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2022年8月23日德昌县乐跃镇群英村王家坡沟暴发群发性泥石流灾害,导致群英村至太平村的乡道严重堵塞,乡道两侧的耕地及经济作物大面积受毁。为揭示此次群发性泥石流的发育规律,本文结合实地调查和遥感影像对王家坡泥石流的形成机制、动力学特征进行综合研究。研究结果表明：此次泥石流在短历时强降雨情况下,坡面入渗迅速形成地表径流聚集于沟道,水流沿程掏蚀、侧蚀沟道岸坡形成大量的沟道松散固体物质,泥石流规模呈放大趋势冲出沟口形成泥石流灾害。该泥石流沟松散堆积物动储量为1.21×104m3,主要分为沟道物源、崩滑物源、侵蚀物源3种物源类型,其中沟道物源占比最大;最后计算了不同暴雨频率条件下泥石流的流量以及冲击力,为王家坡泥石流灾害防治提供可靠的数据和相应的防治措施。 相似文献
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泥石流运动过程伴随着剧烈的侵蚀,导致其洪峰流量增加、规模增大、破坏性增强。本文通过对2016年8月12日北京市密云区龙潭沟景区曹庄子沟泥石流为例,通过野外调查和地形扫描分析了该场泥石流的动力侵蚀过程。结果表明:激发该场泥石流的降雨重现期达到20年一遇,为典型短历时、高强度降雨;泥石流体中缺乏粘性颗粒,主要以砂粒为主,但容重达到粘性泥石流标准,为典型高容重、低粘度泥石流体。泥石流侵蚀作用一开始并不剧烈,但随着泥石流运动,这种侵蚀作用增强,导致沟道侵蚀深度增加;沟道中弯道处和地形急变段受到泥石流侵蚀作用最为剧烈,尤其是地形急变段对泥石流的侵蚀作用具有加强效应;侵蚀率与流速同步变化,并且与泥石流体所产生的剪切力呈正相关关系。林木能够降低泥石流流速,消耗泥石流动能,进而减小泥石流破坏性。由于天然条件下的泥石流侵蚀过程研究较少,本文中侵蚀率与地形变化的关系以及泥石流体剪切力的正相关关系为泥石流防治规划设计和该类泥石流的预测预报提供了案例和思路。 相似文献
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冰碛补给型泥石流是发育在高海拔冰缘山区的一种特殊灾害地貌过程,以其物源"非粗化层"和不同粒径土体同时启动的特点区别于一般水力类泥石流。冰碛土作为该类泥石流主要的启动物源,具有储量丰富、集中分布、地貌部位高的特点。发育于贡嘎山东坡的小河子沟是典型的高地貌部位冰碛补给型泥石流,其物源汇集过程可分为以下3个阶段:沟道汇集阶段、土体粗化阶段和循环冻融阶段。这类泥石流的启动主要受前期持续降雨加短时强降雨激发,启动后具有放大效应显著、致灾能力强的特点。本文以小河子沟泥石流为例,提出了高地貌部位冰碛补给型泥石流的启动机制,研究成果将在此类泥石流防治及风险控制方面提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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汶川地震极震区泥石流物源动储量统计方法讨论 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文总结了汶川地震灾区泥石流物源的主要类型,即：滑坡堵沟型物源、崩塌覆盖型物源、碎屑坡积型物源。根据三类物源参与泥石流活动的特点,建立了泥石流动储量的启动地质模式,沟谷下切侵蚀堵溃式和沟谷侧缘侵蚀滑坍式。在此基础上,选择地震灾区44处泥石流为样本,采用数学统计方法获得了总物源量与动储量的相关性,基本呈线性关系。总物源量为50×104m3以内时,动储量可达到15%;总物源量为100×104m3以内时,动储量可达到30%;总物源量为200×104m3以内时,动储量可达到37%;总物源量超过300×104m3时,动储量可超过40%。根据动储量的启动地质模式,本文还提供了计算单体动储量的图解法。 相似文献
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与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。 相似文献
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以取自泥石流易发区的182个砾石土土样为基础,进行室内颗分试验,通过分形理论计算各土样的分维值,经计算发现,泥石流源区砾石土以一重分形为主,一重分形的土样占样本总数的88.46%,一重分形土样的分维值介于2.250～2.798之间;以此数据为基础配置土样,通过自制、可控的常水头试验装置进行渗透试验。试验结果表明,渗透系数k与分维值D之间有极显著的相关性,且在干密度为1.8 g/cm3时相关性最好。通过多元回归分析发现,不同密度条件下,k与D之间均有较好的幂函数关系;相同的分维值条件下土样的渗透系数随密度的增大呈减小的趋势,分维值在2.450～2.600之间时,样本的干密度 与渗透系数k之间的幂函数关系较为明显。试验结果可以为泥石流启动的临界雨量研究提供理论基础,提高已有预报模型的普适性及精度。 相似文献
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The occurrence of debris flow from channel-bed failure is occasionally noted in small and steeply sloping watersheds where channelized water flow dominates debris flow initiation. On August 12, 2016, a debris flow from channel-bed failures occurred in the Caozhuangzi Watershed of the Longtan Basin, Miyun, Beijing. Rainfall records over 10-min intervals and field investigations including channel morphology measurements were used to study the triggering conditions and erosion process. The results indicated that the occurrence of this event lagged the peak 10-min rainfall interval and that the cumulative rainfall prior to the occurrence time played an important role in its formation. A mean 10-min rainfall intensity–duration expression in the form of I10?=?5.0?×?D?0.21, where I10 denotes the mean 10-min rainfall intensity and D is the rainfall duration ranging from 10 to 60 h, was proposed. The debris flows have low proportions of grain size fractions <?0.1 mm and higher fractions of grains 0.1–2 mm in size, indicating that the flow had low viscosity and was coarse-grain dominated. Channel morphology analysis revealed that abrupt changes in topography in the study area, including a steep section, a concave stream bank area, and a partial concave stream section were eroded more extensively than other sites. The maximum sediment erosion volume and erosion depth were not proportional to the variation in stream gradient. Consideration of the degree of erosion in the channel at sites with abrupt morphology changes, the maximum sediment erosion volume, and the erosion depth and volume at the initial channel site and downstream region of forest area together showed that the prime factor controlling erosion was entrained sediment volume. This work, thus, provides a case study regarding the triggering conditions of runoff-triggered debris flows and the topographical changes by debris flow erosion. 相似文献
