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1.
Study of precipitation chemistry over an industrial city   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
The growing trend of industrialization has marked impact on the atmospheric chemistry around the globe. Such impacts are also predicted for developing countries like India. Acid precipitation due to secondary pollutants is one of them. The present investigation was conducted with an aim of studying the precipitation chemistry over Asansol city, India during the monsoon season. The rain water samples, collected on event basis during the period of June to September 2006, were analyzed for HCO3 ?, Cl?, SO4 2?, NO3 ?, NH4 +, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and pH using standard procedures. The study revealed that the precipitation was alkaline in nature with mean pH value of 6.08. Dominant anion in rain water samples was HCO3 ? (36 %), whereas Ca2+ was highest among the cations (53 %). The observed acidic events, based on pH value, were only 17 %, indicating the alkaline components effectively neutralize rain water over the area. This was also supported by the total alkaline to acid ion ration of 1.05. The ratio of (NO3-?+Cl?) and SO4 2? was >1, indicating that acidic properties were influenced by HNO3 and HCl. In the ratio between (Ca2++NH4 +) and (NO3 ?+SO4 2?), values >1 were obtained, indicating significant alkaline influence, which effectively prevented acid depositions in the area.  相似文献   

2.
Rainwater plays an important role in scavenging of aerosols and gases from atmosphere, and its chemistry helps to understand the relative contributions of atmospheric pollution sources. The present work is aimed to understand and explain the sources, seasonal patterns and the processes thereof affecting rainwater chemistry in an urban environment of Delhi, India. Rainwater samples (n = 111) collected throughout the year in New Delhi showed alkalinity in general. Eight rainwater samples, collected in late monsoon and winter season, had pH less than 5.6 indicating that Delhi continues to face the prospects of acid rain despite the introduction of compressed natural gas as the clean fuel in city transport. Organic acids could be the possible contributors of acidity in rainwater samples having the fractional acidity (FA) value of 0.174, which is greater than the annual average FA (0.011) and the (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + NH4 +)/(SO4 2? + NO3 ?) ration of more than one. Average acid neutralization factors of cations decrease in the order Ca2+ (1.01) > NH4 + (0.77) > Mg2+ (0.10). However, neutralization by Ca2+ dominates only in summer season as cation-rich dust is transported from the Great Indian Thar Desert to this region by strong summer S–SW winds, while NH4 + dominates in rainwater of other three sampling seasons. Identified dominant sources for soluble ions in rainwater are (1) non-silicate crustal source for carbonates and sulfates of Ca and Mg, (2) emissions from catalytic convertor-fitted vehicles and agriculture fields for NH3 and (3) mixed anthropogenic sources for SO4 2?, NO3 ? and Cl?. Rainwater chemistry showed significant seasonal variations. This could be due to the changes in relative proportions of natural and anthropogenic sources of soluble ions to rainwater. Dominance of anthropogenic sources over crustal sources can result in acidic rains, which can adversely affect the environment and human health in this region.  相似文献   

3.
Balram Ambade 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):1535-1552
In the present work, chemical characterization and sources of fog water contaminants in the most polluted area of central India, Raipur, and its surroundings are described. The fog water (n = 22) was collected during 2010–2011 from six sites. The physical (i.e., pH, fog amount, electrical conductivity and TDS) and chemical (i.e., F?, Cl?, NO3 ?, SO4 2?, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) parameters of the fog water were investigated. The effect of meteorology, i.e., temperature, humidity and wind speed, on the precipitation of the fog water contaminants is discussed. The cluster and factor analysis are used to apportion the sources of the contaminants in the fog water.  相似文献   

4.
In this study, the chemical composition of precipitation was applied as an indicator to study the influence of urbanization on the atmosphere in Qilian County, a northwest city in China. The results showed that the annual mean pH calculated from the concentration of H+ was 7.35 due to alkaline ion neutralization, and Ca2+ had the largest contribution. Ca2+ and SO4 2? were the most abundant ions, accounting for 45 and 17%, respectively, of the total ion mass. The correlation coefficient between SO4 2? and NO3 ? reaching 0.85 in the urban area indicated the same source. The highest concentration of sulfate in spring was probably related to the strong wind in Northwest China, while the concentration of nitrate was the highest in winter suggesting that most of the nitrate originated from coal combustion, not vehicle emission. The application of factor and cluster analysis indicated that 38.43% of the SO4 2? and 16.97% of the NO3 ? in Qilian County were from crustal sources, while 61.5% of the SO4 2? and 83.03% of the NO3 ? originated from the human activities. The back trajectory analysis indicated that the pollution emitted from the surrounding areas also made a great contribution to the local atmospheric quality. Thus the communication and cooperation mechanisms with surrounding cities and improvement of energy consumption efficiency should be strengthened in the next few years.  相似文献   

