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1.
The tsunamis that have occurred in many places around the world over the past decades have taken a heavy toll on human lives and property. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is not safe from tsunamis and has sustained tsunami damage in the past. The aim of this study is to review the past, present, and future of some aspects of tsunami research in Korea. A composite numerical model comprising propagation and inundation models is described. The paper also covers tsunami mitigation efforts in Korea, and a tsunami hazard map is developed and introduced. 相似文献
2.
Natural disasters can neither be predicted nor prevented. Urban areas with a high population density coupled with the construction
of man-made structures are subjected to greater levels of risk to life and property in the event of natural hazards. One of
the major and densely populated urban areas in the east coast of India is the city of Chennai (Madras), which was severely
affected by the 2004 Tsunami, and mitigation efforts were severely dampened due to the non-availability of data on the vulnerability
on the Chennai coast to tsunami hazard. Chennai is prone to coastal hazards and hence has hazard maps on its earth-quake prone
areas, cyclone prone areas and flood prone areas but no information on areas vulnerable to tsunamis. Hence, mapping has to
be done of the areas where the tsunami of December 2004 had directly hit and flooded the coastal areas in Chennai in order
to develop tsunami vulnerability map for coastal Chennai. The objective of this study is to develop a GIS-based tsunami vulnerability
map for Chennai by using a numerical model of tsunami propagation together with documented observations and field measurements
of the evidence left behind by the tsunami in December 2004. World-renowned and the second-longest tourist beach in the world
“Marina” present in this region witnessed maximum death toll due to its flat topography, resulting in an inundation of about
300 m landward with high flow velocity of the order of 2 m/s. 相似文献
3.
Preliminary estimation of the tsunami hazards associated with the Makran subduction zone at the northwestern Indian Ocean 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Mohammad Heidarzadeh Moharram D. Pirooz Nasser H. Zaker Ahmet C. Yalciner 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(2):229-243
We present a preliminary estimation of tsunami hazard associated with the Makran subduction zone (MSZ) at the northwestern
Indian Ocean. Makran is one of the two main tsunamigenic zones in the Indian Ocean, which has produced some tsunamis in the
past. Northwestern Indian Ocean remains one of the least studied regions in the world in terms of tsunami hazard assessment.
Hence, a scenario-based method is employed to provide an estimation of tsunami hazard in this region for the first time. The
numerical modeling of tsunami is verified using historical observations of the 1945 Makran tsunami. Then, a number of tsunamis
each resulting from a 1945-type earthquake (M
w 8.1) and spaced evenly along the MSZ are simulated. The results indicate that by moving a 1945-type earthquake along the
MSZ, the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan will experience the largest waves with heights of between 5 and 7 m, depending
on the location of the source. The tsunami will reach a height of about 5 m and 2 m in northern coast of Oman and eastern
coast of the United Arab Emirates, respectively. 相似文献
4.
We report here on the observation and offline detection of the meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast on June 13, 2013, using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. This work extends the previous observations of tsunamis originating in Japan and Indonesia. The radars observed the meteotsunami 23 km offshore, 47 min before it arrived at the coast. Subsequent observations showed it moving onshore. The neighboring tide gauge height reading provides confirmation of the radar observations near the shore. 相似文献
5.
Modelling of Tsunami Propagation in the Vicinity of the French Coast of the Mediterranean 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The problem of tsunami-risk for the French coast of the Mediterraneanis discussed. Historical data of tsunami manifestation on the French coast are described and analysed.Numerical simulation of potential tsunamis in the Ligurian Sea is done and the tsunami wave heightdistribution along the French coast is calculated. For the earthquake magnitude 6.8 (typical value forMediterranean) the tsunami phenomenon has a very local character. It is shown that the tsunami tide-gaugerecords in the vicinity of Cannes–Imperia present irregularoscillations with characteristic periodof 20–30 min and total duration of 10–20h.Tsunami propagating from the Ligurian sea to the west coastof France have significantly lesser amplitudes and they are more low-frequency (period of 40–50min).The effect of far tsunamis generated in the southern Italy and Algerian coast is studied also, thedistribution of the amplitudes along the French coast for far tsunamis is more uniform. 相似文献
6.
