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1.
从新构造应力场论公路水毁问题——兼论地貌发育的对抗性原理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据沙依德格尔的对抗性原理，研究了新构造应力场对公路水毁的影响问题，发现在高应力区，如果公路走向平行于新构造应力场的剪切面或垂直于这个应力场的主压应力方向，公路的稳定性即将变坏。 相似文献
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库岸边坡是一个复杂的地质综合体,库岸滑坡是威胁库区安全的地质隐患。多数传统滑坡预测模型为静态模型,未将滑坡变形特征与位移预测二者结合考虑,不能实际反映滑坡演化过程中的动态特性。本文基于溪洛渡库区58处涉水滑坡变形监测结果,归纳了库岸滑坡变形规律,采用机器学习方法实现了不同特征滑坡变形趋势的短期预测。研究结果显示：(1)研究区年平均地表形变速率处于-116.841～265mm·yr-1,负值代表目标地物远离卫星方向位移,正值代表目标地物靠近卫星方向移动,其中存在缓慢变形滑坡13处,根据其累计位移曲线特征划分为：阶跃型、振荡型和持续增长型三类。(2)阶跃型滑坡滑面多为弧线型,其变形主要受库水位周期性变动影响;振荡型滑坡滑面多为折线型,其变形多受库水位和降雨共同作用;持续增长型滑坡滑面多为直线型,其变形主要受自身地质条件控制。(3)针对不同变形特征滑坡,采用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络模型考虑多因素耦合和滑坡演化状态建立了滑坡变形动态预测模型,通过评价结果验证,该模型具有较高预测精度及良好的适用性。研究结果可以为溪洛渡库区滑坡系统研究与防治提供依据,为库区不同变形特征... 相似文献
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三峡库岸城区滑坡治理与沿江公路建设一体化模式--以重庆万州清泉路滑坡为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
三峡库岸城区滑坡90%属于由第四纪松散土体组成的散体滑坡,滑坡区属于城区重要组成部分,降雨及三峡库水位降落是此类滑坡孕发的动力因素。本文以重庆万州清泉路滑坡为例,基于库岸城区滑坡防治原则,构建了实用的滑坡治理与沿江路建设一体化模式,推导了抗滑桩的内力计算方法;详细分析了一体化模式的结构组成及受力特性。研究成果对于三峡库区城区滑坡的治理与开发利用具有较强的指导借鉴作用。 相似文献
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乐昌市坪石镇共建路159～163号民房一带发生滑坡变形迹象,该民房紧邻乐昌峡库岸,暂未造成人员伤亡。2016年5月19日,受乐昌市国土资源局委托,广东省地质局第三地质大队会同乐昌市国土资源局对乐昌市坪石镇共建路民房及库岸滑坡进行地质灾害应急调查。 相似文献
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帕米尔东北侧邻区新构造活动具有幅度巨大,阶段性继承性明显,现今活动性强烈等特点。以帕米尔高原隆升为背景,研究了帕米尔东北侧邻区的新构造运动及地震活动的规律,通过有限元数值模拟,分析了第四纪新构造活动的应力场,并进一步探讨了新构造运动与地震活动的力源机制。 相似文献
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美姑河流域公路泥石流物源成因 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
位于四川西南部横断山区东部边缘大凉山内部的美姑河流域是我国公路泥石流典型发育的地区之一,泥石流具有规模大、致灾作用强烈、活动频率高等特点。从流域地貌景观、新构造应力场及具有焚风效应的大气环流特性出发对区内公路泥石流成因进行了深入分析,获得了地貌景观造就了流域内地表植被稀少、焚风效应显著、泥石流沟轴向与新构造应力场两个剪切带方向一致(相差5.2°~6.5°)的结论,泥石流发育规律符合地貌发育对抗性原理[1]。作为典型事例,把洛高依打泥石流的物源区分为不稳定物源区、基本稳定物源区和稳定物源区,并首次将物源补给量与不同降雨频率相结合,获取了不同降雨频率(3~5 a一遇、10 a一遇、20 a一遇、50 a一遇和100 a一遇)泥石流最大可供物源量。对公路泥石流研究及治理中一些关键问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
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Vijendra Kumar Pandey 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):510-536
Landslides are frequent natural disasters in mountainous regions, particularly in the Himalayas in India during the southwest monsoon season. Although scientific study of landslides has been in progress for years, no significant achievement has been made to preclude landsliding and allay disasters. This research was undertaken to understand the areal distribution of landslides based on geological formations and geomorphological processes, and to provide more precise information regarding slope instability and mechanisms of failure. After completing a landslide inventory, prepared through field investigation and satellite image analysis, 493 landslides, comprising 131 investigated in the field and 362 identified from satellite imagery, were identified and mapped. The areal distribution of these landslides shows that sites more prone to landsliding have moderate to steep slopes, the lithology of the Lesser Himalayan formations, and excavations for road corridors. Landslide susceptibility zones were delineated for the area using the weight-of-evidence method on the basis of the frequency and distribution of landslides. Weights of selected variables were computed on the basis of severity of triggering factors. The accuracy of landslide susceptibility zones, calculated statistically (R2 = .93), suggests high accuracy of the model for predicting landsliding in the area. 相似文献
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This paper focuses on origin, morphology and evolution of seven landslide dams in southeastern Sicily. These landforms are part of a set of 146 landslides recently recognised in this area, which was hitherto considered to have little or no slope instability. Southeastern Sicily consists of a plateau (the Hyblaean Mountains) incised by canyons and surrounded by lower lands. It is underlain mostly by subhorizontal, moderately to well-lithified carbonate rocks. Relief is low.Several lines of evidence justify the assumption of a seismic trigger for the landslides in this area: (1) the geo-climatic environment is not favourable to landsliding, (2) low-angle basal shear surfaces are very