共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
Households vary in their ability to deal with disasters, and this may lead to different recovery results. Aiming to examine this differentiation, this paper studied the 2009 Yao??an earthquake in China. Surveys of 200 destroyed rural households were conducted in field investigations and follow-ups at 1?month, 1?year, and 1.5?years after the earthquake. The results showed a clear difference in recovery, the households observably being classified into five groups. These are the O group, which has different recovery time and economic cost from the other four; and the special group, comprising E L T O and E O T L (vulnerable during recovery); E H T O (strong during recovery); and E L T S (neither vulnerable nor strong). Logistic regression analysis revealed that differentiation in recovery patterns arose from the combined effect of demographic factors and external assistance provided to households. Lower income is the root cause of vulnerability in some households during the recovery process. However, other factors cause recovery differences between the two vulnerable groups, causing the economic recovery cost of the E L T O group to be lower, and the recovery time of the E O T L group to be longer. There was consensus that external assistance had an impact on all households. The more provided and the earlier it arrived, the lower the cost for recovery and the shorter the recovery time. This study shows that research on group differentiation of recovery is useful in understanding post-earthquake recovery processes and calls for taking group differentiation considerations into account in post-disaster recovery resource allocation practices. 相似文献
2.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) utilizes microbes for enhancing the recovery by several mechanisms, among which the most studied are the following: (1) reduction of oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) by the produced biosurfactant and (2) selective plugging by microbes and metabolic products. One of the ways of bacterial survival and propagation under harsh reservoir conditions is formation of spores. A model has been developed that accounts for bacterial growth, substrate consumption, surfactant production, attachment/filtering out, sporulation, and reactivation. Application of spore-forming bacteria is an advantageous novelty of the present approach. The mathematical setup is a set of 1D transport equations involving reactions and attachment. Characteristic sigmoidal curves are used to describe sporulation and reactivation in response to substrate concentrations. The role of surfactant is modification of the relative permeabilities by decreasing the interfacial tension. Attachment of bacteria reduces the pore space available for flow, i.e., the effective porosity and permeability. Clogging of specific areas may occur. An extensive study of the MEOR on the basis of the developed model has resulted in the following conclusions. In order to obtain sufficient local concentrations of surfactant, substantial amounts of substrate should be supplied; however, massive growth of bacteria increases the risk for clogging at the well inlet areas, causing injectivity loss. In such areas, starvation may cause sporulation, reducing the risk of clogging. Substrate released during sporulation can be utilized by attached vegetative bacteria and they will continue growing and producing surfactant, which prolongs the effect of the injected substrate. The simulation scenarios show that application of the spore-forming bacteria gives a higher total production of surfactant and the reduced risk of clogging, leading to an increased period of production and a higher oil recovery. 相似文献
3.
Due to increases in water demand, the City of Kenedy, TX, USA must expand their small drinking water supply in the Gulf Coast aquifer system. Groundwater wells owned by the City of Kenedy, Karnes County, TX were examined to estimate properties for the Jasper aquifer. Conditions of four wells were assessed, after which two wells were rehabilitated and used as pumping wells in aquifer tests. Aquifer tests show that recovery in observation wells was not coincident with the cessation of pumping. Post-pumping data were selectively excluded so that only recovery data were used for analyses. Transmissivity for the Jasper aquifer ranges from 102 to 242 m2 d?1, and storativity ranges from 6.9E?05 to 3.3E?04. Transmissivity computed from recovery data was approximately 25 % higher than transmissivity computed from time-drawdown data. Field measured specific capacities and drawdowns were compared to theoretical specific capacities and drawdowns to calculate pumping well efficiencies in the range of 52.2–99.4 %. This study indicates that water demand for the City of Kenedy could be met by incorporating the tested wells into the water supply system. Future studies should be designed to estimate groundwater recharge rates and a complete water balance for computing a sustainable maximum annual yield. 相似文献
4.