In the seventeenth century, two tsunamis that were generated by earthquakes on the Kuril–Kamchatka subduction zone inundated the eastern coast of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Stratigraphic evidence for these two tsunamis and related land-level change in coastal Hokkaido consists of two landward-thinning sand layers in the sediments of Lake Tokotan, a coastal lagoon on the Hokkaido coast. The marine origin of these sand layers is indicated by the presence of brackish–marine diatoms. The rarity and high degree of fragmentation of diatom valves suggests that the sands were transported in a short time over a considerable distance. Tsunamis at this site were probably generated by great earthquakes along the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench. Volcanic ash deposits lying just above the sands suggest that tsunamis occurred in the late 17th century. Tsunamis during the historic period are not recorded in Lake Tokotan, which suggests that the sand layers were deposited by tsunamis substantially larger than historic tsunamis. 相似文献
7.
Comparison of linear and nonlinear shallow wave water equations applied to tsunami waves over the China Sea 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Yingchun Liu Yaolin Shi David A. Yuen Erik O. D. Sevre Xiaoru Yuan Hui Lin Xing 《Acta Geotechnica》2009,4(2):129-137
This paper discusses the applications of linear and nonlinear shallow water wave equations in practical tsunami simulations.
We verify which hydrodynamic theory would be most appropriate for different ocean depths. The linear and nonlinear shallow
water wave equations in describing tsunami wave propagation are compared for the China Sea. There is a critical zone between
400 and 500 m depth for employing linear and nonlinear models. Furthermore, the bottom frictional term exerts a noticeable
influence on the propagation of the nonlinear waves in shallow water. We also apply different models based on these characteristics
for forecasting potential seismogenic tsunamis along the Chinese coast. Our results indicate that tsunami waves can be modeled
with linear theory with enough accuracy in South China Sea, but the nonlinear terms should not be neglected in the eastern
China Sea region. 相似文献
8.
Amirhomayoun Saffarzadeh Takayuki Shimaoka Hirofumi Nakayama Takao Hanashima Kentaro Yamaguchi Kazutoshi Manabe 《Natural Hazards》2017,88(3):1273-1295
The potential impacts of tsunamis along the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterranean) are analysed using numerical modelling. The region is characterized by moderate to low seismic activity and by moderate- to low-magnitude earthquakes. However, the occurrence of historical strong earthquakes and the location of several active offshore faults in front of the coast suggest that the possibility of an earthquake-triggered tsunami is not negligible although of low probability. Up to five faults have been identified to generate tsunamis, being the highest associated possible seismic magnitudes of up to 7.6. Coastal flooding and port agitation are characterized using the Worst-case Credible Tsunami Scenario Analysis approach. The results show a multiple fault source contribution to tsunami hazard. The shelf dimensions and the existence of submerged canyons control the tsunami propagation. In wide shelves, waves travelling offshore may become trapped by refraction causing the wave energy to reach the coastline at some distance from the origin. The free surface water elevation increases at the head of the canyons due to the sharp depth gradients. The effects of potential tsunamis would be very harmful in low-lying coastal stretches, such as deltas, with a high population concentration, assets and infrastructures. The Ebro delta appears to be the most exposed coast, and about the 20% of the delta surface is prone to flooding due to its extremely low-lying nature. The activity at Barcelona port will be severely affected by inflow backflow current at the entrance of up to 2 m/s. 相似文献
9.