frequent, (3) landslide distribution is consistent with the known magnitude–distance relationships for earthquake-induced landslides, (4) historical documents testify to earthquake-triggered slope instability and (5) a specific landslide can be exactly dated.The phenomena illustrated here include six rock slides (one with a debris-flow component) and one rock fall. Slip surfaces are mostly non-circular. Landslide volume ranges from about 50×103 to 34×106 m3.With reference to the Costa and Schuster [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100 (1988) 1054] classification of landslide dams, five cases belong to type II (spanning the entire valley), and two to type IV (failures from both valley sides, with frontal or side contact between failed masses). With reference to Crozier and Pillans [Catena 18 (1991) 471] classification of landslide lakes, all cases show a main valley lake while tributary valley, back and supra lakes are sporadically present. One damming is attributable to the 1693 earthquake with certainty; another damming, to the same earthquake with high probability. Three dams were reincised, one breached or reincised, one is slightly reincised and two more or less intact; correspondingly, five silting up deposits were reincised, one is being reincised at present and two are still under formation. 相似文献
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It is usually recognized that relatively large amounts of soil particles cannot be transported by raindrop splashes under windless rain. However, the splash-saltation process can cause net transportation in the prevailing wind direction since variations in splash-saltation trajectory due to the wind are expected in wind-driven rain. Therefore, determining the combined effect of rain and wind on the process should enable improvement of the estimation of erosion for any given prediction technique. This paper presents experimental data on the effects of slope aspect, slope gradient, and horizontal wind velocity on the splash-saltation trajectories of soil particles under wind-driven rain. In a wind tunnel facility equipped with a rainfall simulator, the rains driven by horizontal wind velocities of 6, 10, and 14 m s−1 were allowed to impact three agricultural soils packed into 20×55 cm soil pans placed at both windward and leeward slopes of 7%, 15%, and 20%. Splash-saltation trajectories were measured by trapping the splashed particles at distances downwind on a 7-m uniform slope segment in the upslope and downslope directions, respectively, for windward and leeward slopes. Exponential decay curves were fitted for the mass distribution of splash-saltation sediment as a function of travel distance, and the average splash-saltation trajectory was derived from the average value of the fitted functions. The results demonstrated that the average trajectory of a raindrop-induced and wind-driven soil particle was substantially affected by the wind shear velocity, and it had the greatest correlation (r=0.96 for all data) with the shear velocity; however, neither slope aspect nor slope gradient significantly predicted the splash-saltation trajectory. More significantly, a statistical analysis conducted with nonlinear regression model of C1(u*2/g) showed that average trajectory of splash saltation was approximately three times greater than that of typical saltating sand grain. 相似文献
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三峡库区退耕坡地环境移民压力研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
坡耕地退耕还林还草作为生态环境建设的重要措施正在三峡库区逐步实施。然而，坡耕地退耕将减少退耕地区的耕地数量，特别是坡耕地集中分布的区域，从而引发环境移民问题。利用GIS技术建立了基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力指数模型及环境移民模型，并对三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民的数量进行模拟。模拟结果表明三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民数量较大。在退耕压力指数为40％时潜在环境移民数量高达89万人，相当于三峡水库淹没需要安置的水库移民数量。环境移民压力是该地区生态环境建设面临的一大难题。 相似文献
