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1.
大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡对比研究——以天山和阿尔卑斯山典型冰川为例 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
物质平衡是冰川对气候变化最直接的响应,是冰川变化的重要参数.大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川发育在不同的水热环境下,它们对气候变化的响应程度、过程和机理存在很大差异,因此在全球变暖背景下对这两类不同性质冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理做一全面的对比研究意义重大.以东、西天山的乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和图尤克苏冰川以及阿尔卑斯山东、中、西部的欣特雷斯冰川、Caresèr冰川和Sarennes冰川为参照冰川,在对比分析这五条参照冰川近60 a来物质平衡变化幅度差异和阶段性差异基础上,对大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化特征及其机理进行了对比研究.结果表明:在物质平衡阶段性变化上,阿尔卑斯山参照冰川物质平衡变化具有相似的阶段性,而天山和阿尔卑斯山参照冰川之间以及天山内部两条参照冰川之间物质平衡阶段性变化存在很大的差异,可见,无论不同性质冰川还是同一性质的不同冰川,其物质平衡的阶段性变化都可能存在差异,这与不同冰川所处环境水热变化的时间差异有关,而与冰川性质无关;在物质平衡变化幅度上,海洋型冰川变化幅度明显大于大陆型冰川,原因是不同性质冰川发育的水热环境及其对气候变化敏感性差异;在前人对冰川加速消融机理的研究基础上,本文也讨论了大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡变化的机理及其异同. 相似文献
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KURT A. REFSNIDER KEITH A. BRUGGER ERIC M. LEONARD JAMES P. McCALPIN PHILIP P. ARMSTRONG 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2009,38(4):663-678
Precipitation patterns during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Rocky Mountains varied due to the influence of the continental ice sheets and pluvial lakes. However, no constraints have been placed on potential changes of southeasterly Gulf of Mexico-derived moisture that today contributes considerable precipitation to the easternmost ranges of the southern and middle Rocky Mountains. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains of southern Colorado are ideally situated to assess the relative importance of westerly and southeasterly-derived moisture during the LGM. Based on reconstructions of 30 palaeoglaciers in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, we find that LGM equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) on the east side of the range were systematically 100–200 m lower than ELAs on the west side. The observed ELA pattern is strikingly similar to modern precipitation patterns in the study area, suggesting that southeasterly-derived precipitation had a significant influence on the mass balances of LGM glaciers. 相似文献
3.
Michał Makos Jerzy Nitychoruk Marek Zreda 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(3):745-761
Cosmogenic 36Cl was measured in bedrock and moraine boulders in the Za Mnichem Valley (High Tatra Mountains). The post‐LGM deglaciation of the study area occurred about 15.9 ka ago. The northernmost part of the valley slopes was ice‐free around 15 ka ago. The terminal moraine on the valley threshold was finally stabilized 12.5 ka ago during the Younger Dryas cold event (Greenland Stadial 1). At that time, the Za Mnichem glacier was 1.3 km long and had an area of 0.57 km2. The AAR equilibrium line of the glacier was located at 1990 m a.s.l., which corresponds to an ELA depression of ～500 m compared to today. The mean summer temperature was colder by 4°–4.5°C than the present‐day temperature. The mean annual temperature was colder by 6°C than today. Such conditions suggest a decrease of the annual precipitation by ～15–25% compared with the present‐day annual average. These data indicate a probable uniform temperature change across central and western Europe, with the precipitation being the most significant factor affecting the mass balance of mountain glaciers. The spatial distribution of balance data suggests increasing continentality towards the east during the Younger Dryas. 相似文献
4.
