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1.
不同垂直加热率对爆发性气旋发展的影响 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
文章着眼于海洋温带气旋爆发性发展热力结构的影响效应问题。通过数值试验的结果表明，温带气旋发展状况对于垂直加热廓线分布具有突出的敏感性，若将垂直加热廓线“形变”，则可能导致海洋气旋的爆发性发展，并构成类似观测到的“气象炸弹”动力，热力结构，即“上干下湿”，“上冷下暖”的不稳定层结或“抽吸”结构，急流轴“断裂”形成的非地转偏差特征。从而揭示了垂直加热廓线特征在海洋气旋发展诸影响因子中的关键作用以及潜热释放分布与海洋气旋动力、热力结构形成的机理。 相似文献
2.
1 引言许多研究者提出墨西哥湾流的暖水对气旋爆发性加深提供了必需的能量,这种爆发性加深是冬季在美国和加拿大东海岸附近的海面上一种经常观测到的海洋气旋生成时所特有的现象。可是,许多研究(Nuss 和 An-thes,1987;Kuo 和 Low-Nam,1990;Kuo 相似文献
3.
热带气旋过程中海-气界面热量交换 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为探索热带气旋与海洋相互作用,采用国家海洋局南海分局Marex(马瑞克斯)数据浮标实测资料,计算了1986年南海的7个热带气旋海气界面热量交换值.结果表明:热带气旋海气界面热量交换强烈,主要贡献来自潜热通量;热带气旋环流内水温、气温均是下降趋势,气温下降更为明显;夏季热带气旋环流内,感热通量会出现负值,海面有效反射辐射通量出现减弱现象;秋季热带气旋环流内,感热通量和海面有效反射辐射通量显著加强;在热带气旋环流内,海面吸收的短波辐射通量均出现减弱现象;热带气旋环流内受到冷空气影响时,感热变得相当重要,热带气旋表现为对海洋的响应为主. 相似文献
4.
海洋飞沫对热带气旋影响的数值试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将最新版的Andreas海洋飞沫通量参数化方案与中尺度大气模式MM5V3耦合,对0514号热带气旋Nabi进行数值模拟,探讨海洋飞沫蒸发对热带气旋发展和演变的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海洋飞沫的作用后,热带气旋范围内(气旋中心附近600 km左右范围内)的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,最大值可提高35%～80%,潜热通量的大值区对应热带气旋眼墙处的最大风速区.无论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出热带气旋Nabi的移动路径,但考虑飞沫作用后,由于飞沫对海气界面通量交换的贡献,使得模拟热带气旋中心的最低海平面气压降低,最大风速增强,暖心结构更加明显. 相似文献
5.
基于实况观测资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Forecast, ECMWF)0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的再分析数据和集合预报数据,对2018年2月一次入海爆发性气旋在黄海南部的爆发性增强时期的动力和热力因子进行了对比分析。根据气旋路径、强度和海面风的检验结果挑选出两组集合成员——好成员组和坏成员组。通过组间对比分析得到如下主要 结论 1）在气旋入海之后爆发性增强时,500 hPa高空槽和850 hPa中低层低涡迅速加强,同时低层和高层的西南急流均明显加大,中高层系统快速增强,上述因子均为气旋出现爆发性发展提供有利条件。2）气旋入海之后上升运动快速增强,这加剧了低层辐合与高层辐散,有利于地面降压,促使地面气旋的爆发性发展。水汽在中低层辐合后随气流上升发生凝结并释放潜热,这加强了高层辐散、低层辐合以及上升运动,促使气旋进一步爆发性发展。与此同时,对流层顶的高值位涡下传增强,低层大气斜压性受气旋上空冷暖平流的增强而增大,导致垂直稳定度减小,地面气旋性涡度增强,也有利于气旋爆发性发展。最终此次气旋快速增强并达到中等爆发性气旋的强度。3）虽然集合预报两组成员的平均场均比分析场弱,但是好成员组抓住了气旋上空中高层天气系统的快速增强过程,以及垂直运动、温度平流、水汽条件、位涡等预报因子和物理量的快速增强过程,其预报效果在气旋强度和路径等方面均显著优于坏成员组。 相似文献
6.