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Geomorphic data combined with stratigraphic studies provide significant information to constrain timing and amount of fault movement. The lower Narmada valley lies astride the Narmada–Son Fault (NSF), an important ENE–WSW-trending tectonic element responsible for the current intraplate seismicity being experienced in the central part of the Indian plate. Varying nature and degree of tectonic movements along the NSF during Late Pleistocene and Holocene have produced four geomorphic surfaces in the lower Narmada valley: the alluvial plain (S1), ravine surface (S2), a gravelly fan surface (S3) and the valley fill terrace surface (S4). Two major phases of tectonic movements in a compressive stress regime are recorded along the NSF: slow synsedimentary subsidence of the basin during Late Pleistocene due to differential movement, followed by inversion of the basin during the Holocene marked by differential uplift along the NSF. The study suggests that the inversion of the basin is in response to the significant increase in the intensity of compressive stresses in the Indian plate mainly during the Early Holocene. The present incisive drainage and recent seismic activity indicate that the compressive stresses continue to accumulate along the NSF due to continued northward movement of the Indian plate. 相似文献
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Shuxin Pan Caiyan Liu Xiangbo Li Sujuan Liang Qilin Chen Wenting Zhang Shuncun Zhang 《Basin Research》2019,31(6):1066-1082
Mass failure deposits in lacustrine settings are some of the most understudied facies associations in the ancient or modern rock record. We integrated seismic data and well logs to investigate the external morphology, internal architecture and deformation and reservoir distribution of the sublacustrine landslides in the Cretaceous Nengjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin (SLB). A large‐scale sublacustrine landslide, named the Qi‐Jia sublacustrine landslide (QJSL), has been identified in the Nengjiang Formation of the SLB. The QJSL is currently the largest known sublacustrine landslide in the world. This landslide covers an area that exceeds 300 km2, with an estimated volume of 30 km3. Seismic imaging and mapping reveal that the QJSL can be recognized by several distinguishing seismic characteristics: discontinuous and internal chaotic seismic facies, compressional structures in the downslope region, irregular top and basal surfaces and erosional grooves in basal shear surfaces. The QJSL is 20–200 m thick, and is composed of a succession of fine‐grained deposits. Sandy layers are present but sparse and thinner than 16 m, and form reservoirs of the petroleum discoveries in this area. Our analyses show that the mechanism that triggered the collapse of the QJSL is attributed to rapid deposition and deltaic progradation. This study demonstrates that sand‐rich sublacustrine landslides formed at delta front slope can serve as conventional reservoirs in the lake centre, and provide a new target for subaqueous hydrocarbon exploration and development. 相似文献
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A case study of coseismic landslides and post-seismic sedimentary impacts of landslides due to rainfall events was conducted in the Tachia River basin, Taichung County, central Taiwan. About 3000 coseismic landslides occurred in the basin during the ML 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. The deposits from these landslides provided material for numerous debris flows induced by subsequent rainfall events. The estimated 4.1 × 107 m3 of landslide debris produced in the upland area caused sediment deposition in riverbeds, and flash floods inundated downstream areas with sediment during torrential rains. The landslide frequency-size distributions for the coseismic landslides and the subsequent rainfall-induced landslides were analyzed to determine the sediment budgets of the post-seismic geomorphic response in the landslide-dominated basin. Both the coseismic and the rainfall-induced landslides show a power–law frequency-size distribution with a rollover. It was found that the rainfall-induced landslide magnitude was smaller than the coseismic one, and that both have comparable negative scaling exponents in cumulative form, of about − 2.0 for larger landslides (> 10− 2 km2). This may be attributed to ongoing movement or reactivation of old landslides, and a natural stabilisation of small landslides between 10− 4 and 10− 2 km2. It is proposed that the characteristics of geological formations and rainfall as well as changes in landslide area are reflected in the power–law distribution. 相似文献
