共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
Time horizons can be depth-migrated when interval velocities are known; on the other hand, the velocity distribution can be found when traveltimes and NMO velocities at zero offset are known (wavefront curvatures; Shah 1973). Using these concepts, exact recursive inversion formulae for the calculation of interval velocities are given. The assumption of rectilinear raypath propagation within each layer is made; interval velocities and curvatures of the interfaces between layers can be found if traveltimes together with their gradients and curvatures and very precise VNMO velocities at zero offset are known. However, the available stacking velocity is a numerical quantity which has no direct physical significance; its deviation from zero offset NMO velocity is examined in terms of horizon curvatures, cable length and lateral velocity inhomogeneities. A method has been derived to estimate the geological depth model by searching, iteratively, for the best solution that minimizes the difference between stacking velocities from the real data and from the structural model. Results show the limits and capabilities of the approach; perhaps, owing to the low resolution of conventional velocity analyses, a simplified version of the given formulae would be more robust. 相似文献
2.
J. E. EVERETT 《Geophysical Prospecting》1974,22(1):122-142
Common-depth-point stacking velocities may differ from root-mean-square velocities because of large offset and because of dipping reflectors. This paper shows that the two effects may be treated separately, and proceeds to examine the effect of dip. If stacking velocities are assumed equal to rms velocities for the purpose of time to depth conversion, then errors are introduced comparable to the difference between migrated and unmigrated depths. Consequently, if the effect of dip on stacking velocity is ignored, there is no point in migrating the resulting depth data. For a multi-layered model having parallel dip, a formula is developed to compute interval velocities and depths from the stacking velocities, time picks, and time slope of the seismic section. It is shown that cross-dip need not be considered, if all the reflectors have the same dip azimuth. The problem becomes intractable if the dips are not parallel. But the inverse problem is soluble: to obtain, stacking velocities; time picks, and time slopes from a given depth and interval velocity model. Finally, the inverse solution is combined with an approximate forward solution. This provides an iterative method to obtain depths and interval velocities from stacking velocities, time picks and time slopes. It is assumed that the dip azimuth is the same for all reflectors, but not necessarily in the plane of the section, and that the curvature of the reflecting horizons is negligible. The effect of onset delay is examined. It is shown that onset corrections may be unnecessary when converting from time to depth. 相似文献
3.
R. MARSCHALL 《Geophysical Prospecting》1972,20(3):700-711
From seismic surveys zero offset reflection times and root-mean-square velocities are obtained. By use of Dix-Krey's formula, the interval velocities can be calculated. If no well velocity survey exists, the interval velocities and T(o) times are the only available information. The suggested way to get a regionally valid velocity distribution is to select N“leading horizons”, where a major change in the velocity parameters occurs and to compute the parameters of the selected velocity depth function (in most cases linear increase with depth) by a special approximation for the interval between two adjacent “leading horizons”. Herewith all reflection horizons within the interval are taken into account. 相似文献
4.
Emil Blias 《Geophysical Prospecting》2009,57(3):323-341
Lateral velocity changes (velocity anomalies) in the overburden may cause significant oscillations in normal moveout velocities. Explicit analytical moveout formulas are presented and provide a direct explanation of these lateral fluctuations and other phenomena for a subsurface with gentle deep structures and shallow overburden anomalies. The analytical conditions for this have been derived for a depth-velocity model with gentle structures with dips not exceeding 12°. The influence of lateral interval velocity changes and curvilinear overburden velocity boundaries can be estimated and analysed using these formulas. An analytical approach to normal moveout velocity analysis in a laterally inhomogeneous medium provides an understanding of the connection between lateral interval velocity changes and normal moveout velocities. In the presence of uncorrected shallow velocity anomalies, the difference between root-mean-square and stacking velocity can be arbitrarily large to the extent of reversing the normal moveout function around normal incidence traveltimes. The main reason for anomalous stacking velocity behaviour is non-linear lateral variations in the shallow overburden interval velocities or the velocity boundaries.