海洋温带气旋发生发展的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文综合地评述了近年来海洋温带气旋发生、发展的研究成果,讨论了海洋温带气旋爆发性发展的气候特征、天气形势、各种物理机制及数值模拟的结果,并进一步指出了有待解决的问题。 相似文献
7.
本文介绍了北美东海岸两例(1972年11月16—18日和1982年1月9—11日)强海洋气旋的诊断分析。这两例气旋都沿一强低层斜压带生成,而且它们也都随一接近的对流层高空短波槽而加深。1972年11月16—18日的风暴沿卡罗来纳海岸线,在低层辐合加强和气旋性涡旋的形成有利于早期气旋生成医前方发展起来,在气旋的东北部有效的海洋加热和水汽通量有助于低层斜压性的加强和气旋路径上暖湿气团的不稳定。当地面低压上游大约300公里处有一普通的对流层中部低槽存在时,气旋开始爆发性加深(35百帕/12小时)。应注意的是,在气旋开始加深阶段,其中心附近有很强的对流和内部特别大的气压梯度,表明非绝热过程在其急剧发展阶段的作用。1982年1月9—11日气旋的形成和加深对对流层中上部旺盛的低压槽/较强的急流系统以及大尺度斜压性的反应,比1972年11月的气旋要强一些。除气旋后部,海洋热通量一般都很小。当气旋爆发性加深时,没有大范围的对流和对流不稳定。1982年的风暴强度达到峰值时是在冷水区,而1972年的风暴达到最大强度时,是在墨西哥湾流的暖水区。在1982年的个例中,上层锋生可以有助于对流层上部低压槽加强和使在下游发展。 相似文献
8.
利用观测资料、FY-2C卫星云图和NCEP再分析资料，对2003年6月22—23日黄河下游的气旋爆发性发展过程进行天气学分析和中尺度数值模拟与诊断，研究这次爆发性气旋的发展特征。结果表明：河套高空槽东移与山东南部的切变线合并产生这次爆发性气旋。MM5数值模式可以很好地模拟夏季陆地爆发性气旋发展过程。夏季陆地爆发性气旋发生在与高度场气旋性弯曲相重合的高空急流出口区，气旋从急流出口区右侧向左侧行进的过程中爆发性发展。气旋爆发性发展需要高空有急流，低空有西南和东南风急流为其提供强的暖平流和水汽通道。气旋的爆发性发展伴随着上升运动强烈发展，上升运动区高层强辐散、低层强辐舍。气旋爆发性发展在高能场中，大气具有强对流性不稳定。 相似文献
9.
利用高分辨率观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 分析造成2021年11月7—8日东北极端暴雪的温带气旋结构特征及爆发性发展机制, 结果表明:温带气旋发生在高空冷涡背景下, 地面气旋在黄海形成后出现爆发性快速增强并沿东北地区东部北上。地面降雪区主要分布在气旋西侧, 且降雪强度与气旋的发生发展密切相关;地面气旋在爆发性发展后由叶状云系演变为逗点涡旋云系, 并表现出明显的锋面断裂和暖锋包卷;其垂直结构也先后出现高空锋区断裂、干暖核形成和中性锢囚锋区加强;西伯利亚高压脊、华北高空槽和东北高压脊3个异常中心构成Rossby波列, 随着高度异常中心不断东移及波能量向下游地区频散, 华北高空槽区的波作用通量明显增大导致华北冷涡快速增强, 涡度因子的急剧增大有利于地面气旋爆发性发展;随着平流层位涡高值区沿等熵面不断向南发展和向下传播, 导致中层冷涡快速发展并向下伸展, 诱发地面气旋爆发性增强。 相似文献
10.