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降雨对堆积土的径流冲刷和入渗软化,是引发泥石流的关键因素。选取甘肃张掖泥石流现场堆积土为研究对象,借助人工模拟降雨试验,研究100 mm·h-1的降水强度下表面喷洒SH固土剂的泥石流堆积土的抗雨蚀性能。试验结果表明,未喷SH固土剂的堆积土,表面雨蚀严重,形成数条冲刷沟,且伴有大量泥沙流失;喷洒SH固土剂后,SH固土剂与表层土颗粒胶结形成高强黏结性的塑性胶膜,堆积土表面无明显冲痕,冲刷量少,抗雨蚀性能强;随SH固土剂喷量增加,固化土的抗雨蚀性能先增大后趋稳定;SH固土剂与粉土和砂土颗粒形成结构稳定的"镶嵌式"土膜混合层,整体上优于碎石土"漂浮式"土膜混合层的抗雨蚀性能;SH固土剂喷量和堆积土土质类型共同影响着固化土抗雨蚀性能。综合考虑费用、抗雨蚀效果等因素,建议对粉土和砂土类的堆积土,SH固土剂喷洒量为1.0 kg·m-2,对碎石土类,应适当增加喷洒量。 相似文献
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泥石流堆积物作为泥石流发育最终的产物,含有大量与泥石流发生过程和发育特征相关的信息,能够反映泥石流灾害程度和活动强度。研究表明,泥石流堆积物颗粒具有明显的自相似性和无标度区间,运用分形理论,计算泥石流堆积物颗粒分布的分维数。分析分维数与主沟长度、泥砂补给段长度比、主沟平均比降、流域最大相对高差和松散物源量的关系,结果表明分维数与各因素之间存在较强的非线性响应关系。以乌东德库区泥石流实测数据为例,以上述的5个因素作为输入单元,建立了泥石流堆积物分维数支持向量机预测模型,并对分维数进行了预测,其预测结果的最大误差为1.25%,说明预测值与实测值吻合度较高。综合表明支持向量机预测模型能够较好地模拟和泛化数据,是一种行之有效的泥石流堆积物分形维数预测方法,可用于不具备筛析条件的泥石流堆积物粒度分布特征的预测与研究,进而可为研究泥石流的形成机理、类型、危险度和堆积物的形成演化特征及物理力学性质提供一个新思路。 相似文献
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The formation of runoff-generated debris flow in Southwestern of China: take Gangou as an example 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In the mountain area of Southwestern China, there are large quantities of runoff-generated debris flows that are threatening the local people and facilities seriously. Gangou is a typical runoff-generated debris flow; its source is old deposit from floods and the debris flows downstream of the channel. On June 30, 2005, Gangou occurred debris flow, the debris flow destroying the road, the communications facilities and the farmland at the gully mouth. Unlike the formation mechanisms of other debris flows, the formation of 2005 debris flow in Gangou has its distinctive characteristics as follows. (1) The supply of the loose sources is intensive and distribute near the mouth of the gully; it is rare to see any debris flow initiate at such a lower location. (2) The debris flow finishes its initiation, flow and deposition around the 700-m-long channel, accompanied with the blocking process in the gully when the debris flow ran out; however, 10 min later, it releases and amplifies the peak flow about three times. (3) The topographic condition of the basin does not contribute much to the formation of the 2005 debris flow; instead, its formation is the result of the co-effort of continuous rainfall and a short-time heavy rainfall. In other words, the previous cumulative precipitation enables the moisture content of the soil on the right bank of the gully to reach saturation; then the soil slides into the channel under the action of the heavy rainfall at a later time. Meanwhile, the heavy rainfall accelerates the formation of gully run-off and initiates the loose mass in the channel from slide, thus forming the debris flow. 相似文献
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人工降雨条件下冲沟型泥石流起动试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
下垫面以位于贡嘎山东坡的熊家沟为模型,开展了不同降雨强度条件下冲沟型泥石流起动的模拟试验,初步研究了冲沟型泥石流的形成机理和演化特征.试验研究表明:(1)在强降雨条件下,水体入渗速度、不同深度土体含水量变化与降雨强度呈反比例关系,降雨强度越大,越不利于水体入渗,而有利于坡面汇流、冲沟径流和下切侵蚀; (2)在强降雨和径流条件下,土体破坏方式、破坏程度以及泥石流形成机理表现出差异性.相对较小雨强降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以滑坡为主,泥石流形成模式表现为滑坡液化与转化起动,雨强较大降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以侵蚀垮塌为主,泥石流形成模式为洪流席卷垮塌体和沟床揭底; (3)起动试验中泥石流阵性特征明显.在强降雨条件下,雨强与泥石流的规模、黏度之间没有正相关性,雨强越大,泥石流黏度越小,试验中多出现的是高含砂洪流,而相对较小雨强作用下由土体液化转化形成的泥石流黏度较大.试验现象和结果与熊家沟泥石流起动、发生过程具有较高的一致性. 相似文献
