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1.
Investigating the Effectiveness of an Efficient Label Placement Method Using Eye Movement Data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(3):234-246
AbstractThis paper focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic and interactive maps in relation to the user. A label placement method with an improved algorithmic efficiency is presented. Since this algorithm has an influence on the actual placement of the name labels on the map, it is tested if this efficient algorithms also creates more effective maps: how well is the information processed by the user. We tested 30 participants while they were working on a dynamic and interactive map display. Their task was to locate geographical names on each of the presented maps. Their eye movements were registered together with the time at which a given label was found. The gathered data reveal no difference in the user’s response times, neither in the number and the duration of the fixations between both map designs. The results of this study show that the efficiency of label placement algorithms can be improved without disturbing the user’s cognitive map. Consequently, we created a more efficient map without affecting its effectiveness towards the user. 相似文献
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《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):176-180
AbstractThe main goal of this research is to set a group of typographic criteria to suit a wide array of map users. A group of Bertin’s visual variables were applied individually and associatively for the same set of labels. Two kinds of maps (with point and areal objects) were presented to expert and non-expert map users and analysed accordingly. Additionally, the effect of gender variation was taken into account. The data were aggregated and studied for each graphical variable. For some combinations of Bertin’s variables, statistically significant differences were detected in the preferences of the different map users (e.g. male versus female and expert versus non-expert). Consequently, we identified which graphical variables (individually or combined) were more preferred by specific user groups in relation to their application on text objects. 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to gain better understanding of the way map users read and interpret the visual stimuli presented to them and how this can be influenced. In particular, the difference between expert and novice map users is considered. In a user study, the participants studied four screen maps which had been manipulated to introduce deviations. The eye movements of 24 expert and novice participants were tracked, recorded, and analyzed (both visually and statistically) based on a grid of Areas of Interest. These visual analyses are essential for studying the spatial dimension of maps to identify problems in design. In this research, we used visualization of eye movement metrics (fixation count and duration) in a 2D and 3D grid and a statistical comparison of the grid cells. The results show that the users’ eye movements clearly reflect the main elements on the map. The users’ attentive behavior is influenced by deviating colors, as their attention is drawn to it. This could also influence the users’ interpretation process. Both user groups encountered difficulties when trying to interpret and store map objects that were mirrored. Insights into how different types of map users read and interpret map content are essential in this fast-evolving era of digital cartographic products. 相似文献
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Rasha Deeb Kristien Ooms Veerle Van Eetvelde Philippe De Maeyer 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(4):325-335
The main goal of this research is to investigate the influence of a map’s background colour on user preferences regarding labels’ typography, including their size, shape, orientation and texture. Four sets of backgrounds were tested: blank maps, grey scale, hot colours and cold colours. The foreground of these maps is populated with name labels, which are associated with point objects or areal objects. Bertin’s visual variables were applied to this set of name labels, both separately and in combination. User preferences of different typographic variations were registered and compared on the basis of different background colours using a one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that the typographic design of the map labels should not be adapted according to the map’s background colour. 相似文献
5.
The number of web services providing cartographic data is increasing. A main challenge is to enable a user to combine these services, not only from a technical perspective, but also from a cartographic one. One common use case for these services is to create mashups based on thematic polygons on top of background maps. In this study we compare four cartographic designs of thematic polygons: only boundaries, transparencies, hatches and icons. The aim of the comparison is to investigate whether the designs are good for identifying the extent of the polygons and if the design disturbs the reading of the background map. The comparison is based on an eye-tracking study, where 24 participants performed polygon identification tasks as well as background search tasks. The study revealed that hatches were more efficient than the other designs for polygon identification. Hatches had significantly shorter total fixation times as well as scanpath lengths, possibly since the participants were able to identify the extent of the polygon solely based on the interior (i.e. the hatches), while for the other designs the participants were extensively reliant on the boundaries. However, the results also indicate that the hatches design disturbs the reading of the background map more than the other designs; hatches also appear visually unpleasant for many users. Since each design had its strengths and weaknesses, we recommend producers of services for thematic data to provide several designs so users can select an appropriate design for their own use cases. 相似文献
6.
