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Formulae of the energy spectrum and autocorrelation function have been derived for magnetic anomalies due to four classes of bodies which can be represented in turn by (a) poles, (b) line of poles, (c) dipoles and (d) line of dipoles. The effects of the depth and dimensions of the magnetized sources on the spectrum and the autocorrelation function have been studied. In the case of the dipole models, the orientation of the polarization vector casts a significant influence on the characteristics of the two functions. In all cases, however, the functions change in size and shape as the inclination and declination of the geomagnetic vector are varied. 相似文献
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Vladimir Priklonsky Anvar Shukurov Dmitry Sokoloff Andrew Soward 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-2):97-114
Abstract We reconsider thin-disc global asymptotics for kinematic, axisymmetric mean-field dynamos with vacuum boundary conditions. Non-local terms arising from a small but finite radial field component at the disc surface are consistently taken into account for quadrupole modes. As in earlier approaches, the solution splits into a local part describing the field distribution along the vertical direction and a radial part describing the radial (global) variation of the eigenfunction. However, the radial part of the eigenfunction is now governed by an integro-differential equation whose kernel has a weak (logarithmic) singularity. The integral term arises from non-local interactions of magnetic fields at different radii through vacuum outside the disc. The non-local interaction can have a stronger effect on the solution than the local radial diffusion in a thin disc, however the effect of the integral term is still qualitatively similar to magnetic diffusion. 相似文献
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New characteristics of O+ ion velocity distribution functions in a background of atomic oxygen neutrals subjected to intense external electromagnetic forces are presented. The one dimensional (1-D) distribution function along the magnetic field displays a core-halo shape which can be accurately fitted by a two Maxwellian model. The Maxwellian shape of the 1-D distribution function around a polar angle of 21 ± 1° from the magnetic field direction is confirmed, taking into account the accuracy of the Monte Carlo simulations. For the first time, the transition of the O+ 1-D distribution function from a core halo shape along the magnetic field direction to the well-known toroidal shape at large polar angles, through the Maxwellian shape at polar angle of 21 ± 1° is properly explained from a generic functional of the velocity moments at order 2 and 4. 相似文献
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Interpretation of magnetic data can be carried out either in the space or frequency domain. The interpretation in the frequency domain is computationally convenient because convolution becomes multiplication. The frequency domain approach assumes that the magnetic sources distribution has a random and uncorrelated distribution. This approach is modified to include random and fractal distribution of sources on the basis of borehole data. The physical properties of the rocks exhibit scaling behaviour which can be defined as P(k) = Ak?β, where P(k) is the power spectrum as a function of wave number (k), and A and β are the constant and scaling exponent, respectively. A white noise distribution corresponds to β = 0. The high resolution methods of power spectral estimation e.g. maximum entropy method and multi‐taper method produce smooth spectra. Therefore, estimation of scaling exponents is more reliable. The values of β are found to be related to the lithology and heterogeneities in the crust. The modelling of magnetic data for scaling distribution of sources leads to an improved method of interpreting the magnetic data known as the scaling spectral method. The method has found applicability in estimating the basement depth, Curie depth and filtering of magnetic data. 相似文献
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基于谱修正方法的非高斯风场模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为克服基于H erm ite谱修正方法的缺点,减少该方法中计算H erm ite多项式系数所需耗费的大量机时,提出了一种模拟非高斯风压场的新方法,采用非高斯累积分布函数（CDF）映射技术来代替基于H erm ite的概率密度函数（PDF）修正。选择任意边缘PDF模型作为概率目标模型,采用目标功率谱密度（PSD）作为样本函数,通过迭代修正该样本函数,使其收敛于目标概率密度函数和目标功率谱密度。将该方法应用于实际结构的非高斯风场模拟,模拟结果与目标谱符合良好,表明本文方法模拟非高斯风场具有较高的精确度和计算效率。 相似文献
