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UNESCO World Heritage sites in Italy affected by geological problems, specifically landslide and flood hazard 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
A National Research Council, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection (IRPI) study on Italian monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List has revealed that many are affected by geological, geomorphological, and engineering geological problems. These monuments are static entities set in an environment that often manifests highly dynamic processes. As part of the efforts to protect sites of cultural and natural heritage, this study has applied a preliminary and empirical Geographical Information System-based method developed to characterize the environmental hazards at the sites where the monuments are located. Because the study of hydrogeological degradation falls within the province of IRPI, this hazard zoning focuses on river and mountain slope dynamics specifically concerning landslides and floods. 相似文献
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Concentrations of the members of the 238U decay chain and 232Th were determined in volcanic rocks from convergent plate margins, intraplate volcanoes and oceanic spreading centers. Contemporary and historical volcanic rocks from Mt. St. Helens, Arenal, El Chichon, Hawaii and Iceland and submarine basaltic glass from the Galapagos spreading center all show no fractionation of U and Th in the mantle source or during magma formation at least for the past 300,000 years. Mauna Kea (Hawaii) rocks of alkaline composition greater than 4000 years old and an old submarine basalt show disequilibrium for several of the nuclides in the 238U decay chain. We interpret these as resulting from post-emplacement processes. 相似文献
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G. R. Bauer R. V. Fodor J. W. Husler Klaus Keil 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,40(3):183-194
Detailed examination of rhyodacite from a new locality on Kauaopuu Ridge, Oahu, Hawaii (the second occurrence of rhyodacite in the Hawaiian volcanic province) yields the following results and conclusions: i) Bulk composition, mineral content, texture, and geographic location indicate that the newly found rhyodacite is part of the Mauna Kuwale rhyodacite flow described by Macdonald (1940); ii) Mineral phases include plagioclase (An53–23), biotite, orthopyroxene, Ti-rich hornblende, titaniferous magnetite, and ilmenite; iii) Groundmass glass, about 75% by volume, is similar in bulk composition to oceanic rhyolite such as that of Easter Island and Iceland; iv) Similarity in composition between rhyodacite groundmass glass, described here, and bulk composition of oceanic rhyolite from Easter Island and Iceland, suggests that the latter could conceivably have formed by crystal fractionation of a rhyodacitic magma. 相似文献
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深圳地区中生代火山地层分布区是我国东南沿海浙闽粤港火山活动带的一个重要组成部分,是我国沿海地区侏罗纪—白垩纪火山地层较有代表性地段,也是研究我国东南沿海侏罗纪—白垩纪火山活动的天然博物馆。近期通过野外观察,测制火山地层剖面,进行锆石同位素激光定年测试,对大鹏半岛国家地质公园中生代火山地层的时代提出新的认识,将原划分为上侏罗统高基坪群划分为早—中侏罗世塘厦组(181.8 Ma?)、中侏罗世吉岭湾组(165.8 Ma)、晚侏罗世梧桐山组(156.9~145.6 Ma)、晚侏罗世—早白垩世七娘山组(146.3~131.0 Ma)、早白垩世官草湖群等。 相似文献
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I. D. Lewis 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2019,66(6):785-792
South Australia’s State Heritage Register contains 2294 listed places, the majority of which are from the ‘Built’ environment, ranging from settlers’ huts, community buildings, historical industrial sites to magnificent stone mansions. Only 96 places are linked to the ‘Natural’ environment. The Register listings protect heritage places from alteration, damage or removal without formal prior consultation, compulsory under the South Australian Development Act. ‘Natural’ environments are landscape-based and oriented towards Geological, Archaeological, Palaeontological and Speleological heritage (‘GAPS heritage’). A process to provide a greater balance between ‘Natural’ and ‘Built’ listings has initiated a series of State Heritage ‘Natural’ environment assessments, mostly of single sites. Two individual caves in the Naracoorte Caves National Park are already entered in the State Heritage Register as single sites. However, an innovative broader multiple-site nomination has focused on the many different but significant GAPS features contained within the 25 caves of the Naracoorte Caves National Park, providing a further level of protection for the land and the caves’ exteriors and interiors. The example of the Naracoorte Caves draws attention to the number of important land and coastal karst (limestone) features across South Australia that were generated by steady geological uplift of three large sections of Oligocene–Miocene limestone—the Nullarbor Plain, the Murray Basin and the Gambier Karstfield (which includes Naracoorte and Mount Gambier), resulting in specific karst forms worthy of a broader coordinating management approach across South Australian karst parks. 相似文献
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Resat Ulusay Candan Gokceoglu Tamer Topal Harun Sonmez Ergün Tuncay Zeynal Abiddin Erguler Ozgu Kasmer 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(4):473-494
