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《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(4):245-256
This paper describes four centrifuge tests investigating the performance of non-structural inclined micro-piles as a liquefaction remediation method for existing buildings. Two soil profiles with the same superstructure founded on each were tested under earthquakes of different magnitudes and durations. The first profile consisted of a deep, homogeneous layer of loose, liquefiable sand. The second comprised a shallow layer of loose sand overlying dense sand. Centrifuge tests were carried out with and without inclined micro-piles in each soil profile. The superstructure was modelled as an idealised single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. It is found that the micro-piles have no detrimental effect on the performance of the structure during and after earthquakes. It is also possible that their presence may decrease structural settlements in earthquakes which cause liquefaction to a depth less than that of the improved zone. However, no conclusive evidence is obtained to show that the micro-piles significantly restrain lateral soil movement due to monotonic shearing from the structure or impede the migration of excess pore pressures from the free field to the foundation zone. Both these processes have critical effects on structural settlement. The use of inclined micro-piles for liquefaction remediation should therefore be considered with caution. 相似文献
3.
Giordano Nicola De Luca Flavia Sextos Anastasios Ramirez Cortes Fernando Fonseca Ferreira Carina Wu Jingzhe 《Natural Hazards》2021,105(1):339-362
Natural Hazards - Empirical vulnerability models are fundamental tools to assess the impact of future earthquakes on urban settlements and communities. Generally, they consist of sets of fragility... 相似文献
4.
Neo-deterministic definition of seismic input for residential seismically isolated buildings 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Elisa Zuccolo Franco Vaccari Antonella Peresan Alberto Dusi Alessandro Martelli Giuliano F. Panza 《Engineering Geology》2008,101(3-4):89-95
This paper deals with the neo-deterministic definition of the seismic input in the municipality of Nimis (Italy), aimed at the design of residential seismically isolated buildings. The seismic input is defined by the computation of realistic synthetic seismograms considering different levels of detail for the earthquake source, both for a bedrock model and taking into account the specific site conditions. The horizontal response spectrum, calculated in the centre of the municipality by modelling the most dangerous source, advises against the construction of a building with a fixed base, but it is compatible with the seismic isolation, and it has been, therefore, used for the design of a residential seismically isolated building. The maximum displacement for the isolation system has been estimated about 17 cm, a value much lower than that provided by the code design response spectrum (28 cm). The importance of the realistic modelling, which permits the generalization of empirical observations by means of, physically sound, theoretical considerations, is evident, as it allows for the optimisation of the structural design with respect to the site of interest. 相似文献
5.
高度超过150 m的高层建筑,对地基基础的承载力要求较高,一般采用桩筏基础型式。位于深覆盖岩溶地区的桩基础,应充分发挥岩溶上覆地层的承载力,避开岩溶发育的不利地段,达到桩基优化的目的。文章结合深覆盖岩溶地区一高度为177 m的高层建筑项目,详细介绍了桩基优化设计、大面积工程桩施工以及桩端后注浆施工情况。项目采用桩端后注浆工艺并运用长短桩设计理念,将桩长由原设计的40 m优化至核心筒区域28 m及非核心筒区域23 m,试桩检测结果和塔楼沉降观测结果表明,单桩竖向极限抗压承载力和基础刚度均能够满足设计要求,且基础差异沉降较小,说明桩端后注浆技术能有效提高桩基承载力和基础刚度,采用长短桩设计理念可显著控制差异沉降,深覆盖岩溶地区可利用后注浆技术,充分发挥灰岩上覆地层的承载力,来规避穿越岩溶区域的桩基施工风险。 相似文献
6.
三维地震勘探已在煤炭开采中广泛应用并取得了好的效果,目前已经成功开展了平原、戈壁、山区、水上三维地震勘探工作,但是对于在建筑物下开展三维地震勘探工作,还有许多问题需要解决,如震源、接收、采集方法、资料处理等问题.本文介绍了地面建筑物之下成功开展的WL煤矿某一采区三维地震勘探工程项目,及获得的较为理想的地质成果. 相似文献
7.