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Two types of plots characterizing the undisturbed structure of the biotopic spectrum of diatom algae are recognized. The first of them has a hyperbolic form and the second is a sigmoid curve (normal distribution). It was shown that, under adverse external impact, both types of plots change their shape and the extent of their distortion reflects the general level of anthropogenic load on this water body or its part. The proposed method of graphical comparison was developed for lakes of Kola Peninsula. Later it was successfully used in the biomonitoring of watercourses of the Volga–Akhtuba interfluve area (Astrakhan Province) and in paleoenvironmental reconstruction for Galichskoe Lake (Kostroma Province). 相似文献
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三维反演是磁测数据定量解释的重要方法,在金属矿勘探中扮演着重要的角色.但是在实际矿区的应用中,传统的磁总场异常反演方法依然存在两个问题：一是地面磁异常反演的深度分辨率较低,深部场源体的成像效果差;二是金属矿中可能包含强剩磁,反演结果可能是完全错误的.尽管前人对上述两个问题分别进行了广泛的研究,但尚未尝试同时解决这两个问题.本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了一种井地磁异常模量联合反演方法,该方法需要的控制参数少,无需加入额外的地质信息,且可用于多场源复杂磁异常的反演,具有较强的适用性.本文方法首先将地面和井中磁异常转化为模量数据,然后利用基于核函数或距离的加权函数将井地模量数据结合起来,使得该方法适用于联合反演.我们利用井地多种异常参量进行反演的模型试验表明,在强剩磁存在时,本文方法的效果优于其他方法,在减少剩磁影响的同时,也改善了深部成像效果,具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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In this paper, we present a case study on the use of the normalized source strength (NSS) for interpretation of magnetic and gravity gradient tensors data. This application arises in exploration of nickel, copper and platinum group element (Ni‐Cu‐PGE) deposits in the McFaulds Lake area, Northern Ontario, Canada. In this study, we have used the normalized source strength function derived from recent high resolution aeromagnetic and gravity gradiometry data for locating geological bodies. In our algorithm, we use maxima of the normalized source strength for estimating the horizontal location of the causative body. Then we estimate depth to the source and structural index at that point using the ratio between the normalized source strength and its vertical derivative calculated at two levels; the measurement level and a height h above the measurement level. To discriminate more reliable solutions from spurious ones, we reject solutions with unreasonable estimated structural indices. This method uses an upward continuation filter which reduces the effect of high frequency noise. In the magnetic case, the advantage is that, in general, the normalized magnetic source strength is relatively insensitive to magnetization direction, thus it provides more reliable information than standard techniques when geologic bodies carry remanent magnetization. For dipping gravity sources, the calculated normalized source strength yields a reliable estimate of the source location by peaking right above the top surface. Application of the method on aeromagnetic and gravity gradient tensor data sets from McFaulds Lake area indicates that most of the gravity and magnetic sources are located just beneath a 20 m thick (on average) overburden and delineated magnetic and gravity sources which can be probably approximated by geological contacts and thin dikes, come up to the overburden. 相似文献
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The persistence of soil compaction, caused by farmers' vehicles (tractors wheelings) during the dry season, can affect splash distribution and soil erosion so that surface flow starts at an earlier stage than between the wheelings. To investigate the effects of soil compaction on splash distribution, a dry clayey agricultural soil was compacted in steel cups with a hydraulic piston, and the shear strength was measured with a fall‐cone penetrometer. Two cups were compacted in the same manner, using one to measure the shear strength and the second for splash erosion measurements. A laboratory splash board of 1 m radius, divided into 13 concentric compartments, was used to collect the splashed particles. The water drop diameter used was 4·9 mm falling onto a soil splash cup of 50·2 cm2 area from 8 m height with a terminal velocity of 8·8 m s?1. The spatial distribution of the splashed particles, for different soil compactions, fitted the fundamental splash distribution function (FSDF) model better than the exponential function. The shapes of the curves of this function demonstrated the importance of the source area size; the smaller the cup diameter the better the spatial distribution is expressed by an exponential function. In addition, variability in soil surface conditions contributes to variation in splash characteristics. Detachment rates and average radial distance followed second degree relationships in terms of shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The spatio-temporal variability of submesoscale eddies off southern San Diego is investigated with two-year observations of subinertial surface currents [O(1) m depth] derived from shore-based high-frequency radars. The kinematic and dynamic quantities — velocity potential, stream function, divergence, vorticity, and deformation rates — are directly estimated from radial velocity maps using optimal