The Cappadocia Region of Central Anatolia having a very distinct culture is one of the attractive touristic sites of Turkey due to its spectacular and unique landforms and historical heritages. In this region, the structures carved into thick to massive tuffs survived and kept their original integrity for a number of centuries. Environmental and anthropological factors at the Cappadocia Region have been the main reasons for extensive subsurface and multi-purpose use in the past and present. In addition, thermal insulation properties of the tuffs make these rocks suitable for use in underground openings. The Kayakapi Neighborhood, located in the town of Urgüp, is one of the famous historical sites. This site is situated within the “Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia” which was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1985. In order to develop the tourism potential of this abandoned site while preserving its cultural and natural values, a natural environmental conservation and revitalization project was initiated. As an integral part of this project, in this study, environmental and engineering geological problems, including rock fall potential and stability of about 1,200 rock-hewn structures, were investigated and an inventory was prepared for the possible re-use of the underground openings and other structures at the site, and remedial measures were recommended. The assessments based on observations and experimental studies indicated that the tuffs do not show significant changes both perpendicular and parallel to layering, and discontinuities and rock weathering seem to be more important factors controlling the stability of rock-hewn structures. The major stability problems threatening the re-use of the openings are structurally-controlled block instabilities, overbreaks, and erosion and shearing of the pillars made of tuff. On the other hand, the area at the entrance of the site requires some protection measures such as the construction of a retaining wall, systematic bolting of rock slabs and removal of some blocks having rock fall potential. The inventory for the openings suggests that there are a number of openings that can be re-used after necessary remedial measures. 相似文献
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Rose Ferraby Dominic Powlesland 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2019,130(3-4):483-492
The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site is a landscape defined by change and process. As such, the approach to its heritage must be similarly flexible and active. A balance must be found between celebrating these processes of change, whilst also conserving those invaluable discoveries and features that so define this coast, as well as encouraging ongoing research and public engagement. This delicate task can be aided firstly by thinking about this geologically defined World Heritage Site as a landscape. In this way it is possible to develop rich and nuanced narratives between the human and geological. Secondly, by embracing new technologies and methodologies to record, archive and communicate features and finds, as well as the process of change itself. Here, we explore these ideas through two unique sites of geological and palaeontological interest discovered in the process of quarrying. To balance keeping the sites open to the public with the risk of natural and human damage to the sites, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry was used to create accurate, high-resolution, georeferenced 3D models. The process and potentials of the technique are discussed, alongside a discussion of the broader ideas of heritage and approaches already at play on this coastline. 相似文献
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John J. Naughton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(5):1163-1169
Flame formation at or near volcanic vents is a somewhat unusual phenomenon, but during October 1970 true flames were observed to issue at intervals from a series of vents in a lava tube or from spatter cones associated with the new eruptive center (Mauna Ulu) on the southeast rift of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. This situation was similar to that under which successful volcanic gas collections have been made in the past in Hawaii and elsewhere. After several attempts two gas samples were collected successfully between flaming episodes. Analysis showed these to be chiefly water vapor with a small amount of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The probable source of the hydrogen in the gas is explained on the basis of the high-temperature equilibria involved. The flame-forming properties of dilute mixtures of hydrogen and non-combustible gas were studied and the most dilutemixtures that would produce flames under volcanic conditions were measured (flammability limit). Intermittent flaming can be ascribed to the periodic attainment of the flammability limit for hydrogen in the volcanic gas mixture, which was found to be achieved in one of the collected samples. 相似文献
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五大连池世界地质公园中“火山弹”与“喷气锥”景点定名商榷 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
位于中国东北黑龙江省的五大连池世界地质公园是世界上著名的自然景点,其引人之处就是新生代玄武岩火山地貌。然而,景点中有些火山构造的命名却存在着明显的错误,如：熔岩丘和增生熔岩球分别被错误地命名为“喷气锥”和“火山弹”。笔者根据著名专业网站（如：美国地质调查局网站）和经典教材中的相应定义讨论了这些火山构造。通过分析这些构造的形态、大小和成因,笔者将它们分别重新命名为熔岩丘和增生熔岩球。笔者建议：地质公园中所有景点的定名都应该经专家核实和评价,从而给出科学的、符合地质实际的名称。 相似文献
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“Of outstanding universal value”: The challenge of scale in applying the World Heritage Convention at national parks in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Helen Hazen 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):252-264