A special technique has been developed to determine and remove shallow velocity anomaly effects. This technique includes automatic continuous velocity picking, an inversion method for the determination of shallow velocity anomalies, improving the depth-velocity model by an optimization approach to traveltime inversion (layered reflection tomography) and shallow velocity anomaly replacement. Model and field data examples are used to illustrate this technique. 相似文献
A special technique has been developed to determine and remove shallow velocity anomaly effects. This technique includes automatic continuous velocity picking, an inversion method for the determination of shallow velocity anomalies, improving the depth-velocity model by an optimization approach to traveltime inversion (layered reflection tomography) and shallow velocity anomaly replacement. Model and field data examples are used to illustrate this technique. 相似文献
5.
E. LOINGER 《Geophysical Prospecting》1983,31(1):98-118
Variations of seismic interval velocities within the cable length cause anomalies in the stacking velocity analyses. Utilizing the approximation of rectilinear ray propagation, i.e. supposing that the velocity changes cause time delays only, it is shown that the stacking velocity anomalies are linearly related to the interval velocity variations. In particular, the stacking velocity anomaly is calculated when the interval velocity of an intermediate layer undergoes a stepwise variation. The amplitude of the anomaly increases with the ratio between horizon depth and cable length. From the forward model, a program for the inversion is derived in order to identify lateral changes of interval velocities from unsmoothed stacking velocity analyses. Some examples of the application of this technique to synthetic and real data are presented. 相似文献
6.
Improving the accuracy of NMO corrections and of the corresponding interval velocities entails implementing a better approximation than the formula used since the beginning of seismic processing. The exact equations are not practical as they include many unknowns. The approximate expression has only two unknowns, the reflection time and the rms velocity, but becomes inaccurate for large apertures of the recording system and heterogeneous vertical velocities. Several methods of improving the accuracy have been considered, but the gains do not compensate for the dramatic increase in computing time. Two alternative equations are proposed: the first containing two parameters, the reflection time and the focusing time, is not valid for apertures much greater than is the standard formula, but has a much faster computing time and does not stretch the far traces; the other, containing three parameters, the reflection time, like focusing time and the tuning velocity, retains high frequencies for apertures about twice those allowed by the standard equation. Its computing time can be kept within the same limits. NMO equations, old and new, are designed strictly for horizontal layering, but remain reliable as long as the rays travel through the same layers in both the down and up directions. An equation, similar to Dix's formula, is given to compute the interval velocities. The entire scheme can be automated to produce interval-velocity sections without manual picking. 相似文献
7.
DANIEL PATURET 《Geophysical Prospecting》1971,19(1):27-41
The increasing use of velocity analysis programs in seismic processing in addition to direct application to normal move out corrections often makes it possible to study the variation of the average velocity versus time and distance. Usually, it is even feasible to compute interval velocities with a good accuracy. We intend to use these velocities to convert the usual time domain displays to the depth domain. An exact conversion requires the knowledge of all interval velocities and all the velocity interfaces. However, when the dips are small, the conversion can be done without considering the dip of all these interfaces, and in some cases migration can even be completely neglected. Three different programs will be described and their use discussed in view of the type of problems to which they are applied. Practical examples of the various methods will be presented. 相似文献
8.
For converted waves stacking requires a true common reflection point gather which, in this case, is also a common conversion point (CCP) gather. We consider converted waves of the PS- and SP-type in a stack of horizontal layers. The coordinates of the conversion points for waves of PS- or SP-type, respectively, in a single homogeneous layer are calculated as a function of the offset, the reflector depth and the velocity ratio vp/vs. Knowledge of the conversion points enables us to gather the seismic traces in a common conversion point (CCP) record. Numerical tests show that the CCP coordinates in a multilayered medium can be approximated by the equations given for a single layer. In practical applications, an a priori estimate of vp/vs is required to obtain the CCP for a given reflector depth. A series expansion for the traveltime of converted waves as a function of the offset is presented. Numerical examples have been calculated for several truncations. For small offsets, a hyperbolic approximation can be used. For this, the rms velocity of converted waves is defined. A Dix-type formula, relating the product of the interval velocities of compressional and shear waves to the rms velocity of the converted waves, is presented. 相似文献
9.
