rainfall and seasonal floods within the Niger low lands are hindering rural colonization. Social and political factors, like ethnic traditions and historic barriers still seem to be very perserverant. All this hardly allows strangers to get hold of unused land, to exploit valuable natural resources or to introduce modern agricultural technology. But generally speaking, population pressure as well as higher demand for social services and better incomes result in changes in the traditional land-use systems. The impact of growing urban or industrial economic spheres on agriculture acts as accelerating factor in this development. A paradise-landscape for Africa where optimal utilization of all physical resources under best socio-economic conditions may be practiced and where more than ten times of the present population of Africa could exist, as CAROL puts it in one of his scenarios (1973 and 1975), seems to be quite unrealistic and really never will be desirable. 相似文献
7.
Population pressure, agricultural intensification and changes in rural systems in Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali 《Geoforum》2007,38(4):720-738
Sustainable agricultural growth is the key to rural system changes that include changes in rural bio-physical environment, economic infrastructure and social conditions. The present study has examined the temporal changes in 18 selected indicators of rural systems in Bangladesh during the period 1975-2000, and explored the influences of demographic, market forces, environmental, institutional and technological factors inducing and mediating such changes. An analysis of 64 district level published census data showed significant increase in agricultural intensity, cropping patterns, land productivity and farm income; decline in labor and technological productivities; and major improvement in rural housing, economic and social conditions during this period. Spatially, major agricultural growth and rural development were observed in districts with high population density, less constrained environments, and better access to markets, irrigation canals, and capital loans. 相似文献
8.
贵州省近40年耕地功能转型评价及演变差异分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
梳理1978年之后贵州省农业政策及农业农户概况,构建耕地功能评价指标体系,并运用熵权法计算指标权重与其功能值,对耕地多功能进行分类和评价,对比全省及各个州市耕地在不同社会经济条件下所承载的功能,分析差异及原因,研究表明:（1）贵州省耕地功能呈下降趋势,功能转型从2006年前后开始,各州市存在一定差异,经济发展较快的地区在2004年前后已提前转型,经济发展较慢的地区在2012年前后转型;（2）耕地功能存在空间分布差异,主要与地区耕地压力和经济发达程度组合状况有关,低耕低压力高GDP（如遵义、六盘水）耕地功能值最高,高耕低压力高GDP（如贵阳市）则次之,高压力低GDP（如安顺等地区）再次之,低压力低GDP（如黔南等地）最低;（3）耕地数量减少,耕地化学品负荷加剧,建议注重耕地生态保护,减少以过度化学品的投入换取粮食产出等不合理做法;从当地实际出发选择适合的农业发展方式,协调粮经作物、种养业发展的关系,推动农业结构优化升级。 相似文献
9.
10.
《Geoforum》2017
Voluntary associations are at the heart of Swedish rural policy and strategies for governance as partners in bringing about ‘development from below.’ Examining the implications of this new responsibility being placed on the civil society in new modes of multilevel governance, I ask: do these changes presage greater political space for individuals vis à vis the state or is Swedish rural policy premised on ideas about an institutional context that might be disappearing? In comparative research in rural Sweden, I discuss state and civil-society relations at the macro level in light of the gendered micro-politics of associational life on the ground. Through ethnographic research with people involved in development work of different kinds, I examine how ideas about community associations are used to mobilize rural policy. I analyze its’ political implications and argue for the importance of analyzing macro in relation to the micropolitics on the ground for a better theoretical understanding of democracy and power in rural governance, in particular its gendered implications. I argue that past collaborative relations between the civil society and the state’s administrative apparatuses as well as the current focus of rural policy have enabled the state to hand over service functions to the civil society and diluted their ‘voice,’ incongrously endangering the institutional basis of rural policy itself. Further, attention to the gendered micropolitics of associational life makes apparent cleavages within civil society and its underlying relations of gender and power that challenge current conceptualizations on the neoliberalization of rural policy. 相似文献
11.
12.
随着我国社会的发展和经济体制改革的不断深入,农村土地流转的方式越来越多,范围越来越广。如何在保障农户土地承包经营权的前提下,推进土地承包经营权有序流转,提高农业产业化水平是深化农村改革的一个现实课题和长远目标。该文以宋村镇农村土地承包经营权流转的调查数据为例,分析了土地流转的现状和特点,指出当前存在的矛盾和问题,提出了农村土地流转机制的对策和建议。 相似文献
13.
Akhtar Husain Siddiqi 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):5-19
They study examines the relationship between the social and economic environments of the tribal people of Baluchistan. It
also evaluates how tribal organizations have been affected by geographic and economic constraints. Analyzing the spatial relationship
between economic development and social structure, study has been made to isolate the effect of interrelated technical, economic
and ecological processes accompanying development in Baluchistan. In the light of the current planning policies adopted in
the area, an attempt has been made to determine whether any measurable spatial restructuring of these simple communities has
occurred at macro and micro levels. 相似文献
14.
The urban system in India is the product of a long and complex history and the urban-rural dichotomy is marked. While urban India is often viewed as ‘modern’ and ‘commercial’, rural India is generally characterised as myopic, backward and traditional. The diffusion of a modern commercial sector into traditionally agricultural areas is seen to be slow because of the lack of small sized towns, and many of the major cities are viewed as the centres of introverted economic systems. This paper seeks to examine these aspects of urban-rural relationships and levels of development in India at two scales, the national and the district. The national scale study analyses the urban and rural components of population potential surfaces. The study at the district level uses similar data, but at a finer scale, and in addition considers potentials of retail trade which gives a clearer illustration of ‘importance’ than population data alone. Several innovations in technique are discussed. The paper concludes with some general methodological comments about the nature of location as perceived by geographers. 相似文献
15.