利用WRF模式对2015年热带气旋（TC）"苏迪罗"发展演变过程开展高分辨率数值模拟,模式较好地再现了"苏迪罗"路径、强度、高低空环流、云系演变和降水分布等。应用三维地面降水诊断方程对"苏迪罗"海上活动时段的降水物理过程模拟诊断指出,QWVA（三维水汽通量辐合辐散率）对TC环流区域内降水相关的水汽相关过程变率（QWV）变化起主导作用,但环流区域内QWVL（垂直积分负的水汽局地变化率）和QWVE（海面蒸发率）亦有重要贡献（尤其是后者）,尽管QWVE贡献明显小于QWVA,但由环流区域外辐合来的水汽也可能主要源于区域外不同海域的海面蒸发,海面蒸发的总体贡献应更大。海上活动时段云相关过程变率（QCM）特征及变化与QWV相比更为复杂,环流区域内的QCLL（负的液相水凝物局地变率）基本维持正值（液相水凝物持续减少）,其消耗主要用于向冰相水凝物转化和地面降水,以及向区域外的三维通量辐散,6日04时之前,环流区域内QCIL（负的冰相水凝物局地变率）的变化主要归因于微物理转化及地面降水,而6日04时之后,来自环流区域外的通量辐合也有一定作用;降水强度逐渐增强时期,水凝物含量的短暂增长（负值QCLL和QCIL）主要归因于明显增强和垂直扩展的上升运动,伴随上升运动增强,水凝物含量明显增加,霰融化（Pgmlt）和雨滴碰并云滴（Pracw）是造成雨滴含量增加的主要微物理过程。"苏迪罗"环流内区域和时间平均的降水效率高达96%,其中QWVA是主要贡献项,而QWVE和QWVL亦有重要贡献,这与TC所处海洋下垫面有关,海上活动时段,充足的降水源和较小的降水汇共同造成此时段的高降水效率,雨滴生成主要微物理来源中,Pgmlt约占Pracw的72%,体现出海上活动时段TC环流内旺盛的深对流活动特征。 相似文献
11.
A dominant role played by energy dispersion in the explosive development of extratropicalmarine cyclones over the Northwest Pacific has been revealed based on both the eddy energyequations and the energy flux vectors of nonlinear wave packet.At the initial and explosive time.the eddy energy from neighboring upstream systems beyond the radius of Rossby deformation isdispersed into the eddy energy center associated with the cyclone via ageostrophic geopotentialfluxes,and results in the rapid increase of eddy kinetic energy and the occurrence of explosivecyclogenesis.When the cyclone begins to decay,its corresponding eddy energy is exporteddownstream and hence triggers the growth of new perturbation downstream.Through generalizingthe energy flux vectors of quasigeostrophic wave packets to the nonlinear forms and making use ofthe relationship between the energy flux vectors and the total eddy energy,the approximationexpressions of the total group velocity and relative group velocity are derived,and then they areused to compute an explosive case.The normalized ageostrophic geopotential fluxes by dividing thevolume integral of ageostrophic geopotential fluxes by the integral of the total eddy energydetermine the relative group velocity at which the eddy energy is spreading out,and they can beused to evaluate the position of next new disturbance.The nonlinear advective fluxes influenceprimarily the phase speed and translation of the cyclones.The results in this paper facilitate toexpanding the mechanism research on explosive cyclones and have great significance for predictingthe explosive intensification and downstream disturbance growth. 相似文献
12.
Mellissa C. MacKellar Hamish A. McGowan Stuart R. Phinn Joshua S. Soderholm 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(2):319-340
Over warm, shallow coral reefs the surface radiation and energy fluxes differ from those of the open ocean and result in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer via the development of convective internal boundary layers. The complex interrelationships between the surface energy balance and boundary-layer characteristics influence local weather (wind, temperature, humidity) and hydrodynamics (water temperature and currents), as well as larger scale processes, including cloud field properties and precipitation. The nature of these inter-relationships has not been accurately described for coral reef environments. This study presents the first measurements of the surface energy balance, radiation budget and boundary layer thermodynamics made over a coral reef using an eddy-covariance system and radiosonde aerological profiling of the lower atmosphere. Results show that changes in surface properties and the associated energetics across the ocean-reef boundary resulted in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer during the Austral winter and summer. Internal convective boundary layers developed within the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the reef and were found to be deeper in the summer, yet more unstable during the winter when cold and drier flow from the mainland enhances heat and moisture fluxes to the atmosphere. A mixed layer was identified in the marine atmospheric boundary layer varying from 375 to 1,200 m above the surface, and was deeper during the summer, particularly under stable anticyclonic conditions. Significant cloud cover and at times rain resulted in the development of a stable stratified atmosphere over the reef. Our findings show that, for Heron Reef, a lagoonal platform reef, there was a horizontal discontinuity in surface energy fluxes across the ocean-reef boundary, which modified the marine atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献
13.