四川康定折多山末次冰盛期古冰川重建及其气候意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
折多山位于青藏高原东缘,地势上处于由高原面向高山峡谷的过渡区,古冰川遗迹保留较好。对折多山冰川地貌进行深入研究,对揭示青藏高原东缘地形演化与古气候变化的耦合机制具有重要意义。在野外考察的基础上,结合Google Earth遥感影像、《中国第二次冰川编目》和DEM等资料,对折多山冰川地貌及其特征参数进行了识别、提取和计算。研究共识别出189条古冰川,覆盖面积为497 km2。基于研究区已有年代学资料,本区冰川地貌主要为末次冰盛期（LGM）以来冰川作用遗存。恢复研究区LGM冰川平衡线高度（ELA）,在西坡和东坡分别为4 380 m和4 110 m,相差270 m,揭示出分水岭东侧更有利于冰川发育。广泛发育的冰蚀湖、冰蚀基岩面、羊背石等,以及深切的冰川槽谷（U形谷）指示海洋性冰川作用特征;冰川作用正差、冰川朝向、冰蚀地貌的差异,揭示积累区地形条件和水汽来源对研究区冰川发育具有重要的影响。 相似文献
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6.
青藏高原及周边山地拥有地球上最高大且最广阔的高山高原,是除两极外最大的现代冰川作用中心,这也使得中国成为中低纬度地区现代冰川最发育的国家之一. 现代冰川平衡线分布具有纬度地带性特征,在青藏高原上还呈不对称的环状. 根据相关研究资料估算,中国末次冰期最盛期时的冰川面积约为50×104 km2,是现代的8.4倍. 基于平衡线处年降水量和夏季平均气温（6-8月）之间的相关关系重建的中国西部（105° E以西）末次冰期最盛期时的平衡线分布图与现代的相似. 在青藏高原内部与西北部,平衡线下降值在500 m以内,小的仅为200~300 m;在青藏高原东南边缘下降值约800 m,最大可达1 000~1 200 m. 天山与阿尔泰山平衡线下降值均在500 m左右. 中国东部（105° E以东）没有发育现代冰川,仅有数处中高山地,如贺兰山、太白山、长白山与台湾山地保存有确切的末次冰期冰川地形,末次冰期最盛期时的平衡线下降800~900 m,大于青藏高原、天山与阿尔泰山地区的下降值. 根据中国东部末次冰期的平衡线分布图以及相关的古气候与古环境研究资料,海拔2 000 m以下的中低山地在第四纪期间任何一次冰川作用中都不具备冰川发育所需的地势条件. 相似文献
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A chronostratigraphy based on luminescence data was established at a key loess profile (Duttendorf) in the northern alpine foreland of Austria. The data help to constrain the timing and duration of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the area of one of the largest east Alpine piedmont glaciers, the Salzach palaeoglacier. Climate deterioration and maximum advance of this glacier were coeval with the beginning of the main loess accumulation phase in the glacier forefield at ～29–30 ka. A late LGM‐outwash gravel layer deposited on top of the loess profile marks the end of the LGM glacier activity at ～20 ka. The geomorphological setting around the loess profile provides evidence of a major glacier oscillation during the course of the LGM, a phenomenon qualitatively known from other alpine palaeoglaciers but never interpreted in terms of palaeoclimate. A LGM glacier oscillation similar to that of the Salzach palaeoglacier was reported recently from the south Alpine Tagliamento palaeoglacier, suggesting a common forcing. The onset of loess deposition at Duttendorf and the tentatively contemporal advance of the Salzach palaeoglacier reflect, as do other data, the drastic cooling in Europe as a result of Heinrich event 3. The first glacier maximum is not well constrained in the study area but a correlation with the better dated Tagliamento amphitheatre suggests a possible response to Heinrich 2. The second re‐advance occurred synchronously (within dating uncertainties) in both palaeoglaciers forefields (at ～21 ka) but the forcing mechanism remains unknown. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
研究冰川面积变化对气温变化的响应模式,对于冰川资源的保护和利用具有重要意义。利用Landsat MSS、TM和OLI影像,采用比值阈值法结合目视修正,提取了阿尔金山地区1973—2020年8个时期的冰川边界信息,分析了冰川的时空变化特征,并结合距离阿尔金山较近的且末、若羌、茫崖和冷湖等四个气象站点的气象数据,分析了冰川变化对气温变化的响应规律。主要结论如下：1973—2020年阿尔金山地区冰川整体处于退缩状态,面积减少了（64.89±12.36） km2（19.21%±2.90%）;1973—1990年冰川退缩较快,年均退缩率为（0.49±0.07）%·a-1;1990—1995年和1995—2000年这两个时期冰川退缩最快,年均退缩率分别为（1.07±0.08）%·a-1和（1.08±0.08）%·a-1;2000年后,冰川退缩速率较慢,比较稳定,年均退缩率均低于0.2%·a-1。气温是影响阿尔金山地区1973—2020年冰川变化的主要气候因子。阿尔金山地区冰川对不同气温变化阶段的响应模式为：气温升高阶段,冰川消融,冰川面积减少;气温稳定阶段,冰川逐渐进入新的动态均衡状态,冰川面积也相对稳定;气温降低阶段,因冰川运动的滞后性,冰川面积在短时间内无明显变化。 相似文献