interpolation. For eddy detection, the winding-angle approach based on flow geometry is applied to the calculated stream function. A cluster of nearly enclosed streamlines with persistent vorticity in time is identified as an eddy. About 700 eddies were detected for each rotation (clockwise and counter-clockwise). The two rotations show similar statistics with diameters in the range of 5–25 km and Rossby number of 0.2–2. They persist for 1–7 days with weak seasonality and migrate with a translation speed of 4–15 cm s−1 advected by background currents. The horizontal structure of eddies exhibits nearly symmetric tangential velocity with a maximum at the defined radius of the eddy, non-zero radial velocity due to background flows, and Gaussian vorticity with the highest value at the center. In contrast divergence has no consistent spatial shape. Two episodic events are presented with other in situ data (subsurface current and temperature profiles, and local winds) as an example of frontal-scale secondary circulation associated with drifting submesoscale eddies. 相似文献
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在磁异常数据处理中,利用等效源技术重构磁异常场具有较好的稳定性和较高的计算精度,因而被广泛应用.传统方法是采用设置在近地表的单层等效源拟合实测磁异常数据,尽管拟合精度很高,但向上延拓之后往往会出现较大的拟合误差,即可能存在磁异常信号的"泄漏",尤其在原始数据中存在背景场时更容易出现此种误差.本文提出一种多层等效源技术方案,应用分布于不同深度范围内的等效源模拟实测数据,减少了等效源参数设置的盲目性.理论模型试验表明,采用多层等效源方法重构的磁异常及其梯度与分量,较单层等效源方法具有更高精度,可以吸收更完整的实测磁异常信息.论文详细地讨论了如何优化多层等效源设置、等效源参数选择以及计算方法,通过二维和三维理论模型试验,验证了在复杂条件下多层等效源方法的可行性和适应性,并且将该方法应用于广西某地的实测磁异常数据转换之中,取得了较好的应用效果. 相似文献
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As deduced from the data with high spatial resolution obtained at the radio heliographs of the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope
(SSRT, 5.7 GHz) and the Nobeyama radio heliograph (NoRH, 17 GHz), radio brightness centers in the distribution of the Stokes
parameter I are shifted relative to the distribution of the parameter V 1–2 days before an intense flare. It has been shown that this phenomenon can be related to the behavior of quasi-stationary
sources over the inversion line of the radial component of the magnetic field (neutral-line associated sources (NLSs)). These
sources have a brightness temperature up to 106 K and a circular polarization up to 90%. The origination of NLSs is associated
with the outflow of a new magnetic flux into the atmosphere of an active region that is a classical factor of the flare activity.
Therefore, an NLS is a precursor of power solar flares and can be used as a forecast factor. Owing to the high resolution
of the SSRT, the deviation of the observed polarization distribution of microwave radiation of the active region from the
normal one within the solar disk zone containing the active region can be used as a precursor of the preflare state of the
active region. As a result, the single-frequency Tanaka-Enome criterion is modified. The use of the data from two radio heliographs
(SSRT and NoRH) allows us to propose a two-frequency criterion of normal longitudinal zones that is more efficient for short-term
forecasting of solar flares. Preflare features associated with the displacement of brightness centers in I and V, which is manifested as the transformation of NLSs into spot sources, are fine attributes added to forecast according to
the two-frequency criterion. This is illustrated by an example of active region 10930, which produced power proton flares
on December 6 and 13, 2006. 相似文献
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Both magnetospheric and solid Earth geophysicists often employ two-dimensional arrays of recording variometers to reconstruct the spatial distribution of transient magnetic field variations at the Earth's surface. These discrete data are typically interpolated over a dense grid and the results, for example, are contoured. Few studies, however, have explored the efficacy of employing various polynomial forms for interpolating the same data set, nor have they examined how regional polynomial forms relate to magnetic variation sources on a global scale. The present study addresses some of these concerns. We quantify the characteristics of various smoothed models (i.e., low-order polynomial trend surfaces) for the same data set from a subglobal network of magnetic variometers. Using a relatively quiet interval of undisturbed diurnal variation, we characterize the spatial distribution of the three individual magnetic vector components at a single instant of time—or for what we call a ‘time slice’. We then explore how our model functions are affected by the presence or absence of various site data, i.e., what is the ‘information content’ of a particular site in our array and how important is it to constraining the final smooth model function that we derive? Finally, we explore how such local model functions are affected by including data from outside the array by studying the relation between our local polynomial forms and the global source fields from which they derive. 相似文献