The power of people: social capital’s role in recovery from the 1995 Kobe earthquake 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Daniel P. Aldrich 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(3):595-611
Despite the regularity of disasters, social science has only begun to generate replicable knowledge about the factors which
facilitate post-crisis recovery. Building on the broad variation in recovery rates within disaster-affected cities, I investigate
the ability of Kobe’s nine wards to repopulate after the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan. This article uses case studies of
neighborhoods in Kobe alongside new time-series, cross-sectional data set to test five variables thought to influence recovery
along with the relatively untested factor of social capital. Controlling for damage, population density, economic conditions,
inequality and other variables thought important in past research, social capital proves to be the strongest and most robust
predictor of population recovery after catastrophe. This has important implications both for public policies focused on reconstruction
and for social science more generally. 相似文献
5.
Natural Hazards - The present study deals with the gender aspects of water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) situation in post-cyclone Aila period in Bangladesh. Data were collected using... 相似文献
6.
N. Emel Ganapati 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(3):1783-1799
Despite a growing literature on post-disaster recovery, our understanding of how housing recovery is measured remains limited. This paper is a step in filling the gap in the literature by presenting an overview of how recovery organizations measured post-disaster permanent housing recovery in Gölcük, Turkey, following the August 17, 1999 earthquake. Based on in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and review of secondary sources, the paper highlights the limitations of measuring housing recovery as the number of permanent housing units built in a timely manner. It suggests that recovery organizations need to measure post-disaster housing recovery by developing context-specific, process- and outcome-oriented measures. In the case of Gölcük, process-oriented measures could have been related to the land appropriation, public participation processes, and inter-organizational collaboration while outcome-oriented measures could have been related to the level of satisfaction with homes built and equity among the housing beneficiaries. 相似文献
7.
Numerous archaeological sites dating to the greek-roman period have been found in the underground of the city of Catania (eastern
Sicily, Italy). Their presence is a testimony of the several settlements that have followed in this area over time. In this
work we have conducted electromagnetic surveys, consisting of ten georadar profiles, inside the church of “S. Agata alla Badia”,
damaged during the earthquake occurred in eastern Sicily on 13 December 1990. The aim was to investigate the area where the
church is located to obtain information useful for its structural recovery. Mechanical drillings were also carried out to
reconstruct the local stratigraphy, which could be complicated by the presence of underground cavities and artefacts, as evidenced
by recent excavations beneath the Catania Cathedral, in the nearby Piazza Duomo. From the interpretation of the GPR data,
the presence of ancient masonry structures underlying the recent foundations was highlighted. In addition, the GPR survey
allowed us to identify and locate reflective horizons in the subsurface, probably due to the presence of materials with different
state of aggregation and/or to buried structures. 相似文献
8.
In this research the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) was adopted to estimate GDP growth for assessing macroeconomic recovery from a natural hazard. ARIMA is a powerful tool for predicting future macroeconomic situations based on macroeconomic data and trends before a disaster. This research examined the economic recovery of severely affected counties 6 years after the Wenchuan Earthquake by comparing the simulated regional GDP values from 2008 to 2014 with actual regional GDP data following the disaster. A macroeconomic recovery ratio model was built to assess economic resilience of the affected counties. Although the GDP of the 10 most severely affected counties grew rapidly after the earthquake, in only one county—Pengzhou City—it recovered to the pre-disaster level under a no hazard scenario. The gaps in economic recovery between the severely affected counties were significant. Areas with competitive industries and locational advantage exhibited the highest rates of recovery. Therefore, industrial structure and relative location of the affected areas to traffic nodes and economic centers should be considered in pre-disaster assistance decisions and development plans in the future. 相似文献
9.