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2008年“5·12”汶川地震极大地改变了震区泥石流的特征,不仅增强了泥石流的活动性,同时也使得震区在相当长的时间内都要面临泥石流的威胁。本文基于前人大量的研究成果,并利用遥感解译结合现场调查等手段,分析了汶川县泥石流沟道纵坡降、沟壑密度、两岸坡度等基本发育特征;进而分析了地震前后汶川县降雨分布及泥石流相关降雨参数变化特征。结果显示,流域内泥石流沟的沟壑密度在0.2~4之间,属于微度土壤侵蚀区域,泥石流的沟床纵坡降偏大,有利于泥石流的发生;泥石流流域内斜坡坡度多为30°~40°,有利于灾害的发生;震后汶川县年均降雨量增加了5.17%,降雨多集中在7~9月份,降雨量由南及北逐渐降低;震后泥石流的降雨阈值在2008~2013年呈现缓慢回升的趋势,但2019年又有所下降,预计恢复到震前水平尚需要一定时间;同时震后汶川县泥石流物源丰富,震后物源量呈现“震荡式衰减”的演化趋势,但体量仍然很大,对泥石流仍需坚持监测预警工作。 相似文献
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A channelized debris flow/flood generally originates from initial gully erosion by superficial runoff that evolves rapidly into massive erosion of the channel bed. Knowledge of the formation conditions of such events is crucial for accurate forecasting, and determination of rainfall and runoff thresholds for such hazards is a primary concern following a strong earthquake. This work proposed a framework for debris flow/flood formation at the watershed scale in two watersheds (area: 2.4 and 32.4 km2) in the Wenchuan Earthquake area (China). The critical runoff and rainfall conditions required for debris flow/flood formation were simulated and their annual variations investigated. Ultimately, the runoff conditions required for debris flow/flood formation in the two studied watersheds were calculated on an annual basis and found to increase in time. Similarly, following consideration of three different rainfall types, critical rainfall conditions were proposed that also showed an increasing tendency. The increase of rainfall and runoff conditions for debris flow/flood formation is attributable to both the recovery of vegetation and the reduction of source materials. In comparison with actual monitored flow behaviors and previously proposed rainfall thresholds, the results showed strong consistency and high forecasting efficiency.
相似文献20.
The post-earthquake debris flows in the Wenjia Gully led to the exposure of the shortcomings in the design of the original conventional debris flow mitigation system. A predicament for the Wenjia mitigation system is a large amount of loose material (est. 50 × 106 m3) that has been deposited in the gully by the co-seismic landslide, providing abundant source material for debris flows under saturation. A novel design solution for the replacement mitigation system was proposed and constructed, and has exhibited excellent performance and resilience in subsequent debris flows. The design was governed by the three-phase philosophy of controlling water, sediment, and erosion. An Early Warning System (EWS) for debris flow that uses real-time field data was developed; it issues alerts based on the probabilistic and empirical correlations between rainfall and debris flows. This two-fold solution reduces energy of the debris flow by combining different mitigation measures while minimizing the impact through event forecasting and rapid public information sharing. Declines in the number and size of debris flows in the gully, with increased corresponding rainfall thresholds and mean rainfall intensity-duration (I-D) thresholds, indicate the high efficacy of the new mitigation system and a lowered debris flow susceptibility. This paper reports the design of the mitigation system and analyzes the characteristics of rainfall and debris flow events that occurred before and after implementation of the system; it evaluates the effectiveness of one of the most advanced debris flow mitigation systems in China. 相似文献