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1956—2017年河西内流区冰川资源时空变化特征 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
基于修订后的河西内流区第一、 第二次冰川编目数据及2016—2017年Landsat OLI遥感影像, 对河西内流区1956—2017年冰川时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明： ①河西内流区现有冰川1 769条, 面积976.59 km2, 冰储量约49.82 km3。冰川面积以介于0.1 ~ 10 km2的冰川为主, 数量以<0.5 km2的冰川为主。祁连山是该区域冰川集中分布区, 其冰川数量、 面积和冰储量分别占该区域冰川相应总量的98.47%、 97.52%和97.53%。②疏勒河流域（5Y44）冰川数量、 面积及冰储量最多（最大）, 冰川平均面积为0.81 km2, 石羊河流域（5Y41）最少（最小）。从四级流域来看, 宁掌等流域（5Y445）冰川最为发育, 冰川数量、 面积及储量均最大, 宰尔莫合流域（5Y446）冰川平均面积最大（1.80 km2）, 夹道沟-潘家河流域（5Y422）最小, 仅有0.05 km2。③近60年河西内流区冰川数量减少556条, 面积减少417.85 km2, 冰储量损失20.16 km3。面积介于0.1 ~ 0.5 km2之间的冰川数量与面积减少最多（457条和 -117.49 km2）, 海拔4 400 ~ 5 400 m区间是冰川面积集中退缩的区域（98.55%）, 北朝向冰川面积减少最多（-219.92 km2）且冰川退缩速率最快（-3.61 km2·a-1）。④1956—2017年河西内流区各流域冰川面积均呈退缩态势, 区内冰川变化呈自西向东逐渐加快的趋势, 但有3条冰川在1986—2017年出现不同程度的前进, 气温升高是该区域冰川退缩的主要原因。 相似文献
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利用1999年ETM、2014/2015年GF-1为主的2期遥感影像作为数据源,采用人机交互解译的方法完成了2期冰川编目成果,并对最近15年(1999—2015)念青唐古拉山冰川变化进行分析。结果显示,从1999年至2015年间,念青唐古拉山脉冰川呈退缩趋势,以东段海洋型冰川退缩为主,西段亚大陆型冰川相对稳定。冰川总面积减少了56. 32km2,减少变化率为0. 67%;有10条冰川消失,减少变化率为0. 16%;冰储量减少5. 315 km3,减少变化率为0. 78%。调查结果还显示,念青唐古拉山地区冰川各朝向均呈退缩趋势,偏南向和东向冰川数量与面积减少大于偏北向和西向的;平均坡度在20°～35°范围的冰川数量和面积减少最多;海拔介于4 500～5 500 m区间的冰川面积退缩最明显。在恒河流域和萨尔温江流域的冰川消退最显著。总体上,不同规模冰川均有退缩,规模≤5. 0 km2的冰川是念青唐古拉山地区退缩最多的。冰川退缩与气候变化关系密切。选取念青唐古拉山脉附近3个气象台站,对最近50多年以来的年均气温和年降水量变化分析表明,自1961年以来,念青唐古拉山年均气温呈显著上升趋势,而降水量变化不一,有增有减。气温上升而降水减少,可能是导致念青唐古拉山地区东段冰川退缩的一个因素。 相似文献
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末次冰盛期（LGM）时全球大范围降温,青藏高原冰川大规模扩张,重建LGM时期古冰川规模对认识高原冰川水资源演化及古气候条件有重要的科学意义。根据青藏高原东南巴松措流域及派山谷两地的冰川地貌及其10Be暴露年代数据,本文应用冰川纵剖面模型定量重建了两地冰川在LGM时期的范围、冰储量和平衡线高度（ELA）等参数,并通过冰川气候模型恢复了LGM时的气候条件。结果表明：巴松措流域LGM时期的冰川面积约为982.3 km2,是现代冰川面积的4.5倍,冰储量约为274.4 km3;派山谷无现代冰川分布,LGM时期的冰川面积达5.76 km2,冰储量约为0.51 km3;LGM时期两冰川的平衡线高度分别为4 460~4 547 m和3 569~3 694 m,与现代冰川相比分别降低了535 m和1 034~1 184 m。在降水减少60%的情况下,考虑LGM以来的构造剥蚀对平衡线高度变化的影响,LGM时期巴松措流域和派山谷冰川的夏季平均气温分别比现在低约2.96~4.89 ℃和5.09~6.99 ℃。 相似文献
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Houmark‐Nielsen, M. 2010: Extent, age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00136.x. ISSN 0300‐9483 The southwestern Baltic region is known as a major crossroad for the expansion of Pleistocene glaciers from the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS). At the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 25–20 kyr BP), steady‐flowing inter‐stream glaciers expanded radially from the major ice divide over central Scandinavia. During the subsequent deglaciation phase (20–15 kyr BP), streaming ice was flowing through the Baltic gateway onto the North European lowland. The lithology and directional ice‐flow properties of pre‐LGM till formations of Baltic provenance in Denmark (the Ristinge till and Klintholm till) suggest that the ice‐sheet dynamics during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 glacier expansion were similar to those for the post‐LGM advances. Increasing geological evidence indicates that glaciers extended onto the Circum‐Baltic lowlands during MIS 3. Reconstructions of flow paths and estimates of the basal ice‐sheet coupling in Denmark suggest that southward flow of the SIS through the Baltic was probably the result of ice streaming. Despite methodological uncertainties, available OSL and 14C dates indicate that glaciers