Walter C. Dragani Enrique E. D’Onofrio Fernando Oreiro Guadalupe Alonso Mónica Fiore Walter Grismeyer 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(1):269-280
Meteorological tsunamis are frequently observed in different tide stations at the southeastern coast of South America. They are associated with the occurrence of atmospheric gravity waves during the passages of cold fronts over the Buenos Aires Province continental shelf. On the other hand, storm surges are also frequent in the region, and they are associated with strong and persistent southerlies, which are also frequent during cold front passages. The impact of meteorological tsunamis in coastal erosion and in the statistics of storm surge trends is discussed in this paper. For this study, fifteen meteorological tsunamis (with maximum wave heights higher than 0.20 m), seven of them simultaneous to the occurrence of storm surge events (with extreme levels higher than |±0.60 m|), are selected from April 2010 to January 2013. The impact of meteorological tsunamis in the storm erosion potential index (SEPI) is evaluated. Not significant differences are obtained between SEPI calculated with and without filtering the meteorological tsunami signal from the storm surge data series. Moreover, several experiments are carried out computing SEPI from synthetic sea level data series, but very low changes (lower than 4 %) are also obtained. It is concluded that the presence of moderate meteorological tsunamis on sea level records would not enhance this index at the Buenos Aires Province coast. On the other hand, taking into account that meteorological tsunamis can reach up the 20–30 % of the storm surge height, it was concluded that the statistics of storm surge trends (and their uncertainties) should be revised for Mar del Plata data series. 相似文献
10.
11.
Tsunamis have occurred in Canada due to earthquakes, landslides, and a large chemical explosion. The Pacific coast is at greatest risk from tsunamis because of the high incidence of earthquakes and landslides in that region. The most destructive historical tsunamis, however, have been in Atlantic Canada – one in 1917 in Halifax Harbour, which was triggered by a catastrophic explosion on a munitions ship, and another in 1929 in Newfoundland, caused by an earthquake-triggered landslide at the edge of the Grand Banks. The tsunami risk along Canada's Arctic coast and along the shores of the Great Lakes is low in comparison to that of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Public awareness of tsunami hazard and risk in Canada is low because destructive tsunamis are rare events. 相似文献
12.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2016,57(9):1259-1268
The Pacific coast, including the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuriles, the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering Sea, is the main tsunami-prone area in Russia. The Far East tsunamis are much more frequent, extensive, and devastating than those in the Black, Caspian, Baltic, and White Sea coasts, as well as in major inland lakes of Baikal, Ladoga, etc. The tsunami catalog of the Russian Far East from 1737 to present lists 110 events with mainly near-field and few far-field sources (105 and 5 events, respectively). Most of the catalogued tsunamis (95 cases) were induced by earthquakes, and few events had volcanic (3), landsliding (2), meteorological (3), and unknown (2) triggers. Altogether there were eleven devastating tsunamis for the period of observations, with > 10 m heights, two of which were great events in 1737 and 1952, when the waves exceeded 20 m. The wave heights were in the range 2.5-10 m in fifteen hazardous tsunami events and within the tidal range (~ 1-2 m) in thirteen cases; the other events were small and detectable only instrumentally. Thus, the average recurrence times for tsunamis of different magnitudes in the Russian Pacific coast are 25 years for devastating events and 10-15 years for hazardous tsunamis; small tsunamis occur almost every year, according to statistics for the last sixty years collected at the regional network of tide stations. The topics discussed in the paper concern the completeness and reliability of the Far East catalog; distribution of tsunami events in space and time; correlation between the intensity of tsunami and the magnitude of the causative undersea earthquake; tsunami recurrence; tsunami warning; and long-term hazard assessment and mapping. 相似文献
13.
Historical tsunami records in the South China Sea are collected and analyzed in this paper. There have been about 54 tsunamis in the South China Sea since 1076. The impacts of the transoceanic tsunamis on the southeast coast of China are weak. However, the regional tsunamis in the South China Sea bring varying degrees of influence to the south coast of China, which occurred about 18 times. By the analysis of the potential tsunami sources in the South China Sea, numerical simulations of tsunami induced in the Manila Trench are carried out. It is found that the tsunami wave height is small near Haikou if the general earthquake tsunami occurred. But the tsunami wave height is large when a giant earthquake of M9.3 occurred. If this extreme situation arises, the impacts to the coast of Haikou will be serious. 相似文献
14.