Iran is one of the most seismically active countries of the world located on the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt. More than
180,000 people were killed due to earthquakes in Iran during the last five decades. Considering the fact that most Iranians
live in masonry and non-engineered houses, having a comprehensive program for decreasing the vulnerability of society holds
considerable importance. For this reason, loss estimation should be done before an earthquake strikes to prepare proper information
for designing and selection of emergency plans and the retrofitting strategies prior to occurrence of earthquake. The loss
estimation process consists of two principal steps of hazard analysis and vulnerability assessment. After identifying the
earthquake hazard, the first step is to evaluate the vulnerability of residential buildings and lifelines and also the social
and economic impacts of the earthquake scenarios. Among these, residential buildings have specific importance, because their
destruction will disturb the daily life and result in casualties. Consequently, the vulnerability assessment of the buildings
in Iran is important to identify the weak points in the built environment structure. The aim of this research is to prepare
vulnerability curves for the residential buildings of Iran to provide a proper base for estimating probable damage features
by future earthquakes. The estimation may contribute fundamentally for better seismic performance of Iranian societies. After
a brief review of the vulnerability assessment methods in Iran and other countries, through the use of the European Macroseismic
method, a model for evaluating the vulnerability of the Iranian buildings is proposed. This method allows the vulnerability
assessment for numerous sets of buildings by defining the vulnerability curves for each building type based on the damage
observations of previous earthquakes. For defining the vulnerability curves, a building typology classification is presented
in this article, which is representative of Iranian building characteristics. The hazard is described in terms of the macroseismic
intensity and the EMS-98 damage grades have been considered for classifying the physical damage to the buildings. The calculated
vulnerability indexes and vulnerability curves show that for engineered houses there is not any notable difference between
the vulnerability of Iranian and Risk-UE building types. For the non-engineered houses, the vulnerability index of brick and
steel structures is less than the corresponding values of the other unreinforced masonry buildings of Iran. The vulnerability
index of unreinforced and masonry buildings of Iran are larger than the values of the similar types in Risk-UE and so the
Iranian buildings are more vulnerable in this regard. 相似文献
8.
U. Batra S. Singhal 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(11):2389-2398
Building envelope plays an important role in energy efficiency of the buildings as it is the only permanent source of energy efficiency. A well-designed building envelope reduces the demand of HVAC and lighting load. When insulation is provided in the building envelope, it further enhances the energy efficiency. Therefore, it is important to create thermal resistant building envelope considering both the energy consumption and the associated costs. Thermal insulation has a considerable positive effect on reducing the heating and cooling energy demand. It is seen from the tests conducted by Nasrollahi and Nooraei (2013) for design of energy efficient and cost-effective office buildings that initial increase in insulation reduces the heating/cooling load but beyond a certain limit, there is no substantial effect of reduction in heating/cooling load with increase in insulation indicating that there is an optimum value beyond which insulation has no substantial effect on reduction in heating/cooling load. Therefore, the paper attempts to find out this optimum level of insulation so that the building envelope is cost-effective and energy efficient. Three case studies of energy efficient LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)/GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) certified buildings have been considered to determine the optimum level of insulation. In the analysis, comparison has been made between U-values of various components of the building envelopes of three case studies with the U-values prescribed by Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)-2007 for various components of the building envelopes based on daytime or 24-h usage, and location of the buildings in composite/warm and humid climate zones. Thereafter, results obtained from the analysis have been compared with the optimum U-values derived from the tests conducted by Nasrollahi and Nooraei (2013) to arrive at the optimum level of insulation. The optimum level of insulation has been found to be 30% above U-values prescribed by Energy Conservation Building Code. 相似文献
9.
Landslide damage to buildings 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
David Alexander 《Environmental Geology》1986,8(3):147-151
Landslides are a significant and expensive hazard in urban areas, however, a universal methodology for classifying the damage
to buildings has not been adopted This article proposes an intensity scale for structural damage caused by subsidence, compression,
or extension of the ground during landslides and offers a checklist of site observations that could be made by planners, engineers,
architects, surveyors, geologists, or gemorphologists. 相似文献
10.
梧村隧道大跨度浅埋暗挖段下穿密集建筑物群,地质条件和环境十分复杂,施工难度极大。针对建筑物不均匀沉降和变形破坏的风险,制定了较为完善的安全管理措施。采用数值模拟方法,对施工开挖、支护进行精细化模拟,得出关键施工步序的变形量;结合类似工程经验和规范,制定安全监测的控制标准,以指导监测和施工。开展全面的监测,掌握隧道施工过程中建筑物、管线、地面以及地层、隧道围岩和支护结构的动态变化,并对关键的建筑物实施24 h自动化监测。建立了先进的安全管理网络传输系统,包括监测信息管理、预测预报系统和LED显示屏信息发布系统,将所有监测信息和施工动态存储入数据库服务器中,供联网的计算机检索查询。以第三方监测单位为主,建立报警及监测工作III级管理措施,并及时将报警信息及工程近况以文字和图形方式发布在LED显示屏上,供参建各方知晓。 相似文献
11.
Losses resulting from winter storms contribute a significant part to the overall losses among all natural hazards in most
mid-latitude European countries. A realistic assessment of storm risk is therefore essential for prevention and coping measures.