Igor Ravve 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(3):517-542
We suggest a new method to determine the piecewise‐continuous vertical distribution of instantaneous velocities within sediment layers, using different order time‐domain effective velocities on their top and bottom points. We demonstrate our method using a synthetic model that consists of different compacted sediment layers characterized by monotonously increasing velocity, combined with hard rock layers, such as salt or basalt, characterized by constant fast velocities, and low velocity layers, such as gas pockets. We first show that, by using only the root‐mean‐square velocities and the corresponding vertical travel times (computed from the original instantaneous velocity in depth) as input for a Dix‐type inversion, many different vertical distributions of the instantaneous velocities can be obtained (inverted). Some geological constraints, such as limiting the values of the inverted vertical velocity gradients, should be applied in order to obtain more geologically plausible velocity profiles. In order to limit the non‐uniqueness of the inverted velocities, additional information should be added. We have derived three different inversion solutions that yield the correct instantaneous velocity, avoiding any a priori geological constraints. The additional data at the interface points contain either the average velocities (or depths) or the fourth‐order average velocities, or both. Practically, average velocities can be obtained from nearby wells, whereas the fourth‐order average velocity can be estimated from the quartic moveout term during velocity analysis. Along with the three different types of input, we consider two types of vertical velocity models within each interval: distribution with a constant velocity gradient and an exponential asymptotically bounded velocity model, which is in particular important for modelling thick layers. It has been shown that, in the case of thin intervals, both models lead to similar results. The method allows us to establish the instantaneous velocities at the top and bottom interfaces, where the velocity profile inside the intervals is given by either the linear or the exponential asymptotically bounded velocity models. Since the velocity parameters of each interval are independently inverted, discontinuities of the instantaneous velocity at the interfaces occur naturally. The improved accuracy of the inverted instantaneous velocities is particularly important for accurate time‐to‐depth conversion. 相似文献
10.
According to common understanding, the advective velocity of a conservative solute equals the average linear pore-water velocity. Yet direct monitoring indicates that the two velocities may be different in heterogeneous media. For example, at the Camp Dodge, Iowa, site the advective velocity of discrete Cl- plumes was less than one tenth of the average pore-water velocity calculated from Darcy's law using the measured hydraulic gradient, effective porosity, and hydraulic conductivity (K) from large-scale three-dimensional (3D) techniques, e.g., pumping tests. Possibly, this difference reflects the influence of different pore systems, if the K relevant to transient solute flux is influenced more by lower-K heterogeneity than a steady or quasi-steady water flux. To test this idea, tracer tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Under one-dimensional flow conditions, the advective velocity of discrete conservative solutes equaled the average pore-water velocity determined from volumetric flow rates and Darcy's law. In a larger 3D flow system, however, the same solutes migrated at approximately 65% of the average pore-water velocity. These results, coupled with direct observation of dye tracers and their velocities as they migrated through both homogeneous and heterogeneous sections of the same model, demonstrate that heterogeneity can slow the advective velocity of discrete solute plumes relative to the average pore-water velocity within heterogeneous 3D flow sytems. 相似文献
11.
