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1.
P. NEWMAN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1985,33(2):224-232
The success of signature deconvolution in optimizing both signal-to-noise ratio and time resolution in the seismic section depends critically upon obtaining an accurate estimate of the far-field source signature. Various deterministic estimation schemes have been proposed in recent years, most of which involve direct monitoring of source output within the water layer. As an alternative to elaborate and error-prone source monitoring schemes during data acquisition, a simple modification to any source array permits subsequent estimation of far-field signatures directly from reflected signal. The new method requires the inclusion within any chosen source array of a simple point source, the “reference” source. Initial experiments employed a water gun as the reference source, characterized by a concise implosive signature with peak-to-peak amplitude of approximately 2 bar·m within the seismic sprectrum. In operation the reference source is fired shortly before the main array (typically 2 s during initial trials) and the usual record length is extended by a similar amount. Each recorded trace then comprises two results: the subsurface response to the reference source signal followed by the response of the same subsurface to the main array. The disparities in source amplitudes and NMO differentials ensure that interference effects are negligible in the main recording. Time- or frequency-domain methods can be employed to extract the main array signature from the dual dataset or to invert this to some preferred wavelet simultaneously. As an additional benefit the reference source yields excellent high-resolution profiles of the shallow geology. 相似文献
2.
To specify intelligently a nondynamite source in a marine seismic data-collection system, it is important to use all known parameters of the system—source, receiver, and recording-system characteristics. A technique has been developed to design the far-field pressure pulse of an air-gun array by taking these parameters into account. Important source variables to consider are interaction among guns in the array and the depth of the array. Near-field pressure signatures of individual guns, which are relatively unaffected by boundaries, have been used to‘construct’the far-field pressure pulse of the array by considering these variables. Comparison between constructed pulses and measured far-field pulses shows substantial agreement. Streamer depth and recording-system bandpass should also be considered when designing an air-gun array. Comparison of far-field pressure pulses for several bandpasses clearly shows the importance of considering this variable; e.g., the initial pulse is severely attenuated when a high-cut filter is used. Likewise, an additional filtering effect due to the streamer's proximity to the surface should be taken into account. Design of an air-gun array using the principles just outlined are illustrated by an example. 相似文献
3.
4.
J. E. MARTIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1993,41(8):943-967
An experiment was undertaken at BP's Fulbeck Geophysical test site to compare the viability of various simultaneous vibroseis recording techniques, which are often recommended as a means of improving data acquisition production rates for 3D seismic surveys. Of particular interest were: (a) the ability to separate the signals from each source during processing, (b) the generation and suppression of harmonics and (c) the effects of any source interaction. Two vibrators were deployed with a baseplate separation of 10 m, about a borehole containing a vertical array of geophones. Our analysis concentrated on the groundforce signals measured at each vibrator and the far-field signatures measured using a vertical geo-phone at a depth of 204 m. By comparing single vibrator records with similar but separated records from a simultaneous recording sequence, signal separability, harmonic suppression and vibrator interaction could be fully studied. Separated far-field signatures from simultaneous vibroseis methods using combinations of up and downsweeps exhibited unsuppressed harmonics and substantial energy from the undesired source which leaked through the correlation process. The ‘up/down’ method was capable of separating the signal from each source by only 12.7 dB, and is therefore unsuitable as a field technique. The variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods studied afforded some harmonic suppression and gave signal separations of about 30.0 dB. Use of variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods will compromise the quality of the data recorded, when compared with single-source acquisition methods. None of the simultaneous vibroseis methods tested provided adequate signal separation and, therefore, cannot be recommended as data acquisition techniques. The ‘alternate sweeping’ method coupled with multispread recording will give the desired improvement in data acquisition rates, while preserving the necessary quality of our seismic data. 相似文献
5.
Based on the example of the strong earthquake of November 24, 1971, with the earthquake source near the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, the new modeling technique of the strong ground motions within the broadband is tested. In this technique, the seismologically-substantiated models of the radiation source and elastic medium are used. The source is represented by an array of point radiation sources-dislocations with the random seismic moments (amplitudes) and with the random time functions. The new method of calculation of the Green functions is developed to describe the propagation of waves and residual displacements of a layered medium. The method is used for the simulation of the horizontal ground motion, recorded by a S5S-ISO instrument for the strong earthquake that took place on November 24, 1971 with the source near the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii (with a depth of 105 km). The position of the hypocenter, the sizes and the position of the fault, and “fault mechanism” were considered to be known a priori. By a trial and error method of the duration of the source process and only two spectral parameters, it was possible to simulate successfully the fundamental characteristics of the ground vibrations: the amplitude of acceleration, the velocity and displacement of the ground, their Fourier spectrum, the duration of the vibrations, and the response spectrum. The surprisingly high level of high-frequency radiation, probably connected with the intraplate position of the source, is a specific feature of the source. 相似文献
6.
Improvements of corner frequency and scaling factor for stochastic finite-fault modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, three existing source spectral models for stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motion were reviewed.