A. V. Gavrikov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2007,32(11):683-690
Moisture evolution in cyclones is studied numerically based on modeling 22 cyclones developed over the Atlantic in 2004–2006. Calculations are carried out with the WRF nonhydrostatic model. Comparison of numerical results and the NCEP/NCAR analyses has shown that the WRF model accurately simulates the cyclone evolution and humidity field and, therefore, can be used to estimate moisture evolution in cyclones. We obtained the data about the changes of the moisture content of the air column and water content of clouds and precipitation in a cyclone from its generation to dissipation. It was found that the moisture content of the air column decreases almost twice at the stage of cyclone deepening due to a negative balance between moisture fluxes from the atmosphere with precipitation and moisture fluxes to the atmosphere due to evaporation from the sea surface. 相似文献
14.
江南地面热通量对江淮气旋暴雨影响的模拟研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对一次江淮气旋暴雨个例的数值模拟，研究地面热通量与大尺度流型结合作用对气旋降水系统的影响。过程前期存在南北两大片地面热通量正值区，北片位于气旋所在处及其前方，南片位于上游低空急流处。模拟比较两片地面热通量的作用发现，前期南片地面热通量，特别是强潜热通量，通过与其上空低空急流的共同作用，对后期下游江淮气旋降水系统的加强起着更为重要的作用。对其机制的初步探讨表明：由地面通量进入低层大气的水汽，通过西南气流向长江中下游输送，改变下游大气的温湿结构，并通过积云对流和层状云雨潜热释放等非绝热过程，促进后期气旋降水系统的发展 相似文献
15.
东海地区温带气旋爆发性发展的动力学分析 总被引：13，自引：8，他引：13
本文对东海地区两个气旋波的爆发性发展过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明:明显的对流层中下部增温、增温以及不稳定的大气层结和强高空西风急流,及其有关的次级环流的作用是气旋爆发性发展的重要条件。在气旋爆发性发展过程中,上升运动、正涡度以及高空辐散和低空辐合的散度场皆达到最强。加热场的计算也表明非绝热加热特别是凝结潜热释放也在气旋爆发时刻达到最强,最大加热区位于气旋的东北象限内。这时涡动动能的增加十分显著,它主要是由涡动有效位能向涡动动能的转换造成,这说明气旋的爆发性发展是与斜压发展密切有关。 相似文献
16.
The development mechanisms of the explosive cyclone that occurred during 3–4 April 2012 over East Sea (Sea of Japan) are examined through numerical simulation and sensitivity experiments using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model. The characteristics of this explosive cyclone are different from typical cyclonic features observed in this region, including its intensity, deepening rate, and formation time. Numerical simulation, reanalysis data, upper and surface weather charts, and satellite data indicate that the strong baroclinic instability and temperature advection associated with upper-level cut-off low and the interaction of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies between the lower- and upper-level are essential to explosive cyclogenesis.The sensitivity experiments of the explosive cyclone show that latent heat release (LHR) is an important factor in explosive cyclogenesis. The intensification, extent, and movement speed of the cyclone are amplified by LHR as well as the formation of an upper-level cut-off low. The role of LHR is primary important in the generation and evolution of the cyclone. Especially, the LHR contributes to roughly 50% of decrease in sea level pressure (SLP) and 50% of the central cyclone’s low-level PV generation in initial stage. During a 48-h simulation, the contributions of the LHR, surface heat flux, and their interaction on the decrease of SLP of the cyclone are found to be 40.6, −8.2, and 10.5%, respectively. These results reveal that the explosive cyclone has larger deepening rates than OJ cyclones, and develops with a large amount of LHR near the cyclone center. 相似文献
17.
Using the data of ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) to undertake composite diagnoses of 16 explosive cyclones occurring at the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans,it is found that there are a lot of obvious discrepancies on the basic fields between these strong and weak explosive cyclones.The major reasons why the explosive cyclones over the Atlantic are stronger than those over the Pacific Ocean are that the non-zonal upper jet and the low-level warm moist flow over the Atlantic are stronger.The non-zonal upper jet offers stronger divergence,baroclinicity and baroclinic instability fields for explosive cyclones.Anticyclonic curvature at the high level of strong explosive cyclones is easy to make the inertia-gravitational wave developing at the moment of northward transfer of energy and stimulate the cyclones deepening quickly.Warm advection and diabatic heating can cause the upper isobaric surface lifting,as a result,the anticyclone curvature of cyclones enlarges,and wave energy develops easily as well.The most powerful period of the development of explosive cyclones is just the time when the positive vorticity advection center is located over the low vortex.At the upper level,when the distribution of potential vorticity contours changes suddenly from rareness to denseness,and the large values of the potential vorticity both in the west and north sides of cyclones extend downwards together,then cyclones are easy to explosively develop.The formation of strong explosive cyclones is closely related with the non-zonality of upper jet and the anticyclonic curvature. 相似文献
18.
