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1.
The purpose of this paper is to use the gravity theory to study the spatial distribution and centers of gravity for the global energy-related CO 2 emissions and to determine how they have changed over time. The main results are as follows: (1) In 2011, global energy-related CO 2 emissions reached 34,032.74 Mt, and Asia was the largest CO 2 emitter, which accounted for 45.25 % of total CO 2 emissions in the world. (2) Since 2006, China has exceeded the USA and become the biggest CO 2 emissions country. (3) In terms of the annual growth speed of CO 2 emissions, China is the fastest, followed by India, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and South Africa. (4) During the study period, the center of gravity for CO 2 emissions is an overall movement toward the southeast, and Asia has become the center of gravity for CO 2 emissions. 相似文献
2.
Thermal power, steel, cement, and coal chemical industries account 62.6% energy consumption and 84.6% carbon emissions of China simultaneously in 2015. This research use C3IAM-Tice model to analyze the impact of advanced technologies ratio increasing quantitatively. The model can explore the balance of emission reduction and economy efficiency of energy use, finally got the technology structure optimization for these four industries. The paper uses the historical energy consumption and CO2 emission, combing with the low-carbon developing goal objection, to create the database for these four energy- and carbon-intensive industries. As the result, the scenario-4, which is the most advanced technology-oriented strategy, shows 282 Mt CO2 emission reductions for the 2020 Goal. In this scenario, 26.19%, 47.43%, 65.39%, and 28.98% of the CO2 emissions per unit of added value in thermal power industry, steel industry, cement industry, and coal chemical industry could be reduced comparing with data in 2005. Although the advanced technology-oriented strategy shows the positive impact, we need to consider the cost of elimination of existed technology. On the other hand, the paper notices the future technology, with new energy alternative, low-carbon economy development, and industry restructure together, which are important factors for the low-carbon development of China. 相似文献
3.
Soils act as sources and sinks for greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and nitrous oxide (N 2O). Since both storage and emission capacities may be large, precise quantifications are needed to obtain reliable global budgets that are necessary for land-use management (agriculture, forestry), global change and for climate research. This paper discusses exclusively the soil emission-related processes and their influencing parameters. It reviews soil emission studies involving the most important land-cover types and climate zones and introduces important measuring systems for soil emissions. It addresses current shortcomings and the obvious bias towards northern hemispheric data.When using a conservative average of 300 mg CO 2e m −2 h −1 (based on our literature review), this leads to global annual net soil emissions of ≥350 Pg CO 2e (CO 2e = CO 2 equivalents = total effect of all GHG normalized to CO 2). This corresponds to roughly 21% of the global soil C and N pools. For comparison, 33.4 Pg CO 2 are being emitted annually by fossil fuel combustion and the cement industry. 相似文献
4.
In order to investigate the main drivers of CO 2 emissions changes in China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006–2010) and seek the main ways to reduce CO 2 emissions, we decompose the changes of energy-related CO 2 emissions using the production-theoretical decomposition analysis approach. The results indicate that, first, economic growth and energy consumption are the two main drivers of CO 2 emissions increase during the sample period; particularly in the northern coastal, northwest and central regions, where tremendous coal resources are consumed, the driving effect of their energy consumption on CO 2 emissions appears fairly evident. Second, the improvement of carbon abatement technology and the reduction in energy intensity play significant roles in curbing carbon emissions, and comparatively the effect of carbon abatement technology proves more significant. Third, energy use technical efficiency, energy use technology and carbon abatement technical efficiency have only slight influence on CO 2 emissions overall. In the end, we put forward some policy recommendations for China’s government to reduce CO 2 emissions intensity in the future. 相似文献
5.
