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1.
We investigate the distribution and velocity field of galaxies situated in a band of 100 by 20 degrees centered on M87 and oriented along the Local supercluster plane. Our sample amounts 2158 galaxies with radial velocities less than 2000 km s?1. Of them, 1119 galaxies (52%) have distance and peculiar velocity estimates. About 3/4 of early-type galaxies are concentrated within the Virgo cluster core, most of the late-type galaxies in the band locate outside the virial radius. Distribution of gas-rich dwarfs with MHI >M* looks to be insensitive to the Virgo cluster presence. Among 50 galaxy groups in the equatorial supercluster band 6 groups have peculiar velocities about 500–1000 km s?1 comparable with virial motions in rich clusters. The most cryptic case is a flock of nearly 30 galaxies around NGC4278 (Coma I cloud), moving to us with the mean peculiar velocity of ?840 km s?1. This cloud (or filament?) resides at a distance of 16.1 Mpc from us and approximately 5 Mpc away from the Virgo center. Galaxies around Virgo cluster exhibit Virgocentric infall with an amplitude of about 500 km s?1. Assuming the spherically symmetric radial infall, we estimate the radius of the zero-velocity surface to be R0 = (7.0±0.3) Mpc that yields the total mass of Virgo cluster to be (7.4 ± 0.9)× 1014M⊙ in tight agreement with its virial mass estimates. We conclude that the Virgo outskirts does not contain significant amounts of dark mater beyond its virial core.  相似文献   

2.
SeveralN-body experiments were performed in order to simulate the dynamical behaviour of systems of galaxies gravitationally dominated by a massive dark background.We discuss mass estimates from the dynamics of the luminous component (M VT) under the influence of such a background, assuming a constant dark/luminous mass ratio (M D/M L) and plausible physical conditions. We extend in this way previous studies (Smith, 1980, 1984) about the dependence ofM VT on the relative distributions of dark and luminous matter (Limber, 1959). We found that the observed ratio of the virial theorem mass to luminosity (M VT/L) in systems of galaxies of different sizes could be the result of different stages of their post-virialisation evolution as was previously suggested by White and Rees (1978) and Barnes (1983). This evolution is mainly the result of the dynamical friction that dark matter exerts on the luminous component. Thus our results give support to the idea that compact groups of galaxies are dynamically more evolved than large clusters, which is expected from the hierarchical clustering picture for the formation of such structures.  相似文献   

3.
To study the spatial distribution of galaxies lying between the Virgo cluster and the Local Group, a search was made for probable nearby galaxies. Using the method of brightest stars and of blue and red supergiants made it possible to determine the distances to 24 galaxies, among which six relatively nearby galaxies were identified. The results of the distance determinations showed that the maximum in the number distribution of galaxies lies at 17.0 Mpc, which we take as the distance to the Virgo cluster. Using the difference between the distance moduli of two clusters of galaxies, in Virgo and Coma Berenices, from literature sources and the velocity of the latter cluster, we determined the Hubble constant to be H 0 = 77 ± 7 km·sec–1·Mpc–1.  相似文献   

4.
The relationship between the rotation curves for the galaxies and the distribution of mass and angular momentum within the galaxies is examined. The theory of angular momentum transfer is applied to the observed properties of the galaxies. The coupling between the dynamical mass of a spiral galaxy and its luminosity is studied. Most of the spiral galaxies in subclusters surrounding NGC 4889, NGC 4874, and NGC 4839 in the Coma cluster are galaxies that have lower luminosities, with MB fainter than −21m.5. These galaxies are characterized by a higher mass-to-luminosity ratio than that of the galaxies with higher luminosities MB brighter than −21m.5, which suggests the presence of a large fraction of dark matter in the spiral galaxies of the subclusters. Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 75–84 (February 2009).  相似文献   

5.
It is known that resonant scattering can distort the surface brightness profiles of clusters of galaxies in X-ray lines. We demonstrate that the scattered line emission should be polarized and possibly detectable with future X-ray polarimeters. Spectrally resolved mapping of a galaxy cluster in polarized X-rays could provide valuable independent information on the physical conditions, in particular element abundances and the characteristic velocity of small-scale turbulent motions, in the intracluster gas. The expected degree of polarization is of the order of 10 per cent for the richest regular clusters (e.g. Coma) and clusters whose X-ray emission is dominated by a central cooling flow (such as Perseus and M87/Virgo).  相似文献   