The paper presents a framework for probabilistic storm risk assessment for residential buildings which is exemplarily performed
for Germany. Two different approaches are described, and results are presented. The hazard-based approach brings together
hazard, vulnerability and building assets to calculate risk curves for each community. The storm-based approach uses loss
information from past storm events to calculate statistical return periods of severe storms. As a result, a return period
of 83 years to the most severe storm series in 1990 is calculated. Average annual losses of €170 million to residential buildings
are calculated for all over Germany. The study demonstrates how the approaches complement each other and how validation is
performed. 相似文献
12.
This paper deals with the scientific assessment of the physical properties of sandstone used in the conservation of Sydney's historic heritage sandstone buildings. The local Hawkesbury Sandstone has been widely used for all manner of constructions since the early days of the first settlement. In the nineteenth century, dimension sandstone quarries existed all over the Sydney region, and the demand for the stone was great. During this time, a true ‘freestone’ known as ‘yellow block’ sandstone, in which bedding planes were absent, was quarried extensively. This sandstone is also known as a ‘self-colouring’ sandstone, where the rock, although grey when quarried, turns a yellow–brown after a few months exposure to the atmosphere. It can be easily carved and was eminently suitable for the ornate Victorian architecture of the time. There are very few quarries within the Sydney region today capable of producing ‘yellow block’ sandstone. Whenever possible, sandstone from suitable building excavations, particularly on the Pyrmont Peninsula, is used for this work. Conservation work is extremely expensive and the building elements that most need replacement, the overhanging and decorative elements, are usually those that cost the most. It is essential that the most durable replacement stone be selected. Thus, a strict regime of scientific testing is used for any major conservation project, in order to determine the physical properties of possible replacement stone. This is the province of the geologist and involves visual observation in the quarry or excavation, which is a simple, cost-effective means of weeding out poor quality stones, followed by laboratory engineering tests to establish the physical parameters of a sandstone and finally, petrographic analysis. The results of such tests, combined with careful sampling, ensure the best possible quality of replacement material. 相似文献
13.
Earthquake disaster is still the number one among all natural disasters, particularly, in terms of destructive power in causing deaths. Can earthquake engineers control seismic casualties through the seismic design of buildings? For this purpose, a conception of casualty control based seismic design is presented and a “two-step decision-making” method is proposed for determining the optimum seismic design intensity (or ground-motion) for controlling both seismic death and economic losses. The key problems in establishing the model are to determine the appropriate socially acceptable level of earthquake mortality and establish the corresponding objective function and /or constraint conditions in determining the optimum seismic design intensity. Ten different grades of socially acceptable mortality are suggested and the final socially acceptable mortality level was proposed for seismic design based on a questionnaire that was distributed nationwide in China. Finally, the method was applied to eight cities with different seismic hazard in China and the effects of various grades of acceptable earthquake mortality on seismic design intensity are analyzed. 相似文献
14.
F. Nateghi-A 《Natural Hazards》1996,14(1):73-84
A method to determine the wind speed to cause damage to buildings is described. The method is based on engineering calculations of wind loads generated on the weakest links of buildings such as the roof-to-wall joints of a wood-frame house. Data needed for the calculation include wind direction, building geometry, conditions of windows, doors and other exterior openings immediately before the occurrence of wind damage, and details of the weakest links that initiated the failure. The method can be used for estimating the maximum wind speed of a storm from an in-depth post-disaster investigation. Results of this study indicate that it takes no more than the wind speed of a F-2 tornado to completely destroy either a wood-frame house or a nonreinforced masonry building. The study supports the belief that the wind speed associated with F-3, F-4 and F-5 tornadoes are grossly overrated. 相似文献
15.
Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pakistan is an earthquake-prone region due to its tectonic setting resulting in high hazard with moderate-to-strong ground motions and vulnerability of structures and infrastructures, leading to the loss of lives and livelihood, property damage and economic losses. Earthquake-related disaster in Pakistan is a regular and serious threat to the community; however, the country lack tools for earthquake risk reduction through early warning (pre-earthquake planning), rapid response (prompt response at locations of high risk) and pre-financing earthquake risk (property insurance against disaster). This paper presents models for physical damageability assessment and socioeconomic loss estimation of structures in Pakistan for earthquake-induced ground motions, derived using state-of-the-art earthquake loss estimation methodologies. The methodologies are being calibrated with the site-specific materials and structures response, whereas the derived models are tested and validated against recent observed earthquakes in the region. The models can be used to develop damage scenario for earthquakes (assess damaged and collapsed structures, casualties and homeless) and estimate economic losses, i.e., cost of repair and reconstruction (for a single earthquake event as well as all possible earthquakes). The models can provide help on policy- and decision-making toward earthquake risk mitigation and disaster risk reduction in Pakistan. 相似文献
16.