Increasing atmospheric level of greenhouse gases are causing global warming and putting at risk the global climate system. The main anthropogenic greenhouse gas is CO 2. Technical solutions exist to reduce CO 2 emission and stabilise atmospheric CO 2 concentration, including energy saving and energy efficiency, switch to lower carbon content fuels like natural gas and to energy sources that operate with zero CO 2 emissions such as renewable or nuclear energy, enhance the natural sinks for CO 2 (forests, soils, etc.), and last but not least, sequester CO 2 from fossil fuels combustion. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the technology and cost for capture and storage of CO 2. Some of the factors that will influence application, including environmental impact, cost and efficiency, are also discussed. Capturing CO 2 and storing it in underground geological reservoirs appears as the best environmentally acceptable option. It can be done with existing technology; however, substantial R&D is needed to improve available technology and to lower the cost. Applicable to large CO 2 emitting industrial facilities such as power plants, cement factories, steel industry, etc., which amount to more than 30% of the global anthropogenic CO 2 emission, it represents a valuable tool in the battle against global warming. To cite this article: P. Jean-Baptiste, R. Ducroux, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献
6.
The impact of trade on the environment and the climate has become a focus of attention. Tending to develop industries with higher added values, developed countries rely on importing high energy consumption goods from developing countries, and however, some CO 2 emissions are embodied in the process of import. Currently, the accounting method of the territorial responsibility used to get the international data of greenhouse gas inventories ignores the difference between domestic consumption and export demands. Thus, developing countries bear the responsibility of pollution emissions from the export. The steel industry is an important basic industry of China’s national economy as well as a vital part in the industrial system. With the expansion of trade scale, the impact of the export and import of China’s steel on CO 2 emissions is growing. This paper studied the embodied CO 2 emissions in the trade of China’s steel from 2005 to 2014, using the input–output model and the trade data of the China’s steel imports and exports. The results indicate that (1) the complete CO 2 emissions of China’s steel industry are high. (2) The increase in the export scale makes the embodied CO 2 emissions in the trade of China’s steel export increase, and (3) China is a net exporter of CO 2 emissions in the steel trade. Especially after 2007, the value of China’s steel exports has been larger than that of China’s steel imports, so China had borne much CO 2 emissions responsibility in the trade of China’s steel. Therefore, this paper puts forward that, in the future, the export structure of goods should be optimized into the high-tech products with the high added value, low energy consumption and low carbon emissions, and meanwhile, service industry is promoted to improve technical support to reduce CO 2 emissions in the steel industry. 相似文献
7.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between household expenditure and CO2 emissions among different income groups of urban and rural households in China. Having employed the 2007 Social Accounting Matrix of China, this study examines the direct and indirect CO2 emissions caused by household demand. The results show that within both urban and rural households, the higher the income level is, the higher the per capita emissions are; the CO2 emissions per unit expenditure due to savings and taxes are generally much larger than those from consumption of goods and services; and these emissions per unit consumption expenditures mainly come from indirect emissions. To deeply explore the relationships between consumption patterns and CO2 emissions, two scenarios are established to eliminate the differences in income level and consumption propensity among different groups step by step. Main results indicate that (1) the income gap is the primary cause of the significant differences in emission levels among each group; (2) the difference in consumption propensity is also a notable reason; and (3) the rural higher income groups spend a larger share of their income on those carbon-intensive goods (e.g., electricity, transportation, energy products), thus making their consumption patterns more carbon-intensive, while for the urban, the consumption patterns of lower income groups are more carbon-intensive. Finally, policy recommendations on the reduction of household emissions are also made. 相似文献
8.
To stabilize the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG), a huge reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions is required. Although some people believe that this necessitates a considerable reduction in the use of fossil fuels or fuel switching, other options are available that allow the use of fossil fuels and reduce atmospheric emissions of CO 2. Sequestration of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion in the subsurface could prevent the CO 2 from reaching the surface for millions of years. Geological sequestration of CO 2 in deep aquifers or in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is a mature technology. Despite the huge quantities of CO 2 that can be sequestered in this way, this approach does not provide any economic benefit. This paper discusses a third option, which consists of injecting CO 2 in deep coal seams to sequester the carbon and enhance the recovery of coalbed methane (CBM). Waste CO 2 from CBM-fueled power plants could be injected into CBM reservoirs to produce more methane (CH 4) for the power plant. The 2:1 coal-sorption selectivity for CO 2 over CH 4 supports the feasibility of operating fossil-fueled power plants without atmospheric CO 2 emissions. Other CO 2 sequestration technologies, such as ocean disposal and biofixation, are briefly discussed and the suitability of these approaches is evaluated for use in Alberta, Canada. 相似文献
9.