advanced at least twice during the mild second half of the Middle Weichselian (c. 75–25 kyr BP), most probably in connection with Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events 14–13 (54–46 kyr BP) and 8–5 (35–30 kyr BP). The chronology and dynamics of glacier expansion in the southwestern Baltic in response to long‐term cooling trends, the contemporary presence of a low Arctic biota in large parts of Scandinavia and of possible leads or lags in relation to North Atlantic climate changes during MIS 3 are discussed. 相似文献
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During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), long valley glaciers developed on the northern and southern sides of the High Tatra Mountains, Poland and Slovakia. Chlorine-36 exposure dating of moraine boulders suggests two major phases of moraine stabilization, at 26–21 ka (LGM I — maximum) and at 18 ka (LGM II). The dates suggest a significantly earlier maximum advance on the southern side of the range. Reconstructing the geometry of four glaciers in the Sucha Woda, Pańszczyca, Mlynicka and Velicka valleys allowed determining their equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) at 1460, 1460, 1650 and 1700 m asl, respectively. Based on a positive degree-day model, the mass balance and climatic parameter anomaly (temperature and precipitation) has been constrained for LGM I advance. Modeling results indicate slightly different conditions between northern and southern slopes. The N–S ELA gradient finds confirmation in slightly higher temperature (at least 1 °C) or lower precipitation (15%) on the south-facing glaciers during LGM I. The precipitation distribution over the High Tatra Mountains indicates potentially different LGM atmospheric circulation than at the present day, with reduced northwesterly inflow and increased southerly and westerly inflows of moist air masses. 相似文献
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Manuel Frochoso Raquel González-Pellejero Fernando Allende 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2013,5(1):12-27
The timing of the local last glacial maximum in the mountains of the Northern Iberian Peninsula is not synchronous with the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) probably due to the marginal position of the Northern Iberian Peninsula within the European continent. The study of a Cantabrian massif, the Asón platform and summits, provides new data on the extent and timing of the local last glaciation. Here we can place the last maximal extent of glaciers during Early Würm, according to OSL dating on till samples. The main glaciers developed at least between 78-65 ka BP, well centred on MIS 4 and even the transition to MIS 5. The erosive efficacy of these glaciers decreased later, ca. 45–40 ka BP, until they abruptly disappeared from the edges of the massif. A new ice advance left well-defined moraines at the edges of the massif’s internal depressions, indicating a tongue disjunction phase with two glacier sub-stages, probably one at the beginning of the cooling ca. 27–25 ka BP, followed by a retreat and another glacial advance ca. 21–18 ka BP. After these episodes the glaciers disappeared from the Asón Mountains and only some residual glaciers were formed that may be related to the LGM. 相似文献
15.