5.
玉龙雪山地区大气降水中粉尘颗粒物特征研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
以在玉龙雪山地区采集的大气降水样品为主要研究载体,分析了大气降水中粉尘颗粒物随时间的变化特征和影响大气降水中粉尘含量的潜在因素. 结果表明：大气降水中颗粒物浓度和典型粉尘特征化学离子含量的变化具有很好的一致性,且季风期末大气降水中的微粒含量显著升高,显示了明显的季节性变化特征. 丽江市和甘海子盆地大气降水中粉尘化学离子含量(SO42-,Mg2+,Ca2+,K+,NH4+,NO3-,粉尘浓度)之间具有较好的相关性,反映了这些离子共同的来源. 降水中pH值和电导率的变化很大程度上受到粉尘活动的影响,海盐气溶胶粒子对玉龙雪山地区大气降水中典型粉尘微粒(除Cl-和部分Na+之外)的沉降没有贡献. 此外,降水化学和微粒分析表明,丽江市区的大气环境不排除人为活动的影响.  相似文献   

6.
Soil salinization is an environmental problem having significant impacts on the soil–water–plant system. This problem is more frequent in coastal areas due to seawater intrusion into the land. Assessing the soil salinization is a critical issue for the agricultural areas situated in the Mediterranean basin. This paper examines the deterioration of soil quality in the cultivated land of a Mediterranean site (Agoulinitsa district—West Greece). Soil samples were collected in both pre-irrigation and post-irrigation seasons. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and the ions Br?, Ca2+, Cl?, F?, K+, Li+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4 +, NO2 ?, NO3 ?, PO4 3? and SO4 2? were determined by the 1:2 (soil/water ratio on weight basis) method. The salts which were present in both seasons in the soils of the area studied are KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, CaSO4 and K2SO4. The wide spatiotemporal variation of EC in the cultivated land in both seasons demonstrates that soil salinity is controlled mainly by seawater intrusion and anthropogenic factors such as the application of salt-rich water which is directly pumped from the drainage ditches. Seawater intrusion provides the affected soil with elevated contents of Ca2+, Cl?, K+, Mg2+, Na+ and SO4 2?. Classification of the soils by using criteria given by the literature is discussed. Practices to prevent, or at least ameliorate, salinization in the cultivated land of Agoulinitsa district are proposed.  相似文献   

7.
Hydogrochemical investigation of groundwater resources of Paragraph district has been carried out to assess the solute acquisition processes and water quality for domestic and irrigation uses. Fifty-five groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, major anions (F?, Cl?, NO3, HCO3 ?, SO4 2?) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+). Study results reveal that groundwater of the area is alkaline in nature and HCO3 ?, Cl?, Mg2+, Na+ and Ca2+ are the major contributing ions to the dissolved solids. The hydrogeochemical data suggest that weathering of rock forming minerals along with secondary contributions from agricultural and anthropogenic sources are mainly controlling the groundwater composition of Pratapgarh district. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2++Mg2+) exceed alkalis (Na++K+) and weak acid (HCO3 ?) dominate over strong acids (Cl?+SO4 2?) in majority of the groundwater samples. Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 are the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the groundwater of the area. The computed saturation indices demonstrate oversaturated condition with respect to dolomite and calcite and undersaturated with gypsum and fluorite. A comparison of groundwater quality parameters in relation to specified limits for drinking water shows that concentrations of TDS, F?, NO3 ? and total hardness exceed the desirable limits in many water samples. Quality assessment for irrigation uses reveal that the groundwater is good for irrigation. However, values of salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), %Na and Kelley index are exceeding the prescribed limit at some sites, demanding adequate drainage and water management plan for the area.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
As one of the most arid regions in the world, the study area, Zhangye Basin is located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China. Besides aridity, rapid social and economic development also stimulates greater demand for water, which is gradually fulfilled by groundwater extraction. In this study, the conventional hydrochemical techniques and statistical analyses were applied to examine the major ions chemistry and hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the Zhangye Basin. The results of chemical analysis indicate that no one pair of cations and anions proportions is more than 50% in the groundwater samples of the study area. High-positive correlations were obtained among the following ions: HCO3 ?–Mg2+, SO4 2?–Mg2+, SO4 2?–Na+ and Cl?–Na+. TDS depends mainly on the concentration of major ions such as HCO3 ?, SO4 2?, Cl?, Mg2+ and Na+. The hydrochemical types in the area can be divided into two major groups: the first group includes Mg2+–Na+–HCO3 ?, Mg2+–Na+–Ca2+–HCO3 ?–SO4 2? and Mg2+–Ca2+–Na+–SO4 2?–HCO3 ? types. The second group comprises Mg2+–Ca2+–SO4 2? type, Mg2+–Ca2+–SO4 2?–Cl? type and Mg2+–Na+–SO4 2?–Cl? type. The ionic ratio plot and saturation index calculation suggests that the silicate weathering, to some extent, and evaporation are dominant factors that determine the major ionic composition in the study area.  相似文献   