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Philip Sura 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(1):155-170
This paper examines the physics of observed non-Gaussian sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly variability in the Gulf Stream
system in a recently developed stochastic framework. It is first shown from a new high-resolution observational data set that
the Gulf Stream system is very clearly visible as a band of negative skewness all the way from Florida, over Cape Hatteras,
to the central North Atlantic. To get an idea about the detailed non-Gaussian variability along the Gulf Stream, probability
density functions are calculated at several locations. One important observational result of this study is that the non-Gaussian
tails of SST variability in the Gulf Stream system follow a power-law distribution. The study then shows that the observed
non-Gaussianity is consistent with stochastic advection of SST anomalies in an idealized zonal current. In addition, stochastic
advection is compatible with the observed northward eddy heat flux in the Gulf Stream, providing a new dynamical view at the
heat balance in strong currents. 相似文献
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Analytic signal approach and its applicability in environmental magnetic investigations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ahmed Salem Dhananjay Ravat T. Jeffrey Gamey Keisuke Ushijima 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2002,49(4):787
We investigate the analytic signal method and its applicability in obtaining source locations of compact environmental magnetic objects. Previous investigations have shown that, for two-dimensional magnetic sources, the shape and location of the maxima of the amplitude of the analytic signal (AAS) are independent of the magnetization direction. In this study, we show that the shape of the AAS over magnetic dipole or sphere source is dependent on the direction of magnetization and, consequently, the maxima of the AAS are not always located directly over the dipolar sources. Maximum shift in the horizontal location is obtained for magnetic inclination of 30°. The shifts of the maxima are a function of the source-to-observation distance and they can be up to 30% of the distance. We also present a method of estimating the depths of compact magnetic objects based on the ratio of the AAS of the magnetic anomaly to the AAS of the vertical gradient of the magnetic anomaly. The estimated depths are independent of the magnetization direction. With the help of magnetic anomalies over environmental targets of buried steel drums, we show that the depths can be reliably estimated in most cases. Therefore, the analytic signal approach can be useful in estimating source locations of compact magnetic objects. However, horizontal locations of the targets derived from the maximum values of the AAS must be verified using other techniques. 相似文献
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The plasma dispersion function and the reduced velocity distribution function are calculated numerically for any arbitrary velocity distribution function with cylindrical symmetry along the magnetic field. The electron velocity distribution is separated into two distributions representing the distribution of the ambient electrons and the suprathermal electrons. The velocity distribution function of the ambient electrons is modelled by a near-Maxwellian distribution function in presence of a temperature gradient and a potential electric field. The velocity distribution function of the suprathermal electrons is derived from a numerical model of the angular energy flux spectrum obtained by solving the transport equation of electrons. The numerical method used to calculate the plasma dispersion function and the reduced velocity distribution is described. The numerical code is used with simulated data to evaluate the Doppler frequency asymmetry between the up- and downshifted plasma lines of the incoherent-scatter plasma lines at different wave vectors. It is shown that the observed Doppler asymmetry is more dependent on deviation from the Maxwellian through the thermal part for high-frequency radars, while for low-frequency radars the Doppler asymmetry depends more on the presence of a suprathermal population. It is also seen that the full evaluation of the plasma dispersion function gives larger Doppler asymmetry than the heat flow approximation for Langmuir waves with phase velocity about three to six times the mean thermal velocity. For such waves the moment expansion of the dispersion function is not fully valid and the full calculation of the dispersion function is needed. 相似文献