上海农村宅基地退出机制研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
宅基地退出机制的建立,可盘活村民闲置资产,在不增加建设用地总量的前提下,能有效缓解土地供需矛盾、破解耕地占补平衡难题,对实施新农村建设、实现现代高效农业以及维护农民利益等方面具有重要意义。本文从村民、集体经济组织和政府三个层面具体分析了影响宅基地退出的主要因素,针对制约宅基地退出的不同障碍,提出了建立上海市宅基地退出机制的基本思路,并具体阐述了宅基地退出模式和退出程序。 相似文献
16.
J.D. Unruh 《GeoJournal》1998,46(2):89-99
For largely agricultural societies in subSaharan Africa, land and attachments to land play a fundamental role in the identity
of individuals and groups. Forced dislocation from land and ‘home areas’ during war, and subsequent attempts at reintegration
following an end to armed conflict is therefore an important influence in identity change. With data gathered in postwar Mozambique,
this article considers the ways that the land tenure dynamic following armed conflict influences identity change within the
recovering customary agricultural population. Following a review of the relationship between land tenure and identity, the
paper provides a brief background of the situation in Mozambique and then, using quantitative data from a social survey, case
study reports, and literature sources, looks at the land tenure influences on attempts at rural reintegration and the subsequent
impacts on identity. These influences include: smallholder-largeholder interaction over land resources, state ownership of
land, postwar development efforts, and the situation of demobilized combatants.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Wilfried Heller 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):151-155
There is no standard model of transformation for post- socialist countries and each country encounters specific problems rooted
in the geographical characteristics of the areas concerned. The human resources are of the greatest importance because it
really matters how people (especially the decision-makers) perceive system change and continually reformulate their expectations
and strategies; so investigations into the views of people caught up in the transformation can provide a deeper understanding
of the background to structural change. Working the national, regional level and local levels in Romania, experts were asked
to consider the advantages and disadvantages arising out of the transformation, the most important problems and constraints
for future rural development and the policies needed. The paper examines the responses on demographic and social issues. It
emerges the most detailed responses were supplied by local-level representatives while respondents at the regional level steered
a middle course between the need to address local problems and the prime importance of stimulating the Romanian economy so
as to generate resources for welfare programmes (with the latter issue the overriding concern of interviewees at national
level). There was general agreement on the importance of foreign investment and European integration for economic development,
with local actors taking only small steps in line with the existing opportunities.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
At present, the research on the layout of rural residential areas in the mountainous environment under the threat of earthquake disasters and frequent geological disasters is still rare. Taking Yinchanggou watershed in Longmenshan Town of Pengzhou City as an example, based on the summary of the geological hazard development characteristics in this area, the authors carried out the hazard risk zoning through 8 indexes. Then the geological hazard risk zoning was used as the primary factor to evaluate the suitability of rural residential areas. Besides, combined with the topographical conditions, socio-economic situation and ecological environment, a suitable evaluation index system for rural residential land under the threat of geological disasters was constructed, with the restrictive conditions of extremely high-risk areas, single geological hazards, slopes ≥25° and basic farmland protection areas. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the suitability of residential land in Yinchanggou watershed of Pengzhou City. The results show that high suitability areas account for 4.2% of the total area of the study area, moderate suitability areas 11.4%, low suitability areas 10.5%, and unsuitable areas 73.8%. The “suitable” areas for rural residential land are mainly distributed along the highway, and some are multiple “blocky” concentrated distribution areas. The terrain is flat and the traffic condition is convenient, which can provide some guidance for the selection of new rural residential locations. 相似文献
19.
目前针对受震灾威胁、地质灾害频发的山地环境下的农村居民点布局研究尚不多见。该文以彭州市龙门山镇银厂沟流域为例,首先在总结分析区内地质灾害发育特征的基础上,基于8项指标进行地质灾害危险性分区; 然后,将地质灾害危险性区划结果作为影响农村居民点用地适宜性评价的首要因素,再结合地形条件、社会经济和生态环境等方面,以地质灾害极高危险区、单体地质灾害危害范围、坡度≥25°和基本农田保护区为限制性条件,构建地质灾害威胁下的农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系; 最后,采用模糊综合评价法对彭州市银厂沟流域内居民点用地适宜性进行评价分级。研究结果表明: 高度适宜区占研究区总面积的4.2%,中度适宜区占11.4%,低度适宜区占10.5%,不适宜区占73.8%; 农村居民点用地“适宜”区域主要沿公路分布,并存在多个“块状”集中分布区,这些地区地形平坦,交通条件便利,可为新农村住宅位置的选择提供指导意见。 相似文献
20.
Floarea Bordanc Dr. 《GeoJournal》1996,38(2):161-165
Romania's socialist agricultural sector has been transformed by a series of measures taken after the revolution of 1989. A new farm structure is emerging out of the restitution provided for under the Land Law of 1991. There are striking spatial variations in different aspects of the privatisation process, especially the contrasting situations between the hill country (with heavy pressure on land) and the plains (where there is much better supply in relation to demand). Very small units of land ownership are being grouped into larger functional units for management by associations which are especially prominent in the main cropping zones. Meanwhile individual smallholdings are predominant in the hill and mountain zones. Despite a desire for owner-occupation, association is often advantageous through efficient deployment of machinery and some 40 percent of land allocated to individual peasants is being worked by some 20,000 associations. However, the situation has not yet stabilised and it is emphasised that small farms should be regarded not simply as agricultural units but as the cores of diversified enterprises characterised increasingly by pluriactivity 相似文献