Amplitude versus offset concepts can be used to generate weighted stacking schemes (here called geo-stack) which can be used in an otherwise standard seismic data processing sequence to display information about rock properties. The Zoeppritz equations can be simplified and several different approximations appear in the literature. They describe the variation of P-wave reflection coefficients with the angle of incidence of a P-wave as a function of the P-wave velocities, the S-wave velocities and the densities above and below an interface. Using a smooth, representative interval velocity model (from boreholes or velocity analyses) and assuming no dip, the angle of incidence can be found as a function of time and offset by iterative ray tracing. In particular, the angle of incidence can be computed for each sample in a normal moveout corrected CMP gather. The approximated Zoeppritz equation can then be fitted to the amplitudes of all the traces at each time sample of the gather, and certain rock properties can be estimated. The estimation of the rock properties is achieved by the application of time- and offset-variant weights to the data samples before stacking. The properties which can be displayed by geo-stack are: P-wave reflectivity (or true zero-offset reflectivity), S-wave reflectivity, and the reflectivity of P-wave velocity divided by S-wave velocity (or ‘pseudo-Poisson's ratio reflectivity’). If assumptions are made about the relation between P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity for water-bearing clastic silicate rocks, then it is possible to create a display which highlights the presence of gas. 相似文献
12.
W. JANKOWSKY 《Geophysical Prospecting》1970,18(1):103-118
Continuous velocity log data from the Upper Cretaceous section of about 65 wells from NW. Germany have been studied in order to find some factors which affect the behaviour of elastic wave velocities in carbonate rocks. It could be assumed for these particular rocks that the velocities they exhibit may be subject predominantly to their state of compaction and their lithology (shale-carbonate ratio). Considering the behaviour of the VL-curve, several types could be distinguished: The basic type r for which the shale-carbonate ratio remains almost invariable over a large depth range (as suggested i.a. by a constant degree of radiation in the accompanying Gamma Ray log) discloses a clear relationship between interval velocity (measured as travel time per meter) and overburden pressure. Velocity profiles of log type r and also “peak” velocities from “pure” limestones, plotted versus depth indicate an increase rate almost identical to that of Jurassic shales. It is shown that the lithologic constant can be extracted from the Velocity Log data and then used for mapping fades changes in an area with sufficient well control. In certain cases it is even possible to determine the rate of uplifting (or the original maximum burial position) for a carbonate rock which has an anomalous high velocity in respect to its present depth. 相似文献
13.
R.-G. Ferber 《Geophysical Prospecting》1994,42(2):99-112
The stacking velocity best characterizes the normal moveout curves in a common-mid-point gather, while the migration velocity characterizes the diffraction curves in a zero-offset section as well as in a common-midpoint gather. For horizontally layered media, the two velocity types coincide due to the conformance of the normal and the image ray. In the case of dipping subsurface structures, stacking velocities depend on the dip of the reflector and relate to normal rays, but with a dip-dependent lateral smear of the reflection point. After dip-moveout correction, the stacking velocities are reduced while the reflection-point smear vanishes, focusing the rays on the common reflection points. For homogeneous media the dip-moveout correction is independent of the actual velocity and can be applied as a dip-moveout correction to multiple offset before velocity analysis. Migration to multiple offset is a prestack, time-migration technique, which presents data sets which mimic high-fold, bin-centre adjusted, common-midpoint gathers. This method is independent of velocity and can migrate any 2D or 3D data set with arbitrary acquisition geometry. The gathers generated can be analysed for normal-moveout velocities using traditional methods such as the interpretation of multivelocity-function stacks. These stacks, however, are equivalent to multi-velocity-function time migrations and the derived velocities are migration velocities. 相似文献
14.
This paper examines those aspects of reflection seismology which require special consideration when imaging deeper hydrocarbon reservoirs, including the constraints imposed by vertical resolution, lateral resolution, and velocity analysis. We derive quantitative expressions relating the uncertainties in stacking velocities and in interval velocities derived from stacking velocities to acquisition parameters, as well as expressions for the lateral resolution which can theoretically be achieved for migrated seismic images. This analysis shows that the most significant limitations of seismic imaging at depth involve the finite lateral resolution of the seismic method, and the proper lateral positioning of seismic images. These difficulties are overcome in large measure through the proper migration of a seismic dataset, which becomes more critical as deeper horizons are imaged. If these horizons are suspected of having significant 3-D structure, a strong argument may be made for acquiring a 3-D seismic survey over the prospect. Migration of this dataset will then generate an image of the subsurface with good lateral resolution in both the X and Y directions. 相似文献
15.