地震中饱和砂土地基液化会引起结构物倾斜并导致其功能丧失,但目前缺乏相应的数值模拟方法。通过振动台简单模型试验,寻找输入波-基底竖向动应力-基底孔压-结构震陷之间的关系,提出发展液化土层上建筑物倾斜数值模拟方法所需要考虑的要点和应满足的条件。结果表明：（1）分析方法中孔压增长模型应适于不规则波计算,能准确地计算出孔压增长过程,准确地计算出峰值一样但不同波形下孔压增长的差别;（2）孔压增长模型应能反映土的各向异性特性对孔压增长的影响,能合理地计算出拉、压不同应力作用下孔压增长的差异;（3）孔压增长模型应能反映非均等固结条件对孔压增长过程的影响,能合理地计算出结构底部不同固结比土体中孔压增长过程;（4）分析方法中土体变形的计算应能跟踪液化过程中的变形发展,且具备大变形计算能力。 相似文献
17.
An overview of flood actions on buildings 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper presents an overview of flood characteristics with respect to their applicability for estimating and analysing direct flood damage to buildings. The approach taken is to define “flood actions” as acts which a flood could directly do to a building, potentially causing damage or failure. This definition expands the traditional approach of analysing flood damage to buildings which often focuses on damage from slow-rise flood depth.
Flood actions may be energy transfers, forces, pressures, or the consequences of water or contaminant contact. This paper defines and categorises flood actions on buildings, indicating methods of quantification. The actions are classified in the following categories with respect to relative importance for flood damage assessment.
- • High relevance and relatively predictable: Lateral pressure from water depth differential between the inside and outside of a building, lateral pressure from water velocity, and water contact due to slow-rise depth.
- • Relevance varies and relatively predictable: Buoyancy.
- • Relevance varies and difficult predictability: Capillary rise, erosion, debris, turbulence, waves, other velocity actions, other chemical actions, nuclear actions, and biological actions.
Due to the highly localised effects of some of the flood actions in the third category, coupled with their potentially significant impact, prediction of their impact on overall flood damage may be challenging. Awareness of their existence assists in developing an understanding of the uncertainties in flood damage estimation and analysis and in indicating areas which new research should tackle. In particular, work is needed in order to fully understand the physical processes by which flood damage arises and, hence, how flood damage may be prevented. 相似文献
18.
Joerg Ruedrich Tobias Bartelsen Reiner Dohrmann Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1545-1564
The expansion processes that develop in building stones upon changes of moisture content may be an important contributing factor for their deteriorations. Until recently, few data could be found in the literature concerning this parameter and weathering processes. Moreover, the processes that may be responsible for the moisture related expansion of natural building stones are not yet completely understood. To further elucidate this process, extensive mineralogical, petrophysical and fabric investigations were performed on eight German sandstones in order to obtain more information regarding the weathering process and its dependence on the rock fabric. The analysed sandstones show a wide range of pore size distributions and porosities. A positive correlation with the fabric and the pore space can be found for all studied petrophysical parameters. The intensity of the expansion and related swelling pressure cannot be attributed only to the swelling of clay minerals. The investigations suggest that the micropores and the resulting disjoining pressure during wet/dry cycles also play an important role. The results obtained suggest that the mechanism is related to the presence of liquid water within the porous material. 相似文献
19.
Natural Hazards - Building damage probabilities are invaluable for assessing short-term losses from natural hazards. In many countries however, the individual building level data required for... 相似文献
20.
Iuliana Armaş 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(11):4637-4646
The aim of this study is to quantify the landslide risk for individual buildings using spatial data in a GIS environment. A landslide-prone area from Prahova Rivers’ Subcarpathian Valley was chosen because of its associated landslide hazards and its impact upon human settlements and activities. The bivariate landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was applied to calculate the spatial probability of landslides occurrence. The Landslide Susceptibility Index map was produced by numerically adding the weighted thematic maps for slope gradient and aspect, water table, soil texture, lithology, built environment and land use. Validation curves were obtained using the random-split strategy for two combinations of variables: (a) all seven variables and (b) three variables which showed highest individual success rates with respect to landslides occurrences (slope gradient, water table and land use). The principal pre-disposing factors were found to be slope steepness and groundwater table. Vulnerability was established as the degree of loss to individual buildings resulting from a potential damaging landslide with a given return period in an area. Risk was calculated by multiplying the spatial probability of landslides by the vulnerability for each building and summing up the losses for the selected return period. 相似文献