10.
祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积雪化学特征及环境意义   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2  
2012年6月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川采集雪坑和表层雪样品, 结合相关分析法、 海盐示踪法、 气团轨迹法等方法, 对冰川积雪的主要化学离子特征、 来源及环境意义进行分析研究.结果表明, 积雪中平均离子浓度Ca2+>SO42->NH4+>NO3->Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+. 雪坑中Ca2+是主要的阳离子, SO42-是主要的阴离子; 各种离子在雪坑中的平均浓度要远大于表层雪, 而且雪坑中的化学离子浓度峰值与污化层有着很好的对应性.同时, 与青藏高原、 中亚天山、 阿尔泰山以及北半球其他区域高海拔雪冰化学特征进行比较, 发现祁连山老虎沟12号冰川区积雪化学特征受亚洲粉尘源区陆源矿物影响较大.然而, 雪坑中的离子(尤其是Na+和Cl-)除了陆源矿物粉尘之外, 部分还来源于海洋源.结合NOAA Hysplit模型对冰川区积雪化学离子来源进行了后向轨迹反演验证.  相似文献   

11.
Hydrogeochemical controlling factors for high rate of groundwater contamination in stressed aquifer of fractured, consolidated rocks belonging to semi-arid watershed are examined. The groundwater in mid-eastern part of Prakasam district confining to Musi-Gundlakamma sub-basins is heavily contaminated with nitrate and fluoride. Distinct water chemistry is noticed among each group of samples segregated based on concentration of these contaminants. The nitrate is as high as 594 mg/l and 57 % of the samples have it in toxic level as per BIS drinking water standards, so also the fluoride which has reached a maximum of 8.96 mq/l and 43 % of samples are not fit for human consumption. Nitrate contamination is high in shallow aquifers and granitic terrains, whereas fluoride is in excess concentration in deeper zones and meta-sediments among the tested wells, and 25 % of samples suffer from both NO3 ? and F? contamination. Na+ among cations and HCO3 ? among anions are the dominant species followed by Mg2+ and Cl?. The NO3 ?-rich groundwater is of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 ?, Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl? and Na+–HCO3 ? type. The F?-rich groundwater is dominantly of Na+–HCO3 ? type and few are of Na+–SO4 2? type, whereas the safe waters (without any contaminants) are of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 ?– and Na+–HCO3 ? types. High molecular percentage of Na+, Cl?, SO4 2? and K? in NO3 ? rich groundwater indicates simultaneous contribution of many elements through domestic sewerage and agriculture activity. It is further confirmed by analogous ratios of commonly associated ions viz NO3 ?:Cl?:SO4 2? and NO3 ?:K+:Cl? which are 22:56:22 and 42:10:48, respectively. The F? rich groundwater is unique by having higher content of Na+ (183 %) and HCO3 ? (28 %) than safe waters. The K+:F?:Ca2+ ratio of 10:5:85 and K+:F?: SO4 2? of 16:7:77 support lithological origin of F? facilitated by precipitation of CaCO3 which removes Ca2+ from solution. The high concentrations of Na+, CO3 ? and HCO3 ? in these waters act as catalyst allowing more fluorite to dissolve into the groundwater. The indices, ratios and scatter plots indicate that the NO3 ? rich groundwater has evolved through silicate weathering-anthropogenic activity-evapotranspiration processes, whereas F? rich groundwater attained its unique chemistry from mineral dissolution-water–rock interaction-ion exchange. Both the waters are subjected to external infusion of certain elements such as Na+, Cl?, NO3 ? which are further aggravated by evaporation processes leading to heavy accumulation of contaminants by raising the water density. Presence of NO3 ? rich samples within F? rich groundwater Group and vice versa authenticates the proposed evolution processes.  相似文献   