A. J. HARDING 《Geophysical Prospecting》1985,33(5):674-695
Conventional velocity analysis, based on the ideas of rms velocity and hyperbolic reflection events in the x-t domain, is restricted in validity to near vertical incidence. Thus analysis of near-offset datasets usually requires the muting of wide-angle reflections from shallow interfaces before the rms velocities are determined. The ray-theoretical integral for the delay time τ, which depends on the slowness p and the velocity function, is valid for all angles. The wide-angle reflections can be used to improve the accuracy of the derived velocity function in the near surface region, if the recorded x-t data are mapped into the τ-p domain. By representing the velocity function between reflectors as a series of gradient zones, i.e. regions with a uniform increase in velocity with depth, the recovery of the velocities may be posed as a matrix linear inverse problem for the slopes of the gradient zones. In order to convert the problem to a linear one, the velocity discontinuities at the reflecting interfaces must be fixed in advance. Their positions are based on the behaviour of the τ-p map of the data. Finding a stable velocity model may require several iterations with the reflecting interfaces at different positions. An understanding of the workings of the inversion algorithm allied with an analysis of the causes of instability aids the search for a stable model. 相似文献
16.
Reverse time migration of CMP-gathers an effective tool for the determination of interval velocities
One of the most important steps in the conventional processing of reflection seismic data is common midpoint (CMP) stacking. However, this step has considerable deficiencies. For instance the reflection or diffraction time curves used for normal moveout corrections must be hyperbolae. Furthermore, undesirable frequency changes by stretching are produced on account of the dependence of the normal moveout corrections on reflection times. Still other drawbacks of conventional CMP stacking could be listed.One possibility to avoid these disadvantages is to replace conventional CMP stacking by a process of migration to be discussed in this paper. For this purpose the Sherwood-Loewenthal model of the exploding reflector has to be extended to an exploding point model with symmetry to the lineP
EX
M whereP
EX
is the exploding point, alias common reflection point, andM the common midpoint of receiver and source pairs.Kirchhoff summation is that kind of migration which is practically identical with conventional CMP stacking with the exception that Kirchhoff summation provides more than one resulting trace.In this paper reverse time migration (RTM) was adopted as a tool to replace conventional CMP stacking. This method has the merit that it uses the full wave equation and that a direct depth migration is obtained, the velocityv can be any function of the local coordinatesx, y, z. Since the quality of the reverse time migration is highly dependent on the correct choice of interval velocities such interval velocities can be determined stepwise from layer to layer, and there is no need to compute interval velocities from normal moveout velocities by sophisticated mathematics or time consuming modelling. It will be shown that curve velocity interfaces do not impair the correct determination of interval velocities and that more precise velocity values are obtained by avoiding or restricting muting due to non-hyperbolic normal moveout curves.Finally it is discussed how in the case of complicated structures the reverse time migration of CMP gathers can be modified in such a manner that the combination of all reverse time migrated CMP gathers yields a correct depth migrated section. This presupposes, however, a preliminary data processing and interpretation. 相似文献
17.