Liang LU Jing HE Xiangjun PAN 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):107-107
Grignard regents have been applied extensively in chemical industry, especially in pharmacy. A mass of bromide-containing wastewater was produced after reaction, and ozonation of these organic contaminants can produce bromate and other brominated pollutants. The US Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） has established a maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L for bromate in finished water. Therefore, it is necessary and significant to remove the DBP （disinfection by-products） precursor - bromide. On the other hand, since the bromine is a valuable element, recovery of it from wastewater is significant. Bromide removal is important to control DBP （disinfection by-products） contaminant and an ion exchange process is one of several treatment processes for this purpose. Layered double hydroxides （LDHs） are useful as adsorbents for bromide removal because of theft ion exchange properties. In this study, the adsorption properties of LDHs for bromide and the method of regeneration of this material were examined. It has been found that the LDHs with Mg/Al molar ratio of 2 represented the highest capacity to remove bromide ion from aqueous solution at pH 6.0. The equilibrium isotherms of uptake of bromide by CLDH were well fitted by the Langmuir equation. Bromide adsorbed on the LDHs was effectively desorbed at 30% Na2CO3 solution and the LDHs were regenerated at the same time. The regenerated LDHs could be reused repeatedly for the bromide removal. Bromide in the exhausted desorption solution was recovered as bromine by oxidation using Cl2. 相似文献
10.
Natural Hazards - After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, secondary geological disasters occurred frequently and caused huge economic losses in the upper reaches of Min River. In this paper,... 相似文献
11.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):207-229
The environment surrounding Palmerton, Pennsylvania is contaminated with Pb arising from primary Zn smelting and a process involving Zn recovery from electric arc steel furnace dusts. Lead isotope systematics have been used to distinguish primary Zn smelting Pb (206Pb/204Pb∼18.4–18.5) from electric arc furnace dust lead (206Pb/204Pb∼19.0–19.1). Primary Zn smelting is the dominant source of Pb in O2 horizon soils from undisturbed near-Palmerton locations, which contain up to 3570 ppm Pb and 782 ppm Cd. Soils from undeveloped near-Palmerton locations also exhibit unusually elevated concentrations of other sphalerite-derived chalcophilic elements (Se, Ag, In, Sb, Te, Au, Hg, Tl and Bi); indium concentrations of up to 17.0 ppm are observed therein. Residential soils and dusts from Palmerton contain Pb which is largely explainable via mixing of Pb from primary Zn smelting and electric arc furnace dusts. Approximately 80% of the Pb in airborne particulate matter sampled at Palmerton in 1991 is derived from electric arc furnace dusts, and atmospheric enrichment factors for Cu, Sb, Pb, and Bi are observed which confirm this major source contribution. Residential samples from a control location contain Pb which is less radiogenic than is found in Palmerton, and exhibit no unusual elevation in sphalerite elements. Lead source discrimination in the Palmerton environment via Pb isotopic and elemental constituents approaches result in parallel conclusions. 相似文献
12.
13.
S. F. Vinokurov A. G. Gurbanov O. A. Bogatikov B. S. Karamurzov V. M. Gazeev A. B. Lexin A. V. Shevchenko S. M. Dolov Z. I. Dudarov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,467(2):346-349
Anomalous concentrations of numerous major and minor elements significantly exceeding the threshold limit values (TLV) for drinking water were registered in the area of the Tyrnyauz Tungsten–Molybdenum Combine (TTMC). The maximal excess of the TLV (by one or two orders of magnitude) were obtained for Mo (up to 11 mg/L), W (4.4 mg/L), As (1.5 mg/L), Mn (8.4 mg/L), and Tl (up to 3.3 μg/L) in water of the Bolshoi Mukulan Brook flowing through the mines and three brooks flowing out from the base of the embankment of the tailing store no. 1. They are the major pollutants for water of the Baksan River. Upon flowing out to the plain, water of the Baksan River shows significant excess of the TLVs (in summer) for Al, Fe, Mn, Be, Si, Ti, Tl, and Hg. 相似文献
14.
The Taipinghu Bridge is an important project, and the safety of rock masses of its foundation is very crucial. This article analyzes the potential causes of the deformation of the rock masses of the bridge foundation, and uses the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua to analyze the geologic model. The simulating process shows that no mater in the excavating process or in the loading process the rock masses are suit for the engineering. The modeling and analyzing process can be used for reference. 相似文献
15.