根据完成的青藏地区基于1999年ETM、2014/2015年GF-1/OLI两期遥感调查的冰川编目数据,对1999-2015年期间中国喜马拉雅山地区的冰川变化进行分析。结果显示,从1999-2015年间,中国喜马拉雅山地区的冰川普遍退缩,冰川数量减少了85条,面积减少了42.00 km^2,冰储量减少了2.385 km^3,分别占其减少变化率的1.53%、0.67%和0.50%。沿山脉由东向西冰川变化不一,其中东段的冰川数量减少多,西段的冰川面积和冰储量减少多,并且东段的数量减少变化率远大于西段,西段的面积、冰储量减少变化率大于东段,中段的冰川相对稳定。喜马拉雅山地区的冰川在北、北东和东等方向上发生退缩,且减少量依次减少,其中东向的数量减少变化率最大,北东向的面积减少变化率最大,而北向的减少变化率最小。冰川在不同坡度退缩程度不一,在坡度10°~15°范围冰川面积退缩最多、变化率最大,在坡度30°~35°范围数量减少最多、变化率最大。冰川在高程5 500~6 000 m区间数量和面积退缩量最多,其次是在高程5 000~5 500 m区间;在高程3 500~4 000 m区间的退缩变化率最大,而在高程6 000~6 500 m区间的退缩变化率最小。不同流域中冰川变化差异较大,在雅鲁藏布江流域(5O2)冰川数量和面积减少最多,其次是朗钦藏布等流域(5Q2)和朋曲等流域(5O1),而扎日南木措流域(5Z3)的冰川减少量最小,但是变化率最大。总之,小冰川的大规模退缩或者消失,较大冰川也普遍退缩,是喜马拉雅山地区冰川变化的特点。喜马拉雅山地区冰川退缩与气候变化关系密切。根据多年年平均气温和年降水量分析,自1961年以来,该地区年平均气温显著上升,年降水量有增有减,但气温上升、降水量减少是导致冰川消融原因之一。 相似文献
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冬克玛底冰川和煤矿冰川的物质平衡（1992／1993年） 总被引：2，自引：7，他引：2
对青藏高原唐古拉山大、小冬克玛底冰川和昆仑山煤矿冰川的同观测研究表明，１９９２／１９９３年冰川的物质平衡为正平衡，其平衡值唐古拉山冰川大于昆仑山冰川。冰川物质过程存在四个阶段，即低水平维持阶段，强积累弱消隔阶段，强消隔阶段和较强积累弱消隔阶段，空间上反映出随海拔升高波动增大的趋势。 相似文献
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Glacial landforms and sediments provide evidence for the existence of two Late Pleistocene major glacial advances in the Queer Shan, northern Hengduan Mountains in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In the current study, optically stimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance dating results reveal that the two glacial advances occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in MIS 2, respectively. Geomorphic evidence shows that the glacial advance during MIS 3 was more extensive than that in MIS 2. This glacial advance is synchronous with other glaciated areas in the Himalaya and Tibet, but contrasts with global ice volumes that reached their maximum extent during the LGM. Glaciers in the Queer Shan are of the summer accumulation type and are mainly fed by precipitation from the south Asian monsoon. Palaeoclimate proxies show that during MIS 3 the south Asian monsoon strengthened and extended further north into the Tibetan Plateau to supply more precipitation as snow at high altitudes. This in turn led to positive glacier mass balances and caused glaciers to advance. However, during the LGM, despite cooler temperature than in MIS 3, the weakened south Asian monsoon and the associated reduced precipitation were not as favourable for glacier expansion as in MIS 3. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Two large ice fields between 46°30′ and 51°30′S cover the Patagonian Andes. The North and South Patagonian Ice Fields are separated by the transandine depth line at 47°45′ to 48°15′S. Canal and Río Baker run through this depression. The two ice fields are generally considered relics of a continuous ice cap, which covered the entire Patagonian Andes from 39° to 52°S and extended far into the eastern foreland of the Andes. This assumption is not correct for the 200-km-long section of the Andes between Lago Pueyrredón (Lago Cochrane in Chile) (47°15′S) and Lago San Martín (Lago O'Higgins in Chile) (48°45′S). The lack of a continuous ice cap extending far into the east is caused by the transandine depth line, playing a crucial role in the fluvial erosion and the glacial scouring of this tectonic