An economic and environmentally friendly approach of overcoming the problem of fossil CO 2 emissions would be to reuse it through fixation into biomass. Carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is the basis for the formation of complex sugars by green plants and microalgae through photosynthesis, has been shown to significantly increase the growth rates of certain microalgal species. Microalgae possess a greater capacity to fix CO 2 compared to C 4 plants. Selection of appropriate microalgal strains is based on the CO 2 fixation and tolerance capability together with lipid potential, both of which are a function of biomass productivity. Microalgae can be propagated in open raceway ponds or closed photobioreactors. Biological CO 2 fixation also depends on the tolerance of selected strains to high temperatures and the amount of CO 2 present in flue gas, together with SO x and NO x. Potential uses of microalgal biomass after sequestration could include biodiesel production, fodder for livestock, production of colorants and vitamins. This review summarizes commonly employed microalgal species as well as the physiological pathway involved in the biochemistry of CO 2 fixation. It also presents an outlook on microalgal propagation systems for CO 2 sequestration as well as a summary on the life cycle analysis of the process. 相似文献
10.
Atmospheric methane, a more effective heat-trapping gas than CO 2 that may affect climate change, has its greatest man-made source in the US from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. Consequently,
the wise management of landfills can reduce these greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Methane from modern MSW landfills
built with composite covers is frequently vented directly to the atmosphere. Biofiltration of landfill gas could oxidize CH 4 to CO 2 and water. Methane oxidation in old landfills with conventional soil covers can be effective in reducing the amount of CH 4 emitted. In this study, comparison of methane emissions from three different landfill covers was conducted. Methane emissions
from old landfills constructed with conventional soil covers, modern MSW landfills constructed with composite covers, and
modern MSW landfills constructed with composite covers plus biofilters were calculated using the calculated CH 4 oxidation rates. The results showed that an average of only 14% of the generated CH 4 was emitted from landfills with modern composite covers plus biofilters, and an average of 85% of the generated CH 4 was emitted from landfills with conventional covers when 100% of the generated CH 4 emissions to the atmosphere from landfills with modern composite covers was assumed. By comparing the CH 4 emission rates from three different landfill types, the use of a properly sized biofilter should be an effective technique
to reduce CH 4 emissions from landfills across the USA and potentially in many other areas of the world. 相似文献
11.
The isotopic composition of fossil fuels is an important component of many studies of C sources and sinks based on atmospheric measurements of CO 2. In C budget studies, the isotopic composition of crude petroleum and CH 4 are often used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of CO 2 emissions from combustion. In this study, the C isotope composition (δ 13C) of exhaust from the major fossil fuel emission sources in Salt Lake City, USA, was characterized with 159 measurements of vehicle exhaust of various types and eight measurements of residential furnace exhaust. These two sources were found to be isotopically distinct, and differed from global-scale estimates based on average values for crude petroleum and CH 4. Vehicle-specific factors such as engine load and operation time had no effect on δ 13C of vehicle exhaust. A small difference was found between the mean δ 13C of vehicle exhaust collected randomly from different vehicles and the mean δ 13C of gasoline collected from multiple fueling stations representing major gasoline distributors in Salt Lake City and the surrounding area. However, a paired comparison of δ 13C of exhaust and gasoline for six different vehicles did not show any consistent C isotope fractionation during vehicle combustion. The mean δ 13C of crude petroleum processed for local distribution differed slightly from refined gasoline collected at multiple fueling stations, but time lags between processing and transportation cannot be ruled out as an uncontrollable contributing factor. Measured isotope ratios were then combined with fuel consumption statistics to predict the annual cycle of δ 13C of fossil fuel emissions for the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The results showed that the isotopic composition of CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion varied by almost 3‰ over the course of the 2002 calendar year. This study illustrates that on a regional scale, the isotopic composition of fossil fuel emissions shows a high degree of both spatial and temporal variability that may influence characterization of C sources and sinks with atmospheric measurements. 相似文献
12.