中国东海、南海等近海临近琉球海沟、马尼拉海沟等俯冲带,地震频发。过去的海啸研究主要关注历史文献分析、海啸数值模拟等,据此评估中国近岸海啸灾害的历史和风险。历史时期是否引发了海啸,特别是具有特大致灾风险的大海啸记录,目前还不明确。近年来,本课题组通过对海岛、海洋沉积和海岸带及其岛屿的沉积过程、海啸遗迹和历史记录研究,阐述了确定古海啸的系列研究方法。首先通过对南海西沙群岛东岛湖泊沉积序列、大量砗磲和珊瑚块在海岛分布的特征分析,识别出距今千年的一次海啸事件。以此为标志,根据湖泊沉积结构作为识别海岛海啸沉积的特征。同时提出了确定海岛海啸发生时代的样品采集和定年方法,其中包括根据事件沉积层顶部和底部植物残体14C年龄定年和历史文献记录的印证。首次确定在过去1 300年中,南海发生过一次海啸,其发生时间为公元1076年。为了寻找更古老的海啸记录,结合对东海闽浙沿岸过去两千年海洋泥质沉积的分析,发现南海海啸在沉积序列中留下记录,但除此之外沉积记录中并无更强的扰动,因此东海在过去两千年中受到海啸的影响较小。1076年的海啸同时冲击了南海沿岸,通过对广东南澳岛考察发现,岛屿东南海岸保存着距今约1 000年的海啸沉积层,其中夹杂着宋代陶器瓷器残片。对遗迹数量变化的分析显示,岛上的文化受海啸破坏出现了长达500年的文化中断,直至明代中后期设镇之后才逐渐恢复。根据海啸层植物残体、贝壳14C测年、覆盖海啸层的海砂光释光定年以及瓷器碎片的年代鉴定了海啸的发生时代,并据此提出了海岸带古海啸沉积的定年方法。此外,不同环境下海啸沉积的特征也存在较大区别,需要结合地形、沉积物来源以及地球化学特征等多种指标进行识别。有迹象表明海南岛东侧海岸带有海啸破坏的明显证据,需要进行深入的研究。 相似文献
15.
Tsunami activity in the Adriatic Sea from the sixteenth century until the present has been analysed with the ultimate goal
to improve the European tsunami catalogue and provide data for a new geo-database of tsunami events in the European-Mediterranean
region. The study encompasses twenty-seven events, nine on the western and eighteen on the eastern coast of the Adriatic,
with special attention being devoted to contemporary sources and to local journals and newspapers. For all the analysed events,
the path of information from coeval sources, through the nineteenth century and up to modern tsunami catalogues, has been
constructed. Tsunamis on the western coast have already been studied, but to obtain a coherent picture of tsunamigenic activity
in the Adriatic Sea, they have been included in this work. Furthermore, the study was extended to see whether they had propagated
to the opposite coast. Most of the events on the eastern coast have now been systematically analysed for the first time. The
search of bibliographical sources revealed three new reports on tsunamis on the eastern coast that had not been previously
recorded in international publications. The study established that, out of the eighteen eastern Adriatic events, twelve can
be considered false, while six were true tsunamis. In the last 600 years, fifteen true tsunami events occurred in the Adriatic.
One was very strong, six were strong or rather strong, and eight were light tsunamis. As a final result of this analysis,
carried out according to standardised criteria, fifteen Adriatic tsunami events will be inserted in the TRANSFER (Tsunami
Risk ANd Strategies For the European Region) database for the European-Mediterranean region. 相似文献
16.
17.