This paper explores the operation of the international World Heritage Convention in the national context of the United States. Although an early advocate of the national park idea and among the earliest proponents of the Convention, the US has shown increasing ambivalence towards the World Heritage Program since the mid-1990s. Through in-depth interviews with expert informants and a questionnaire survey of 406 visitors at four US World Heritage Sites, this study considers whether combining national and international conservation designations provides valuable reinforcement of conservation goals, or leads to unnecessary overlap and even challenges to sovereignty. The majority of my expert informants were supportive of the Convention, related to philosophical and practical benefits that they believed to be associated with the World Heritage label, although most identified few tangible influences of the World Heritage Program itself. Several noted hostility to the Program from a nationalist fringe, which fears international involvement in land use decisions. Such concerns were reflected in questionnaire responses, which revealed some distrust of the Convention and misunderstandings of its operation. I conclude that the scalar mismatch of implementing an international convention at the national scale inevitably involves challenges, but that country-specific factors are important in explaining why the Convention has been particularly controversial in the US. Education is integral to addressing these challenges, as well as reengagement with the Program by both the National Park Service and the federal administration. Intangible values associated with World Heritage mean that the Convention still enjoys considerable support in the US, providing a solid foundation for such a reengagement. 相似文献
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In recent decades, the concept of cultural heritage has evolved into one that encompasses an understanding of the history of humanity, together with scientific knowledge and intellectual attitudes. This changing concept has prompted a subsequent re-evaluation of what constitutes the outstanding universal values of World Heritage sites and the operational methods for implementing the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The scope has broadened from studying a single monument in isolation to one that values a multidimensional, multiregional, and inter-disciplinary approach and encapsulates vast spans of human history. Within this broader view, landslides and more generally slope instabilities are an important factor endangering cultural heritage sites, especially prehistoric sites, earth/rock monuments, and archaeological sites affected by environmental processes and degradation. Natural and cultural heritage sites, as well as cultural landscapes, are then tied into a common framework that the Geological Society of America has defined “Men’s legacy to Earth and Earth’s legacy to Man”. On the other hand, not too much effort has been expended in the past to develop conservation policies systematically integrating geological, geomorphological, and engineering geological aspects into daily practices. The purpose of the “LAndslides and CUltural & Natural HEritage” thematic Network (LACUNHEN) is to create a platform for scientists and practitioners who are ready to jointly contribute to safeguarding relevant endangered Natural and Cultural Heritage sites (e.g., Machu Picchu). They will share and disseminate their respective experience, demonstrating how these special “objects” require approaches, techniques, and solutions that go far beyond traditional civil engineering perspectives. 相似文献
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J.C. Carracedo B. Singer B. Jicha F.J. Pérez Torrado H. Guillou E.R. Badiola R. Paris 《Geology Today》2010,26(3):101-104
Errors in the interpretation of clouds, fumarolic activity and forest fires as volcanic eruptions in Tenerife, mainly in relation with Teide volcano, are common in references by passing navigators and other eyewitness accounts from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the case of the most common, historical, multiple‐vent fissure eruptions in the Canaries, vent locations provided by these accounts are frequently uncertain or are clearly erroneous and often conflict with geological evidence. Significant examples are the general association of the latest eruption of Teide volcano, dated at 1150 ± 140 bp , with the reference made by Christopher Columbus in 1492 to an eruption ‘on the flanks of Teide’, which actually corresponds to an eruptive vent (Boca Cangrejo volcano) situated in the NW Rift, dated at 400 ± 110 bp . Similar conflicting vent locations occurred in the 1730–36 eruption of Lanzarote and the 1677 eruption of La Palma. This article considers the volcanic cones located in the Orotava Valley, erroneously assigned by Chevalier de Borda and Alexander von Humboldt to a 1430 ad eruption. Geological evidence and radiocarbon dating of charcoal underlying the lapilli, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of one of the lava flows, show that these volcanic cones and lavas correspond to an eruption that took place about 30 000 yr bp . Analysis of the influence of these erroneous ages for the recent volcanism of Tenerife shows an overestimation of eruptive hazards of this island. 相似文献
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UNESCO World Heritage status is the highest honour that may be bestowed on a palaeontological site. In addition to heightening conservation status, it confers international recognition of a locality's 'outstanding universal value' and often triggers the release of substantial regional development funds. Despite these incentives it is, perhaps, not surprising that only a handful of fossil sites have successfully navigated the World Heritage selection process. In this feature, we draw on our recent experience of developing a World Heritage bid for the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' locality of Joggins, Nova Scotia. As well as demonstrating the huge significance of Joggins, we hope that our findings will provide valuable guidelines for the assessment of World Heritage fossil sites in general. 相似文献
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石林成为世界地质公园和列入世界自然遗产地目录后,地质多样性、生物多样性、景观多样性和民族文化多样性的协调保护开发,成为新阶段目标。 相似文献