12.
The study of groundwater hydrogeochemistry of a hard rock aquifer system in Thoothukudi district has resulted in a large geochemical data set. A total of 100 water samples representing various lithologies like Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, Alluvium Marine, alluvium Fluvial, Quartzite, Charnockite, Granite and Sandstone were collected for two different seasons and analyzed for major ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 ?, Cl?, SO4 2?, NO3 ?, PO4 ?, F? and H4SiO4. Statistical analysis of the data has been attempted to unravel the hidden relationship between ions. Correlation analyses and factor analyses were applied to classify the groundwater samples and to identify the geochemical processes controlling groundwater geochemistry. Factor analysis indicates that sea water intrusion followed by leaching of secondary salts, weathering and anthropogenic impacts are the dominant factors controlling hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the study area. Factor score overlay indicate major active hydrogeochemical regimes are spread throughout the Eastern, Northwestern and Southeastern parts of the study area. The dominant ions controlling the groundwater chemistry irrespective of season are Cl?, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO4 2?, K+ and NO3 ?. An attempt has also been made to note the seasonal variation of the factor representations in the study area. This study also illustrates the usefulness of statistical analysis to improve the understanding of groundwater systems and estimates of the extent of salinity/salt water intrusion.  相似文献   

13.
Samples were collected from two snowpits in Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong, China, in May 2006. Snowpit chemistry was studied, using ion tracer techniques, HYSPLIT model, factor analysis, correlation and trend analysis. It indicated that total cation concentration is higher in 4,900-m snowpit than in 4,750-m snowpit, whereas total anion concentration is higher in 4,750-m snowpit. Cations, especially Ca2+, dominate ionic concentrations in Baishui glacier no. 1. According to correlation analysis and factor analysis, ions can be categorized as follows: Cl− and NO3 − as Group 1, SO4 2− as Group 2, Mg2+ and Ca2+ as Group 3, Na+ as Group 4, K+ as Group 5. Contribution made by terrestrial dust to ionic concentration accounts for 52.27, 100, 99.36, 98.91, 96.16 and 99.97% of Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, respectively, in 4,900-m snowpit, and for 64.00, 100, 99.57, 98.63, 96.25 and 99.97% in 4,750-m snowpit. Local dust is the principal source of snowpit chemical components. Pollutants brought from industrial areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and South China by monsoonal circulation also makes some contribution to anion concentrations, but pollution associated with human activities makes a very slight contribution in study area. The chemical characteristics of two snowpits are different owing to the difference of deposition mechanism and local environment in different altitudes.  相似文献   

14.
This study has evaluated the main hydrogeochemical characteristics that affect the quality of shallow groundwater in the coastal area at Kimje in South Korea. In this area, the chemical composition of groundwater is mostly classified into Na+?Cl? and Ca2++Mg2+?NO3-+Cl? types. These types are affected by three major factors: seawater intrusion, fertilizers and redox processes. The Na+?Cl? type, which is generally localized in the coastal area, shows typical characteristics of groundwater affected not only by modern seawater but also by old seawater residing in the reclaimed land. In contrast, the Ca2++Mg2+?NO3-+Cl? type, which is usually found inland, is very contaminated by fertilizers. As groundwater flows from the inland area to the coast, the redox condition changes from an oxic condition to a suboxic/anoxic condition. In addition, the reclamation has caused a large amount of underlying organic matter. These effects provide optimum conditions for the occurrence of redox processes in the coastal area.  相似文献   