6.
Statistics on the nearest neighbors of bright galaxies (MBt ≤ -17n) in the Virgo and Fornax clusters are compared. Some differences are found between the surroundings of bright SB and S galaxies.  相似文献   

7.
We present evidence for non-Gaussian velocity fields within the cores of luminous elliptical galaxies. This evidence is based on high signal-to-noise ratio, medium-resolution spectroscopy of the cores of early-type members of the Virgo and Coma Clusters obtained with the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO 3.5 m telescope. The Virgo data were acquired using an integral-field unit (DensePak), which allows the velocity field to be sampled over a variety of spatial scales. The Coma data were obtained through single 2&arcsec; diameter fibers. The cross-correlation profiles of luminous elliptical galaxies show considerable structure, often having several features with amplitudes as high as 10% that of the cross-correlation peak itself. This structure is most obvious within a radius of 1&farcs;5 (at Virgo), or 相似文献   

8.
We review selected measurements of the galaxy luminosity function including the field, the local group, the local sphere, nearby clusters (Virgo, Coma and Fornax) and clusters in general. We conclude that, excluding the super-luminous cD and D galaxies, the overall cluster luminosity function is fully consistent with the field luminosity function over the magnitude range in common (–22 ≤ M B –5log h 0.68 ≤ –17). We find that only in the core regions of clusters (r ≤ 300 kpc) does the overall form of the luminosity function show significant variation. However when the luminosity function is subdivided by spectral type some further variations are seen. We argue that these results imply: substantial late infall, efficient star-formation suppression, and the confinement of mass-changing evolutionary processes to the core regions only. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

9.
A sample of 145 galaxies having radial velocities relative to the centroid of the Local Group V LG < 500 km/sec and estimated photometric distances D < 8 Mpc is considered. The field of peculiar velocities of these galaxies is estimated using the tensor of the local value of the Hubble constant H ij , with principal values of 81:62:48 in km/sec·Mpc, which have a standard error of 4 km/sec·Mpc. The minor axis of the Hubble ellipsoid is oriented almost along the polar axis of the Local Supercluster, while the major axis forms an angle = (29 ± 5)° with the direction toward the center of the Virgo Cluster. Such a configuration of the peculiar-velocity field shows unsatisfactory agreement with the model of a spherically symmetric flow of galaxies toward the Virgo Cluster. Rotation of the Local Supercluster may be one reason for this difference. The peculiar velocities of galaxies within a volume with D < 8 Mpc are characterized by a dispersion V = 74 km/sec, a considerable part of which is due to the virial motions of galaxies in groups and to distance errors. For field galaxies, located in a layer of 1 < D < 3 Mpc around the Local Group, the radial-velocity dispersion does not exceed 25 km/sec. The velocity—distance relation, constructed from the 20 closest galaxies around the Local Group with D < 3 Mpc and with errors (D) < 0.2 Mpc, exhibits the expected effect of gravitational deceleration. Using the estimate of R 0 = (0.96 ± 0.05) Mpc for the observed radius of the zero-velocity sphere, we determined the total mass of the Local Group to be (1.2 ± 0.2)·1012 M , which agrees well with the sum of the virial masses of the subgroups of galaxies around the Local Group and M31. The ratio of the Local Group's total mass (within R 0) to its luminosity is M/L = (23 ± 4) M /L , which does not require the existence of supermassive dark halos around our Galaxy and M31.  相似文献   

10.
We present R-band galaxy luminosity functions (GLFs) from aspectroscopic sample of six nearby rich galaxy clusters. In addition to individual cluster GLFs, extending to, in one case, M R=–14, we also present composite GLFs for cluster and field galaxies toM R=–17. All six cluster samples are consistent with the composite GLF, but there is evidence that the GLF of the quiescent population in clusters is not universal. Furthermore, the GLF of quiescent galaxies is significantly steeper in clusters than in the field. The overall GLF in clusters is consistent with that of field galaxies, except for the luminous tip, which is enhanced in clusters versus the field. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