Kristien Ooms Philippe De Maeyer Lien Dupont Nina Van Der Veken Nico Van de Weghe Stephanie Verplaetse 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(2):134-153
Due to recent technological progress, maps have become more popular than ever before. This is especially true for young people, who interact with these technologies on a daily basis. Therefore, it is essential that these potential map users possess sufficient knowledge and skills to process the content of cartographic products. A user study was conducted during which pupils (aged 11–18 years) and geography students (>18 years) had to solve a number of cartography questions using topographic maps. The data were analyzed statistically, taking into account a number of potentially influencing factors (user characteristics) on the participants’ results: age, gender, youth club membership, knowledge about the area, among others. The results show a rising trend in the pupils’ scores with increasing age, which can be explained by education in cartography at school. Geography students perform much better, but no influence of any other user characteristics was detected. For pupils, knowledge about the area and gender might be considered as influencing factors. However, the detected influence of gender depends on the scoring system. 相似文献
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宗地图是土地调查最重要的成果之一。宗地图专题注记的配置美观程度直接影响着宗地图输出质量。本文从地籍权属要素语义出发,针对宗地图专题注记特点分别提出基于角平分线的界址点点号注记、基于空间位置修正的界址边长注记以及基于等分点的宗地四至注记配置算法。针对界址点点号注记易产生的压盖情况,提出基于近似圆的压盖检测算法。最后通过系统实例验证了本文提出的宗地图专题注记配置算法具有较好的标注效果和较高的运算效率,提高了宗地图注记自动配置智能化程度。 相似文献
9.
Perceptual complexity of soil-landscape maps: a user evaluation of color organization in legend designs using eye tracking 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(6):560-581
ABSTRACTWe compared the ability of two legend designs on a soil-landscape map to efficiently and effectively support map reading tasks with the goal of better understanding how the design choices affect user performance. Developing such knowledge is essential to design effective interfaces for digital earth systems. One of the two legends contained an alphabetical ordering of categories, while the other used a perceptual grouping based on the Munsell color space. We tested the two legends for 4 tasks with 20 experts (in geography-related domains). We analyzed traditional usability metrics and participants’ eye movements to identify the possible reasons behind their success and failure in the experimental tasks. Surprisingly, an overwhelming majority of the participants failed to arrive at the correct responses for two of the four tasks, irrespective of the legend design. Furthermore, participants’ prior knowledge of soils and map interpretation abilities led to interesting performance differences between the two legend types. We discuss how participant background might have played a role in performance and why some tasks were particularly hard to solve despite participants’ relatively high levels of experience in map reading. Based on our observations, we caution soil cartographers to be aware of the perceptual complexity of soil-landscape maps. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACTWe combine eye tracking and a questionnaire-based approach to explore the influence of label density on the perceived visual complexity of maps. We design two experiments in which participants are asked to search for the names of point features on maps and to rate the map complexity and legibility for different label densities. Specifically, we conduct a highly controlled experiment in which all the map variables except the label density are held constant (the controlled experiment). Then, we conduct a second experiment following the same protocol but using real maps as visual stimuli (the real-map experiment) to verify if the results of the controlled experiment were applicable to real maps. The results of both experiments indicate a significantly positive correlation between perceived visual complexity and label density and between the response time in visual search tasks and label density. Surprisingly, we observe a significant inverse correlation between the label density and two eye movement parameters (fixation duration and fixation frequency) between the two experiments. We discuss how the variables of real maps might have affected these eye movement parameters and why the results of the two experiments are inconsistent. Our findings suggest that eye tracking parameters are not reliable indicators of map complexity. These empirical results can be helpful to future map design and map complexity investigation. 相似文献
11.