15.
In the salinity affected lower Atrai floodplain aquifer in the NW Bangladesh, geoelectric resistivity survey and hydrochemical analysis are carried out with an aim to identify fresh and saline groundwater zones; investigate the status of salinity; evaluate hydrochemical processes involved and suggest management approaches for irrigation. Here a two-fold aquifer system, inter-layered by silt, clay and silty-clay aquitard and aquiclude is classified as: upper aquifer — spatially affected by salinity of varying degrees; and lower aquifer — generally characterized by high salinity. The aquifer with resistivity values greater than 69 Ωm is safe for irrigation use. Concentrations of major ions vary as: Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ and HCO3>Cl>NO3>SO4 2?. Groundwater is dominated by Na-Ca to Ca-Na, HCO3-Cl-SO4, Cl-SO4-HCO3 and Cl-SO4 2? facies where Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, Cl? and NO3 2? ion concentrations are statistically dominant and water is of Ca-Mg, HCO3-SO4-Cl and NO3 types. Geochemically, groundwater is hard and saline to fresh water type. Salinity increases with depth, but spatially towards the southern part. Groundwater quality is a product of water-rock interaction, direct mixing and marine spraying, or fall-out of airborne marine salts, where silicate weathering is the primary source of bivalent cations. Sediment provenance of alkaline earth silicates and higher concentrations of alkalis are derived from sources other than precipitation. In general partially or fully salinity affected upper and lower aquifers in the area except in its eastern part are not suitable for tubewell irrigation. As groundwater demand for irrigation is increasing, the saline water has progressively invaded relatively fresher parts of the aquifer by upconning. So, special salinity control management approaches can be adopted through engineering techniques such as groundwater abstraction optimization, as also through scientific behavioral approaches like groundwater demand management, salt tolerant crops production. In this context, surface water conservation and rain water harvesting for domestic and irrigational uses are recommended in the salinity affected area.  相似文献   

16.
This paper provides insight into the quality of groundwater used for public water supply on the territory of Kikinda municipality (Vojvodina, Serbia) and main processes which control it. The following parameters were measured: color, turbidity, pH, KMnO4 consumption, TDS, EC, NH4 +, Cl?, NO2 ?, NO3 ?, Fe, Mn, total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2+, HCO3 ?, K+, Na+, As. The correlations and ratios among parameters that define the chemical composition were determined aiming to identify main processes that control the formation of the chemical composition of the analyzed waters. Groundwater from 11 analyzed sources is Na–HCO3 type. Intense color and elevated organic matter content of these waters originate from humic substances. The importance of organic matter decay is assumed by positive correlation between organic matter content and TDS, HCO3 content. There is no evidence that groundwater chemistry is determined by the depth of captured aquifer interval. The main processes that control the chemistry of all analyzed water are cation exchange and feldspar weathering.  相似文献   

17.
A study was conducted to understand the hydrogeological processes dominating in the North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas based on representative 39 groundwater samples collected from selected area. The abundance of major ions was in the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe2+ for cations and HCO3 ? > PO4 3? > Cl? > SO4 2? > NO3 ? for anions. Piper trilinear diagram was plotted to understand the hydrochemical facies. Most of the samples are of Ca-HCO3 type. Based on conventional graphical plots for (Ca + Mg) vs. (SO4 + HCO3) and (Na + K) vs. Cl, it is interpreted that silicate weathering and ion exchange are the dominant processes within the study area. Previous studies have reported quartz, feldspar, illite, and chlorite clay minerals as the major mineral components obtained by the XRD analysis of sediments. Mineralogical investigations by SEM and EDX of aquifer materials have shown the occurrence of arsenic as coating on mineral grains in the silty clay as well as in the sandy layers. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes is responsible for fluctuation of the water table in the West Bengal. Aeration beneath the ground surface caused by fluctuation of the water table may lead to the formation of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is responsible for the weathering of silicate minerals, and due to the formation of clay as a product of weathering, ion exchange also dominates in the area. These hydrogeological processes may be responsible for the release of arsenic into the groundwater of the study area, which is a part of North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas.  相似文献   

18.
Groundwater survey has been carried out in the area of Gummanampadu sub-basin located in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India for assessing the factors that are responsible for changing of groundwater chemistry and consequent deterioration of groundwater quality, where the groundwater is a prime source for drinking and irrigation due to non-availability of surface water in time. The area is underlain by the Archaean Gneissic Complex, over which the Proterozoic Cumbhum rocks occur. The results of the plotting of Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus HCO3 ? + CO3 2?, Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus total cations, Na+ + K+ versus total cations, Cl? + SO4 2? versus Na+ + K+, Na+ versus Cl?, Na+ versus HCO3 ? + CO3 2?, Na+ versus Ca2+ and Na+: Cl? versus EC indicate that the rock–water interaction under alkaline condition is the main mechanism in activating mineral dissociation and dissolution, causing the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 ?, CO3 2?, SO4 2? and F? ions into the groundwater. The ionic relations also suggest that the higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl? ions are the results of ion exchange and evaporation. The influences of anthropogenic sources are the other cause for increasing of Mg2+, Na+, Cl?, SO4 2? and NO3 ? ions. Further, the excess alkaline condition in water accelerates more effective dissolution of F?-bearing minerals. Moreover, the chemical data plotted in the Piper’s, Gibbs’s and Langelier–Ludwig’s diagrams, computed for the chloro-alkaline and saturation indices, and analyzed in the principal component analysis, support the above hypothesis. The groundwater quality is, thus, characterized by Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+: HCO3 ? + CO3 2? > Cl? > SO4 2? > NO3 ? > F? facies. On the other hand, majority of groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking with reference to the concentrations of TDS, TH, Mg2+ and F?, while those are not good for irrigation with respect to USSL’s and Wilcox’s diagrams, residual sodium carbonate, and magnesium hazard, but they are safe for irrigation with respect to permeability index. Thus, the study recommends suitable management measures to improve health conditions as well as to increase agricultural output.  相似文献   