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斜坡类型描述岩层产状与斜坡的角度关系,很大程度上决定了斜坡岩土体变形的方式和强度,对地质灾害分布具有重要作用。斜坡的顺向坡、反向坡与地形的阳坡、阴坡概念相似,可以利用改进的太阳辐射地形因子计算模型(TOBIA指数)对斜坡类型进行定量化表达。计算TOBIA指数需要斜坡坡度、坡向、岩层倾角、倾向4个参数。以三峡库区顺向坡基岩滑坡多发地段青干河流域为例,通过区域地质图上产状点获取离散岩层倾角和倾向数值,经空间插值得到空间连续分布的倾角和倾向参数;通过数字高程模型获取坡度和坡向参数,得到区内TOBIA指数分布。在此基础上进一步研究指数和滑坡发育关系。结果表明,TOBIA指数值与区内斜坡类型密切相关,根据TOBIA指数值能很好地区分斜坡类型。以二分类变量逻辑回归模型对坡度和指数两个变量进行分析,发现引入TOBIA指数后,回归模型对已知滑坡拟合度由55%提高到71.5%,能有效提高区域滑坡灾害危险性区划结果精度。 相似文献
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This work proves the existence of a large deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DGSD) in a hilly region of the southwestern Alps, whereas DGSD are usually linked with high relief energy in mountain environments. Moreover, we describe the usefulness of applying paleoseismological techniques by means of trench excavation to date and understand the deformation history and genesis of recent morphostructures, and we found evidence of causative relationships between DGSD and surface landslides. The studied DGSD of Mt. Croce della Tola–Mt. Scincina, Italy, is the largest of the western Alps: it is 7-km long and involves a minimum area of 16 km2 with a volume ≥3.5 km3 probably extending further NE beneath Lake Maggiore surface. Several parallel scarps, representing the surface expression of slip-planes, affect the upper part of the slope, whereas the lower part presents a convex profile. DGSD at Mt. Croce della Tola started in the last interglacial period (120–40 ka BP) and the following glacial phase was not able to significantly modify the general slope geometry. Post-glacial deformation also occurred, especially at Mt. Scincina, after 25 ka BP. Post-glacial and active surface landslides developed on the convex lower part of the slope, suggesting that they resulted from instability due to the new profile assumed by the slopes during the deep-seated deformation. The occurrence of Mt. Scincina DGSD with a very low topographic gradient is interpreted as an effect induced by on other large DGSD. 相似文献
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Oxygen isotope analysis of the adult ostracod Eucypris mareotica cultured at controlled temperatures (10, 15, and 19°C) was used to measure isotopic fractionation during shell calcification.
The ostracod shells that precipitated at experimental temperatures are almost in isotopic equilibrium with the culture water
as compared to the oxygen isotope fractionation of inorganic carbonates. Moreover, they had almost constant offsets from equilibrium
based on the oxygen isotope fractionation of inorganic carbonates. The δ18O values of ostracod shells from the 10°C cultures were higher than those of the 15 and 19°C cultures by 1.6 and 2.7‰, respectively.
The observed fractionations are shown by the regression equations:
*20c 10° \textC:d 1 8 \textO\textostracod = 1. 1 7+ 0. 5 7d 1 8 \textO\textwater 1 5° \textC:d 1 8 \textO\textostracod = - 0. 4 8+ 0. 6d 1 8 \textO\textwater 1 9° \textC:d 1 8 \textO\textostracod = - 1. 6+ 0. 6d 1 8 \textO\textwater \begin{array}{*{20}c} { 10^\circ {\text{C}}:\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{ostracod}} = 1. 1 7+ 0. 5 7\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{water}} } \\ { 1 5^\circ {\text{C}}:\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{ostracod}} = - 0. 4 8+ 0. 6\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{water}} } \\ { 1 9^\circ {\text{C}}:\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{ostracod}} = - 1. 6+ 0. 6\delta^{ 1 8} {\text{O}}_{\text{water}} } \\ \end{array} The fractionation factors (α) are slightly lower for the 15 and 19°C cultures, but slightly higher for the 10°C culture, as compared to inorganic carbonates
(O’Neil et al. in J Chem Phys 51:5547–5558, 1969). The oxygen fractionation factors of E. mareotica are very close to those of synthetic calcite formed in isotopic equilibrium. The ‘vital offsets’ of valve-δ18O for E. mareotica is so small that we can neglect its effect when using the δ18O of E. mareotica living in lake waters with high pH and salinity to reconstruct the paleoenvironment. The paleotemperature or paleoisotopic
composition of lake water interpreted from a core of lacustrine sediment may be closer to the true values when the δ18O data for E. mareotica are used. 相似文献