In China, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is recognized as one of the most promising technologies through which to achieve a large reduction in CO2 emissions in future. The choice among different CCS technologies is critical for large-scale applications. With the aim of developing instructive policy suggestions for CCS development, this study proposed an interval programming model to select the optimal CCS technology among the different CCS technologies available in China. The analysis results indicate that the selection of CO2 capture technologies should be based on the actual situation of the project and industry being targeted. If the government implements mandatory CO2 emission reductions, storage in deep saline aquifers is the optimal choice for CO2 sequestration when oil prices are low and the number of available CO2 emission permits is large. In contrast, enhanced oil recovery is the optimal choice when oil prices increase and the availability of CO2 emission permits decreases. It is critical that the government reduce the operating cost and the cost of CO2 capture in particular. 相似文献
13.
Industrial sectors responsible for large part of CO 2 emissions in Poland are characterized from the point of view of possibilities of sequestration of this gas by underground storage. On the basis of official statistics and data obtained from local administration and individual plants, attempt was made to evaluate the magnitude of emissions from selected categories, sub-categories and sectors of the industry (in accordance with methodology of IPCC), concentration of CO 2 in combustion gases and those emitted by industry, and to identify major point sources of emission of this gas in Poland. A special attention was paid to those sectors of industry that may be the first to act as a source of carbon dioxide for sequestration by underground storage in the nearest future. To cite this article: R. Tarkowski, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
14.
Using a production-theoretical decomposition analysis, this study evaluated the driving factors impacting CO 2 emissions between 2001 and 2010 in 28 provinces in China. Factors were decomposed into six indicators: scale effect, technical efficiency, technological progress, change in carbon emission intensity, change in inputs, and change in output structure. The results showed that changes in scale effect and change in inputs were the main factors driving CO 2 emissions growth. Conversely, technical efficiency, technological progress, and change in output structure inhibited CO 2 emission growth. Change in carbon emission intensity had little effect on CO 2 emission growth. 相似文献
15.
The United States is one of the world's leaders in electricity production, generating about 4116 billion kWh in 2021, of which coal accounted for 21.8% of the total. This study applies an integrated approach using both terrestrial and satellite data to specifically examine emissions from coal-fired power plants and its spatial extent. The study also highlights the effectiveness of government policies to reduce emissions. It was found that emission of pollutants from the country's energy sector has been steadily declining, with annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x) decreasing from the US electric power sector between 1990 and 2020 by 93.4% and 84.8%, respectively, and carbon dioxide (CO 2) by 37% between 2007 and 2020. Although overall emissions from coal-fired power plants are declining, some individual plants have yet to install environmental equipment to control emissions. According to US government data, major emitters of SO 2, NO x, and CO 2 in the US are the Martin Lake power plant in East Texas, the Labadie power plant near St. Louis, Missouri, and the James H Miller Jr plant near Birmingham, Alabama. This study also integrates TROPOMI satellite data to detect point emissions from individual power plants. While the highest levels of measured pollutants were over the country's major cities and areas of fossil fuel extraction, TROPOMI could clearly distinguish the pollution caused by power plants in more rural areas. Although the US has made great strides in reducing emissions from coal-fired power plants, these plants still represent a major source of pollution and remain a major concern. Totally eliminating coal as a power source will be difficult with the higher power demands resulting from the transition to electric automobiles. 相似文献
16.
This paper aims to evaluate the carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions reduction performance of 30 mainland provinces in China over 2005?C2009. First, the log-mean Divisia index (LMDI) technique is used to decompose the changes in CO 2 emissions at the provincial level into 4 effects that are carbon intensity effect, energy mix effect, energy intensity effect and gross domestic product (GDP) effect. Next, two indicators, decoupling index and rescaled decoupling index, are implemented to evaluate the performance of 30 provinces in CO 2 emission reduction from 2005 to 2009. The decomposition result shows that the GDP growth is mainly responsible for the CO 2 emissions increase, while the energy intensity effect is the key factor for the decrease in CO 2 emissions in each province. Moreover, according to the evaluation, the performance of each province in what concerns the CO 2 emission reduction varies significantly. Most provinces in China made significant efforts in emissions reduction during 2005?C2009, while some provinces only made weak efforts or even no efforts in decoupling progress. 相似文献
17.