在分析云微物理参数化对云结构和降水特征的影响的基础上,研究云微物理参数化过程对台风"云娜"强度与路径的影响.结果表明:云微物理过程对台风强度和路径有一定影响,其中不考虑雨水蒸发冷却效应后,比其他试验最终地面最大风速强7 m/s以上,但此时登陆地点误差最大,与对照试验偏离150 km左右.我们还从螺旋雨带结构变化及环境风切变影响角度分析台风临近登陆时强度模拟减弱的原因,发现过强的外围螺旋雨带以及环境风场垂直切变对于台风的加深、维持是不利的,他们可能会造成"云娜"临近登陆时强度的下降.不难看出,云微物理过程可以加强甚至产生外螺旋雨带,当外围雨带发展加强之后,可以引起局地辐合强度增强,从而限制了大量水汽和能量向台风内核输送,从而会导致台风强度下降.此外,外围螺旋雨带的发展,还可以从对流层中层带来干冷空气入侵行星边界层;而当入流边界层中雨水下落时,其自身的蒸发也会使周围气块温度下降;这些干冷气团在入流气流的输送下进入台风内核,从而对云墙产生了"冷侵蚀",最终引起台风强度下降.因此,减小上述两方面的模拟误差,应能改进台风"云娜"登陆过程中强度的模拟效果. 相似文献
19.
The impact of cloud microphysical processes on the simulated intensity and track of Typhoon Rananim is discussed and analyzed in the second part of this study.The results indicate that when the cooling effect due to evaporation of rain water is excluded,the simulated 36-h maximum surface wind speed of Typhoon Rananim is about 7 m s-1 greater than that from all other experiments; however,the typhoon landfall location has the biggest bias of about 150 km against the control experiment.The simulated strong outer rainbands and the vertical shear of the environmental flow are unfavorable for the deepening and maintenance of the typhoon and result in its intensity loss near the landfall.It is the cloud microphysical processes that strengthen and create the outer spiral rainbands,which then increase the local convergence away from the typhoon center and prevent more moisture and energy transport to the inner core of the typhoon.The developed outer rainbands are supposed to bring dry and cold air mass from the middle troposphere to the planetary boundary layer (PBL).The other branch of the cold airflow comes from the evaporation of rain water itself in the PBL while the droplets are falling.Thus,the cut-off of the warm and moist air to the inner core and the invasion of cold and dry air to the eyewall region are expected to bring about the intensity reduction of the modeled typhoon.Therefore,the deepening and maintenance of Typhoon Rananim during its landing are better simulated through the reduction of these two kinds of model errors. 相似文献
20.
Extended sheets of stratocumulus (Sc) in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) often occur under appropriate meteorological conditions. These cloud decks are important both in climate studies and in weather forecasting. We review the current knowledge of the turbulent structure of the ABL capped by a cloud deck, in the light of recent observations and model studies. The most important physical processes determining this structure are longwave radiative cooling at cloud top, shortwave radiative wanning by absorption in the cloud, surface buoyancy flux, and wind shear in the ABL. As a result, turbulence can cause entrainment against the buoyancy jump at cloud top. In cases where only longwave radiative fluxes and surface buoyancy fluxes are important, the turbulent structure is relatively well understood. When shortwave radiative fluxes and/or wind shear are also important, the resulting turbulent structure may change considerably. A decoupling of the cloud from the sub-cloud layer or of the top of the cloud from the rest of the ABL is then regularly observed. In no cases are the details of the entrainment at cloud top understood well enough to derive a relatively simple formulation that is consistent with observations. Cloud-top entrainment instability may lead to the break-up of a cloud deck (but also to cloud deepening). The role of mesoscale circulations in determining fractional cloudiness is not yet well understood. 相似文献