19.
Atmospheric dust is considered to be the major cause of poor air quality due to its contribution to high particulate levels, but their interaction with the acidic gases helps in controlling the level of SO2 and NO2 through ambient neutralization reactions. In the present study, the interaction of acidic gases such as SO2 and NO2 with alkaline dust was investigated during October, 2013–July, 2014 at a site named as Babarpur located at the Trans-Yamuna region of Delhi. The concentration of SO2 ranged from 10 to 170 μg/m3 with an average of 36 μg/m3 while that of NO2 ranged from 15 to 54 μg/m3 with an average of 26?±?8 μg/m3. The results were observed to be well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limits prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The average concentrations of SO2 during day and night time were recorded as 31?±?18 and 43?±?53 μg/m3 respectively while the mean concentrations of NO2 during day and night time were recorded as 26?±?7 and 27?±?12 μg/m3 respectively. A positive correlation between SO42? and NO3? was also observed indicating their secondary aerosol formation. In aerosol phase, average concentrations of SO42? during day and night time were 3.9?±?0.3 and 6.5?±?2.3 μg/m3 respectively while that of NO3? were 9.5?±?1.5 and 7.3?±?0.5 μg/m3 respectively. Molar ratios of Ca2+/SO42?, NH4+/SO42?, and NH4+/NO3? were observed as 8, 5, and 1.7 during daytime and 1.5, 0.4, and 0.8 during nighttime respectively. Such molar ratios confirmed high concentrations of sulphate (SO4)2? and low concentrations of nitrate (NO3?) during night time, thereby indicating different pathway of aerosol formation during day and night time. Surface morphology and elemental composition of aerosol samples showed various oval, globular, and platy shapes where the diameter varied from few nm to ~5 μm depending on their precursors. There were certain shapes like grossularite, irregular aggregate, grape-like, triangular, and flattened which indicate the crustal origin of aerosols and their possible role in SO2 and NO2 adsorption.  相似文献   

20.
Individual and monthly precipitation samples from the polluted atmosphere of Bologna (Emilia-Romagna province) were collected during March 1996 to May 1997 and analyzed for major ions in solution and S isotopes in dissolved SO4.Weighted mean enrichment factors relative to seawater are found to be 1.0 for Na, 15.2 for K, 105 for Ca, 3.3 for Mg, 17.3 for SO4 and 663 for HCO−3. Very good positive correlations are observed for the Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO−3–SO2−4–NO−3 system, indicating that dissolution of Ca (±Mg)-carbonate particles by H2SO4 and HNO3 from combustion of oil and gas is a major process controlling the chemical composition of rain and snow. Na+ and Cl− in monthly precipitation derive essentially from sea spray, but the contribution of Na+ from continental sources is appreciable in a number of individual rains. NH+4 appears to be on average more abundant in spring and summer precipitation, its main sources being microbial activity in soils and application of fertilizers. K+ is probably of continental origin from soil dust.The S isotopic composition of SO4 is systematically positive, with mean δ34S values of +3.2±1.6‰ (n=40) in individual precipitation and +2.8±1.4‰ (n=12) in monthly precipitation. These isotopic compositions are interpreted in terms of a dominant contribution of S from anthropogenic emissions and subordinate contributions from biogenic and marine sources. Pollutant SO4 is estimated to have a δ34S value in the range +2.5 to +4.5‰, whereas a distinctive δ34S of −4.5‰ or lower indicates SO4 from oxidation of biogenic gases.The isotopic and chemical compositions of SO4 do not depend on wind direction, thus testifying to a mostly local source for pollutant S in the Bologna atmosphere.  相似文献   

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