The importance of mitigation of climate change due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from various developmental and infrastructure projects has generated interest at global level to reduce environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment may be used as a tool to assess GHG emissions and subsequent environmental impacts resulting from electricity generation from thermal power plants. This study uses life cycle approach for assessing GHG emissions and their impacts due to natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and imported coal thermal power plants using the IPCC 2001 and Eco-Indicator 99(H) methods in India for the first time. The total GHG emission from the NGCC thermal power plant was 584 g CO 2 eq/kWh electricity generation, whereas in case of imported coal, it was 1,127 g CO 2 eq/kWh electricity generation. This shows that imported coal has nearly ~2 times more impacts when compared to natural gas in terms of global warming potential and human health as disability-adjusted life years from climate change due to GHG emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2O). 相似文献
18.
Imposing any tax among carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax on fossil fuels will also reduce the other two air pollutants. Neglecting the synergistic effect of each energy environmental tax and levying carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax at the same time will overestimate the abatement cost of air emissions. This study adopts a partial equilibrium model which uses linear demand and supply curves to illustrate the emission reductions in carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax. The synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x are firstly evaluated under the implicit tax scenario of resource tax and consumption tax on fossil fuels. Then it is compared with the synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x under different explicit tax scenarios of increasing tax rate on carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax. If the synergistic reduction effect of explicit environmental taxes is better, this research aims to find one kind of environmental tax among carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax with the best synergistic reduction effect and to provide a decision support for the policy makers of energy environmental taxes. The results indicate that explicit environmental taxes have better synergistic reduction effects compared with the current implicit environmental taxes. And explicit sulfur tax can lead to the largest synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x . Therefore, the policy makers of energy environmental taxes could consider adopting the explicit sulfur tax to reduce various environmental air emissions at the largest amount. 相似文献
19.
The Carbon Tracker system will play a major role in understanding CO 2 sinks and sources, gas exchange between the atmosphere and oceans, and gas emissions from forest fres and fossil fuels in Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper discusses the trends in carbon fluxes in the biosphere and ocean, as well as emissions from forest fres and fossil fuel use in the above-mentioned region, using the Carbon Tracker (CT) system. From 2000 to 2009, the mean carbon fluxes for the biosphere, fossil fuel use, wildfires and the ocean in Latin America and the Caribbean were −0.03, 0.41, 0.296, −0.061 Pg C/yr, respectively, and −0.02, 0.117, 0.013, −0.003 Pg C/yr, respectively, in Mexico. The mean net carbon flux for Latin America and the Caribbean was 0.645 Pg C/yr, and 0.126 Pg C/yr for Mexico. The terrestrial sinks in Latin America and the Caribbean are dominated by the forest, agricultural, grass and shrub regions, as well as the Andes mountain range and the net surface-atmosphere fluxes including fossil fuel are dominant in regions around large cities in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and areas undergoing deforestation along the Amazon River. The results confirm that forest fres are an important source of CO 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean. In addition, we can confirm that policies encouraging the use of ethanol in light vehicles in Brazil have helped to decrease carbon emissions from fossil fuel, and assume the effects of the Proárbol program on carbon sinks from the biosphere and from fire emissions sources in Mexico. Based on this analysis, we are confident that the CT system will play a major role in Latin America and the Caribbean as a scientific tool to understand the uptake and release of CO 2 from terrestrial ecosystems, fossil fuel use and the oceans, and for long-term monitoring of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. 相似文献
20.
China has become the biggest CO 2 emitter in the world. In China, economic development in different regions is not the same. Thus, it is necessary to study the regional decoupling relationship between energy-related CO 2 emission and economic development. Considering the regional difference of economic development, energy consumption and CO 2 emission, provincial regions in China are divided into seven economic bands. The Tapio decoupling method is adopted to calculate the decoupling index in the seven regions over the study period 1996–2013. Furthermore, the WCDM is developed to study the driving factors governing the decoupling state. The result showed that decoupling development differed in each economic band; North-East and North-West, showed a better trend and a worse one, respectively, than the others. Economic factor showed a stable trend of negative effect, and energy intensity factor was the crucial factor to accelerate the process of CO 2 emission decoupling. Only in Yangtze River delta, economic band had structural factor shown a positive effect during the research period, and emission efficiency factor was not stable and showed a negative effect in most years in every region. 相似文献
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