J. LOHR 《Geophysical Prospecting》1969,17(2):111-125
According to a study of seismic velocities in the Alpine Foreland of Eastern Switzerland, the initial velocity is rather high in comparison with other Tertiary basins and shows an exceptionally high increase rate. When analysing the average and the interval velocities, especially of Tertiary strata, and when comparing them with velocities of strata of the same age and a very similar facies of the Northern Rheintalgraben, it has been found that the increase of velocity is closely related to the distance to the Subalpine Molasse. The conclusion is that the velocity of the Tertiary strata is strongly influenced by the folding pressure of the Subalpine Molasse or of the Alps. The same method has been applied to a relatively large number of wells in the area of the “German Molasse”. Not only the results in Eastern Switzerland have been confirmed, but also it has been proved that the diagenesis of the Tertiary strata and, hence, their velocities are influenced only partially by the specific depth of the basin. Velocities increase towards the Folded Molasse or the Alps. Consequently they depend on lateral folding pressure, which decreases from west to east with the increasing width of the basin. The tertiary strata of the basin have been affected by lateral folding pressurefrom south to north. However, structures with lateral compression have not been discovered yet in the German Alpine Foreland. 相似文献
18.
Reprocessing of COCORP southern Appalachian data was focused on basic seismic evidence for continuation of sediments beneath a master decollement. The most important evidence is a nearly continuous series of subhorizontal reflections extending from the Valley and Ridge province into the Piedmont province. Continuity of subhorizontal reflections becomes tenuous in the Inner Piedmont. Careful reprocessing has yielded evidence for termination of strong reflections beneath the allochthon and the beginning of a relatively weak and complex series of “events”. Termination of sedimentary rocks beneath the Piedmont is interpreted from true amplitude seismic data. A zone of detachment continues southeast of the sediment termination as far as the master decollement root zone. Research on stacking velocities has indicated that complex velocity structures could create apparent low stacking velocities. This phenomenon may occur in the Charlotte belt of Georgia. Bouguer gravity can be modeled as a former craton of normal density with an accreted margin of very slightly higher density. Variation in crustal thickness also contributes to the Bouguer gravity gradient. No continuous large-scale overthrust is needed southeast of the interpreted master decollement root zone located beneath the Kings Mountain belt and Charlotte belt. 相似文献
19.
目前叠加速度的获取主要是通过人工拾取速度谱,存在着效率低、耗时长且易受人为因素影响的缺点.本文提出了一种基于自适应阈值约束的无监督聚类智能速度拾取方法,实现叠加速度的自动拾取,在保证速度拾取精度的同时提高拾取效率.利用时窗方法在速度谱中计算自适应阈值,从而识别出一次反射波速度能量团作为速度拾取的候选区域.然后,根据K均值方法将不同的速度能量团聚类,并将最终的聚类中心作为拾取的叠加速度.最后,依据人工拾取速度的经验,加入了离群速度点的后处理工作,以获得更光滑的速度场.模型和实际地震数据测试结果表明,本文提出的方法总体上与人工拾取叠加速度的精度相当,但明显提升了速度拾取效率,极大缓解了人工拾取负担. 相似文献
20.
Proper stacking of three-dimensional seismic CDP-data generally requires the knowledge of normal moveout velocities in all source-receiver directions contributing to a CDP-gather. The azimuthal variation of the stacking velocities mainly depends on the dip of the seismic interfaces. For a single dipping plane a simple relation exists between the dip and the azimuthal variation of NMO-velocity. Varying strike and dip of subsequent reflectors, however, result in a complex dependency of the seismic parameters. Reliable information on the spatial distribution of the normal moveout (NMO)-velocity can be derived from a wavefront curvature estimation using a 3-D ray-tracing technique. These procedures require additional information, e.g. reflection time gradients or depth maps to show interval velocities between leading interfaces. Moreover, their application to an extended 3-D data volume is restricted by high costs. The need for a routine 3-D procedure resulted in a special data selection to create pseudo 2-D profiles and to apply existing velocity estimation routines to these profiles. At least three estimates in different directions are necessary to derive the full azimuthal velocity variation, characterized by the large and the small main axis and the orientation of the velocity ellipse. Errors are estimated by means of computer models. Stacking velocities obtained by mathematical routines (least-squares fit) and by seismic standard routines (NMO-correction and correlation) are compared. Finally, a general 3-D velocity procedure using cross-correlation of preliminarily NMO-corrected traces is proposed. 相似文献