11.
Observations are presented of the isolated dwarf irregular galaxy And IV made with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in the 21 cm HI line. We determine the galaxy distance of 7.17 ± 0.31 Mpc using the Tip of Red Giant Branch method. The galaxy has a total blue absolute magnitude of –12.81 mag, linear Holmberg diameter of 1.88 kpc, and an HI ‐disk extending to 8.4 times the optical Holmberg radius. The HI massto‐blue luminosity ratio for And IV amounts 12.9 M⊙/L⊙. From the GMRT data we derive the rotation curve for the HI and fit it with different mass models. We find that the data are significantly better fit with an iso‐thermal dark matter halo, than by an NFW halo. We also find that MOND rotation curve provides a very poor fit to the data. The fact that the isothermal dark matter halo provides the best fit to the data supports models in which star formation feedback results in the formation of a dark matter core in dwarf galaxies. The total mass‐to‐blue luminosity ratio of 162 M⊙/L⊙ makes And IV among the darkest dIrr galaxies known. However, its baryonic‐to‐dark mass ratio (Mgas + M *)/MT = 0.11 is close to the average cosmic baryon fraction of 0.15. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

12.
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13.
We analyze the properties of the clusters of galaxies in the region of the Ursa Major (UMa) supercluster using observational data from SDSS and 2MASS catalogs. The region studied includes a supercluster (with a galaxy and cluster overdensity of 3 and 15, respectively) and field clusters inside the 150-Mpc diameter surrounding region. The total dynamical mass of 10 clusters of galaxies in UMa is equal to 2.25 × 1015 M ⊙, and the mass of 11 clusters of galaxies in the UMa neighborhood is equal to 1.70 × 1015 M ⊙. The fraction of early-type galaxies brighter than M K * + 1 in the virialized regions of clusters is, on the average, equal to 70%, and it is virtually independent on the mass of the cluster. The fraction of these galaxies and their average photometric parameters are almost the same both for UMa clusters and for the clusters located in its surroundings. Parameters of the clusters of galaxies, such as infrared luminosities up to a fixed magnitude, the mass-to-luminosity ratio, and the number of galaxies have almost the same correlations with the cluster mass as in other samples of galaxies clusters. However, the scatter of these parameters for UMa member clusters is twice smaller than the corresponding scatter for field clusters, possibly, due to the common origin of UMa clusters and synchronized dynamical evolution of clusters in the supercluster.  相似文献   

14.
According to the convention normally followed the redshifts of the galaxies in a cluster are assumed to be of purely dopplerian origin. The resulting velocity dispersion, when used in the virial theorem, leads to a very large proportion of dark matter to be present in the galaxy clusters. However, the recently proposed model of velocity dependent cosmic drag cause redshifts of photons and it is necessary to develop a procedure to determine the true velocity dispersion from the gross redshift data. A method for this has been presented in the paper. Coma and Perseus clusters have been investigated using this procedure and theM/L ratios for both were found to be approximately of the order of 30, i.e., approximately the order ofM/L ratios for individual galaxies. A study of them -z relation indicates that the galaxies with higher redshifts have fainter magnitudes. Distortion of the redshift plots and the typical elongation of the core regions along the line-of-sight is also explained.  相似文献   

15.
We derive analytical expression for the velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters, using the statistical mechanical approach. We compare the observed velocity dispersion profiles for 20 nearby (z≤0.1) galaxy clusters with the analytical ones. It is interesting to find that the analytical results closely match with the observed velocity dispersion profiles only if the presence of the diffuse matter in clusters is taken into consideration. This takes us to introduce a new approach to detect the ratio of diffuse mass, M diff , within a galaxy cluster. For the present sample, the ratio f=M diff /M, where M the cluster’s total mass is found to has an average value of 45±12 %. This leads us to the result that nearly 45 % of the cluster mass is impeded outside the galaxies, while around 55 % of the cluster mass is settled in the galaxies.  相似文献   