The catastrophic Shikotan earthquake of October 4 (5), 1994, occurred in the Pacific Ocean. Its focus was located 80 km eastward of Shikotan Island. The stress state of the Earth’s crust in this area was estimated by the method of the cataclastic analysis of the whole range of the earthquake mechanisms. The performed reconstruction of the parameters of the current stress state of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle in the area of the Southern Kuril Islands made it possible to establish that this area is characterized, on the one hand, by the presence of extensive areas of steady behavior of the stress tensor parameters and, on the other hand, by the presence of local sections of anomalously fast changes in these parameters. 相似文献
16.
陶正章 《中国地球化学学报》1991,10(3):288-293,T003
The carat is the unit of weight for diamonds and other gemstones.It corresponds to the average weight of the seeds of a leguminous tree.What kind of tree is this?We have studied the samples from Ethiopia,Egypt,Cyprus and the United States.The tree is neither“Kuara“nor“Locust“（Robina pseudoacacia Linn.）,but rather Carob(Ceratonia Siliqua).In Ethiopia,as called by local inhabitants,“Kuara“is a species of Erythrina-E.brucei rather than E.abyssinica.As might be expected,using the seeds as a means of weighing an extremely valuable commodity is not very scientific.Before 1907,at various times and in various countries,there were at least twenty-three stan-dards for the carat ranging from 187.00mg to 215.990mg.The metric carat equal to 200mg was proposed in Paris in 1907.It was adopted in the United States on July1,1913 and now is the world-accepted standard.But in reality,the standard of the carat is still confused with respect to its usage throughout the world .This is why the author reiterates that the standard of the car-at should be integrated with the metric system. 相似文献
17.
The Taipinghu Bridge is an important project，and the safety of rock masses of its foundation is very crucial．This article analyzes the potential causes of the deformation of the rock masses of the bridge foundation，and uses the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua to analyze the
geologic model． The simulating process shows that no mater in the excavating process or in the loading process the rock masses are suit for the engineering．The modeling and analyzing process can be used for reference． 相似文献
18.
With increasing high-quality geological and geophysical data it becomes clear that seismicity of the continents is characterized by linear patterns which are closely associated with tectonic features. The aim of this paper is to give reasonable interpretation for the earthquake distribution in the contiguous continent of the United States. Seismic lines and earthquake concentrated zones are defined, which reflect the characteristics of the continental seismotectonics. Similarities and differences in seismotectonics between the continental part of China and the contiguous continent of US are analysed. It is demonstrated that the spatial distribution of earthquakes can provide the information of the active structures in the earth's crust. The authors consider that the patterns of continental seismotectonics are not only controlled by the pre—existing tectonic frameworks and the current boundary dynamic conditions, but also possibly affected by dynamic factors of global tectonics at a higher level. 相似文献
19.
INTRODUCTIONIn comparison with studies on the geochemistryof the REE and trace elements of the Emeishan Per-mian basalts ,there has been onlyli mited research onthe platinum group elements ( PGE) . Preli minarystudies have been carried out on the PGE geochemis-try of the basalts in the Emeishan area ( QingyingPower Station profile) and Xinjie area (Zhang andLi ,1998) ,andinthe Shuicheng and Weining areasinGuizhou (Li et al .,2003) . There are no PGEanaly-sis data of the basaltsin… 相似文献
20.
Guan Shaozeng 《《地质学报》英文版》1989,63(3):281-296
Since the coexistence of the Cretaceous and Palaeocene was ascertained in the Hengyang Basin of Hunan in the middle of the 1960's, the Cretaceous and Tertiary boundary has been discussed in several papers, but it still remains controversal. The points at issue are the connotation, stratigraphical position and lateral correlation of the Dongtang (or Chejiang) Formation. 相似文献