zone. This depression formed a river system (e.g. Río Baker, Río Bravo and Río Mayer) that drains towards the west. Reconstruction of the maximum glacial advance of the last ice age shows that the eastern outlet glaciers of the two ice fields between Lago San Martín and Lago Pueyrredón did not drain towards the east, but rather followed the general gradient of the transandine depth line. In this area the eastern flank of the Andes between Monte San Lorenzo (3770 m) and Sa. de Sangra (2155 m) supported valley glaciers, which were independent of the expanding ice fields. Only a few valley glaciers advanced towards the Patagonian Meseta. The terminal moraines of these glaciers were erroneously interpreted as the eastern edge of a continuous ice cap. North of 47°30′S the outlet glaciers of the NPI advanced 200 km during the LGM and the late glacial advances nearly reached to 71°W. In contrast, south of 49°S glacier expansion was comparatively less: The LGM is situated only 85–115 km east of the present margins of the large outlet glaciers (O'Higgins, Viedma, and Upsala), and no late glacial advance reached 72°W. These considerable differences of glacier expansion were influenced by the northward migration of the westerly precipitation belt during glacial cycles. There is tentative evidence that the glaciers advanced three times in the period from 14 000 to 9 500 14C years BP. 相似文献
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《China Geology》2021,4(3):389-401
Glaciers are crucial water resources for arid inland rivers in Northwest China. In recent decades, glaciers are largely experiencing shrinkage under the climate-warming scenario, thereby exerting tremendous influences on regional water resources. The primary role of understudying watershed scale glacier changes under changing climatic conditions is to ensure sustainable utilization of regional water resources, to prevent and mitigate glacier-related disasters. This study maps the current (2020) distribution of glacier boundaries across the Kaidu-Kongque river basin, south slope of Tianshan Mountains, and monitors the spatial evolution of glaciers over five time periods from 2000–2020 through thresholded band ratios approach, using 25 Landsat images at 30 m resolution. In addition, this study attempts to understand the role of climate characteristics for variable response of glacier area. The results show that the total area of glaciers was 398.21 km2 in 2020. The glaciers retreated by about 1.17 km2/a (0.26%/a) from 2000 to 2020. The glaciers were reducing at a significantly rapid rate between 2000 and 2005, a slow rate from 2005 to 2015, and an accelerated rate during 2015–2020. The meteorological data shows slight increasing trends of mean annual temperature (0.02°C/a) and annual precipitation (2.07 mm/a). The correlation analysis demonstrates that the role of temperature presents more significant correlation with glacier recession than precipitation. There is a temporal hysteresis in the response of glacier change to climate change. Increasing trend of temperature in summer proves to be the driving force behind the Kaidu-Kongque basin glacier recession during the recent 20 years.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献