16.
We study the infrared (K s band) properties of clusters of galaxies in the Ursa Major supercluster using data from 2MASS (Two-Micron All-Sky Survey) and SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey). We identified three large filaments with mean redshifts of z = 0.051, 0.060, and 0.071. All clusters of the supercluster are located in these filaments. We determined the total K s-band luminosities and masses for 11 clusters of galaxies within comparable physical regions (within a radius R 200 close to the virial radius) using a homogeneous method. We constructed a combined luminosity function for the supercluster in this region, which can be described by the Schechter function with the following parameters: M K * = ?24.50 and α = ?0.98. The infrared luminosities of the clusters of galaxies correlate with their masses; the M/L K ratios of the systems increase with their masses (luminosities), with most of the Ursa Major clusters of galaxies (particularly the richer ones) closely following the relations derived previously for a large sample of clusters and groups of galaxies. The total mass-to-infrared-luminosity ratio is 52 M ⊙/L ⊙ for six Abell clusters and 49M ⊙/L ⊙ for all of the clusters, except Anon2.  相似文献   

17.
The data on the peculiar velocities of 1493 RFGC flat spiral galaxies processed using the POTENT method allowed the density distribution of matter, including dark matter, on 75-Mpc scales to be reconstructed. Well-known attractors (the Great Attractor, the Perseus—Pisces and Coma superclusters) and voids are separated from the distribution. In general, the density distribution is close to that of IRAS galaxies, suggesting that the luminous-to-dark matter density ratio is constant. The masses of the main attractors were estimated.  相似文献   

18.
We present the results of a search for companions around the isolated galaxies from the 2MIG catalog. Among 3227 2MIG galaxies we detected 125 objects with a total of 214 neighbors having radial velocity differences of ΔV < 500 km/s and projected separations of R p < 500 kpc relative to the 2MIG galaxies. The median luminosity of the companions is 1/25 of the luminosity of catalog galaxies, which has little effect on the dynamic isolation of the latter. The median ratio of the orbital mass to the K-luminosity determined from 60 companions of E and S0 2MIG galaxies, 63M ⊙/L ⊙, is significantly greater than that found from the spiral galaxy companions (17M ⊙/L ⊙). We note that a fraction of 2MIG galaxies with companions may be a part of low-contrast diffuse structures: clouds and filaments.  相似文献   

19.
We propose a classification of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) based on their efficiency in the conversion of infalling mass in emitted radiation. We use a theoretical model that assumes a conservation of angular momentum between the gas falling inside the hole and the photons emitted outwards, and suggests the existence of the scaling relation M•‐Reσ3, where M• is the mass of the central SMBH, whereas Re and σ are the effective radius and velocity dispersion of the host galaxies (bulges), respectively. We apply our model on a data set of 57 galaxies of different morphological types and with M• measurements, obtained through the analysis of Spitzer /IRAC 3.6‐µ m images. In order to find the best fit of the corresponding scaling law, we use the FITEXY routine to perform a least‐squares regression of M• on Reσ3 for the considered sample of galaxies. Our analysis shows that the relation is tight and our theoretical model allows to easily estimate the efficiency of mass conversion into radiation of the central SMBHs. Finally we propose a new appealing way to classify the SMBHs in terms of this parameter. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

20.
The dynamical masses of dwarf-spheroidals, spiral and elliptical galaxies, dwarf irregular binaries, groups of galaxies and clusters are shown to lie in a band about the M ∼ ρR3 line. The value of ρ is approximately the same as that estimated for unseen matter in the solar neighbourhood. The clusters themselves lie about theM ∼ R -3 line derived for a self-gravitating neutrino gas; their masses are distributed around the maximum Jeans-mass, MJmax. corresponding to mv - 10 eV in an expanding universe. The present day length scales of clusters and the dispersion in the velocities observed within them are understood in terms of a 100-fold expansion subsequent to the initial growth of the fluctuations at MJmax. These systematics on theR-M plane imply that the initial condensations in the expanding universe are on the scale of the rich clusters of galaxies, these condensations were triggered dominantly by the gravitation of the neutrinos and the constant density of al systems arises naturally due to the embedding of these systems in the large scale neutrino condensations. If the neutrino density falls off asr -2 beyond the cluster edge till the distributions from different clusters overlap, then the mean density of the neutrinos approximately equals the closure density of the universe.  相似文献   

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