地图汉字注记的自动定位研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
注记是地图的重要组成部分，注记位置、方向选择恰当与否，与地图的易读性和使用价值有密切关系，注记速度也影响着地图的成图周期。可是注记效果不理想，注记速度慢却是计算机制图中的常见现象，即使是在计算机制图技术有了很大发展的今天，自动注记仍然没有得到很好解决。最近的研究表明，找到具有最佳效果的注记从时间上来讲是不可能的，因而自动注记算法都是希望在尽量短的时间内，得到尽可能好的注记效果。自动注记的主要难点在于自动定位。本文针对不同的地图要素，提出了基于回溯的自动定位算法，取得了较好的效果 相似文献
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《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(4):313-320
AbstractThe potential of unclassed animated choropleth maps as a solution to false patterns of geographic change arising from data classification is investigated. Old concerns about unclassed choropleth maps may be mitigated through map interactivity that offers four advantages over traditional data legends, and previous insights from testing static choropleth maps do not necessarily translate to animated cartography. Data from user testing revealed unclassed animated choropleth maps neither help nor hurt the ability of map readers to understand patterns of geographic change. However, the unclassed map (1) appeared 'less jumpy' to participants and was perceived to run at a slower pace (despite running at the same number of frames per second), and (2) subtle geographic shifts (e.g., seasonal unemployment cycles) were more readily noticed on the unclassed maps. Preliminary results also suggest classed data emphasise stability over time – while their unclassed counterparts improve our ability to see changes. This paper also outlines animated simultaneous contrast as a new perceptual issue in the creation of animated choropleth maps. 相似文献
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点状要素注记自动配置问题是数据可视化研究的难点之一。稠密型点状要素注记之间往往存在着较大的相关性和冲突性,从而导致注记效率低下及配置结果不合理的问题。本文通过充分挖掘稠密型点状要素的空间分布特征和注记相关性,提出了一种顾及空间分布与注记相关性的点要素注记配置算法。首先,充分挖掘点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记间的相关性构建注记关联度模型;其次,利用基于注记关联度模型的空间聚类算法对其整体空间分布特征进行描述和分析,将单一数据集划分为若干个独立的子数据集,以消除整体求解中独立数据集产生的干扰性和模糊性;最后,利用点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记相关性构建基于增序注记关联度模型的注记次序规则,并采用多层次元启发算法求解注记配置的近似最优解。试验结果表明:在5%~40%注记密度下的点要素注记配置,新算法较传统元启发式算法的求解效率提高10.41%~28.92%,注记质量评价函数值下降5.5~35.9,有效提升了点要素注记配置的效率和质量。 相似文献
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随着电子地图的广泛应用,传统的地图设计理念发生了改变,用户开始介入地图设计,设计者与读图者成为一个人。那么如何辅助用户设计专业的地图是"智能化"的具体体现。本文在对"智能化"思考的基础上,详细分析了影响用户进行地图设计的各种因素,并从知识工程的角度出发,建立了问题的知识模型,在此基础上利用VC++开发了基于Windows XP系统上的智能化电子地图设计试验系统,并举例说明了问题。 相似文献
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One of the subtasks of automated map labelling that has received little attention so far is the labelling of areas. Geographic areas are often are represented by concave polygons which pose severe limitations on straightforward solutions due to their great variety of shape, a fact worsened by the lack of measures for quantifying feature-label relationships. We introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for labelling area features externally, i.e. outside their polygonal boundary. Two main contributions are presented in the following. First, it is a highly optimized algorithm of generating candidate placements utilizing algorithms from the field of computational geometry. Second, we describe a measure for scoring label positions. Both solutions based on a series of well-established cartographic precepts about name positioning in the case of semantic enclaves such as islands or lakes. The results of our experiments show that our algorithm can efficiently place labels with a quality that is close to the quality of traditional cartographic products made by human cartographers. 相似文献
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Pontus Hennerdal 《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(1):76-85
ABSTRACTMany map readers, including both children and adults, find it difficult to determine where they would be located along the edge of a world map after crossing that edge. Different types of markers have long been drawn close to the map’s edge – for example, in an atlas – to help map readers identify the map upon which they will find themselves if that edge is passed. In this study, a method similar to that used to show the continuity between maps in an atlas has been tested to determine whether continuity markers can also be used to help map readers find a world map’s actual peripheral continuity. The study involved children between the ages of 10 and 13 years and showed that continuity markers do help children determine the map’s actual peripheral continuity, in combination with a lesson that describes how to find the actual peripheral continuity of a world map. This article, therefore, concludes that continuity markers for world maps can be a useful part of map design that clarifies how the edges of a world map fit together for children who have learned to use this tool. 相似文献
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AutoCAD VBA是一种简单易上手的编程工具,通过设计批处理程序能显著提高作业效率。本文基于AutoCAD VBA平台进行程序设计,针对地形图生产中九宫格修改的具体问题,编程进行批量修改,在实践基础上形成一种基于AutoCAD VBA的通用地形图批处理方法。实践证明,该方法能明显提高测绘生产部门的工作效率。 相似文献
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以城市轨道交通示意图为对象,利用AHP方法构建了一个注记质量评价模型。在考虑可辨阈限、注记-要素压盖度、优先级、注记-要素关联性4个独立指标的基础上,补充了单位面积注记量和偏移量两个修正指标。选取上海、伦敦、莫斯科、米兰和圣保罗5个城市的轨道交通示意图进行实例验证,结果显示两个修正指标的提出具有合理性,可为注记配置的自动化提供基本参考。 相似文献