The characteristic features of the marine boundary layer (MBL) over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon and the
factors influencing it are investigated. The Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX) carried out during July–August
1999 is the first observational experiment under the Indian Climate Research Programme (ICRP). A very high-resolution data
in the vertical was obtained during this experiment, which was used to study the MBL characteristics off the east coast of
India in the north and south Bay of Bengal. Spells of active and suppressed convection over the Bay were observed, of which,
three representative convective episodes were considered for the study. For this purpose a one-dimensional multi-level PBL
model with a TKE-ε closure scheme was used. The soundings, viz., the vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, zonal and
meridional component of wind, obtained onboard ORV Sagar Kanya and from coastal stations along the east coast are used for
the study. The temporal evolution of turbulent kinetic energy, marine boundary layer height (MBLH), sensible and latent heat
fluxes and drag coefficient of momentum are simulated for different epochs of monsoon and monsoon depressions during BOBMEX-99.The
model also generates the vertical profiles of potential temperature, specific humidity, zonal and meridional wind. These simulated
values compared reasonably well with the observations available from BOBMEX. 相似文献
18.
A sudden disturbance in water level was recorded by hydrographs monitoring wells in the coastal city Dammam, Saudi Arabia
on December 26, 2004. The water level was being recorded from the shallow (1–3 M deep) coastal aquifer at that time. In two
wells, this disturbance was observed ~12 h after the Sumatra earthquake/tsunami event of December 26, 2004. The timing of
this event is synchronous in two wells near the coast, but an inland well away from the coast line did not show any such disturbance.
It is hypothesized that this disturbance, we call it the “shock event”, is resulted by sudden impact of tsunamis traveling
in the Arabian Gulf from southeast toward northwest. As the tsunamis propagated, they suddenly impacted the coastal shallow
groundwater aquifer resulting in the “shock event”. 相似文献
19.
P. Nomikou S. Carey K. L. C. Bell D. Papanikolaou K. Bejelou K. Cantner D. Sakellariou I. Perros 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(3):1375-1390
Kolumbo submarine volcano, located NE of Santorini caldera in the Aegean Sea, has only had one recorded eruption during historic times (1650 AD). Tsunamis from this event severely impacted the east coast of Santorini with extensive flooding and loss of buildings. Recent seismic studies in the area indicate a highly active region beneath Kolumbo suggesting the potential for future eruptive activity. Multibeam mapping and remotely operated vehicle explorations of Kolumbo have led to new insights into the eruptive processes of the 1650 AD eruption and improved assessments of the mechanisms by which tsunamis were generated and how they may be produced in future events. Principal mechanisms for tsunami generation at Kolumbo include shallow submarine explosions, entrance of pyroclastic flows into the sea, collapse of rapidly accumulated pyroclastic material, and intense eruption-related seismicity that may trigger submarine slope collapse. Compared with Santorini, the magnitude of explosive eruptions from Kolumbo is likely to be much smaller but the proximity of the volcano to the eastern coast of Santorini presents significant risks even for lower magnitude events. 相似文献
20.
针对外海海平面上升对中国沿海潮波系统和潮汐水位可能带来的影响,通过西北太平洋潮波数学模型对边界海平面上升后潮波变化进行了数值模拟。研究发现边界海平面上升后,在无潮点附近东侧迟角增加,西侧迟角减小;无潮点北侧振幅增加,南侧振幅减小;辽东湾、渤海湾顶、辽东半岛东海域、海州湾至鲁南沿海、苏北沿海、台湾海峡至浙东沿海和南海平均潮差增加,海平面上升0.90 m后潮差最大增幅达0.40 m;长江口、杭州湾至对马海峡、朝鲜西海岸和莱州湾海域潮差减小。随着海平面上升量值的增加,渤海、台湾海峡潮差变化速率相对稳定,黄海、东海和南海站位变化速率有所变动;平均高水位的变化趋势与潮差一致;潮差增加的区域,高水位抬升幅度超过边界海平面上升幅度。海平面上升引起的高水位超幅变化,增加了沿海地区对风暴潮和其他灾害防护的风险。 相似文献