These three models were used to calculate the far-field received energy at a site from a vertical fault and the mean spectral
ratio over 15 stations of the Northridge earthquake, and then compared. From the comparison, a necessary measure was observed
to maintain the far-field received energy independent of subfault size and avoid overestimation of the long-period spectral
level. Two improvements were made to one of the three models (i.e., the model based on dynamic corner frequency) as follows:
(i) a new method to compute the subfault corner frequency was proposed, where the subfault corner frequency is determined
based on a basic value calculated from the total seismic moment of the entire fault and an increment depending on the seismic
moment assigned to the subfault; and (ii) the difference of the radiation energy from each subfault was considered into the
scaling factor. The improved model was also compared with the unimproved model through the far-field received energy and the
mean spectral ratio. The comparison proves that the improved model allows the received energy to be more independent of subfault
size than the unimproved model, and decreases the overestimation degree of the long-period spectral amplitude. 相似文献
7.
根据汶川地震序列,选出距离合适、波形相关性较好的事件作为震源阵,联合永久台阵(那曲、和田台阵),进行震源阵与固定台阵组合研究,计算其台阵响应.结果表明,地震序列可以形成震源阵,按照地震台阵的特殊方法进行研究,可以提高信噪比,为揭示地下精细结构提供条件. 相似文献
8.
各向异性ATI介质剪切位错点源P波远场辐射 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
蔡晓刚 《CT理论与应用研究》2011,20(4):433-452
假设震源区为ATI介质,传播介质为全空间各向同性介质情况下,给出了剪切位错源P波远场辐射解析表达式,讨论了震源区各向异性对远场P波振幅和震源球的影响。结果表明,震源区裂隙密度,裂隙方位等参数的动态变化导致P波远场辐射花样也随之动态变化,同时也会造成非双力偶百分含量的动态变化。研究认为,在井中对中小地震的非双力偶机制进行... 相似文献
9.
为考查远场地震动的场地相关性并评价一些场地特性分析方法的适用性,采用不同方法对汶川地震山东省12个远场台站的强震记录进行了分析.选取台站分别位于按建筑抗震设计规范(CBC)场地划分中的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类场地上.地震动记录的分析方法包括傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比率法,参考点谱比率法,以及尾波分析等.结果表明,按傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比法计算得到的卓越周期均远大于台站场地的卓越周期,不同方法得到的结果之间也有较大差别,且主要反映长周期地震动的卓越频率;参考点谱比率法的结果未反映地震动的卓越周期,也与场地的卓越周期差别较大;对完整记录尾波分析所得的结果比较接近场地的卓越周期.希望本文能为考虑远场地震作用时设计谱的建立,以及场地特性估计时地震动分析方法的选取提供参考依据. 相似文献
10.
利用云南省宾川主动源基地周边10km范围内7个流动台站2017年2月气枪震源集中激发时段记录的气枪信号,使用干涉法计算了直接使用波形和将波形与参考台反褶积后的格林函数两种处理方法下气枪信号的走时变化。使用了气枪震源附近不同方位角的两个参考台的数据,以分析不同参考台对走时变化结果的影响。结果表明:反褶积能较为有效的压制气枪震源的时间、空间和频谱轻微不重复性导致的走时变化;反褶积能降低一些来源不明的伪走时变化;使用CKT2的数据反褶积的结果略优于CKT0,其可能原因是气枪阵列沿方位角的非均匀辐射。 相似文献
11.
12.
We improve two aspects of the modelling scheme for the simulation of electromagnetic radio waves, based on the Fourier pseudospectral method.
When there are large contrasts in the material properties, use of the standard algorithm (regular grid) causes a series of artefacts, as, for instance, ringing and acausal events. These problems, due to the non-locality of the differential operator, are solved by using the staggered Fourier method (staggered grid).
Realistic radiation patterns can be obtained from simple combinations of magnetic and electric sources. If the directivity pattern of the antenna is known, from either a finite-difference simulation or an analytic evaluation or an experimental characterization, it can then be simulated by a composite-source concept. This effective source is implemented in the modelling algorithm by means of a perturbation technique, which first computes the intensity and directional spectra of the single electromagnetic sources. Their location is optimized to obtain the best fit with a minimum number of sources. The approach is, in principle, valid for the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna. 相似文献
When there are large contrasts in the material properties, use of the standard algorithm (regular grid) causes a series of artefacts, as, for instance, ringing and acausal events. These problems, due to the non-locality of the differential operator, are solved by using the staggered Fourier method (staggered grid).
Realistic radiation patterns can be obtained from simple combinations of magnetic and electric sources. If the directivity pattern of the antenna is known, from either a finite-difference simulation or an analytic evaluation or an experimental characterization, it can then be simulated by a composite-source concept. This effective source is implemented in the modelling algorithm by means of a perturbation technique, which first computes the intensity and directional spectra of the single electromagnetic sources. Their location is optimized to obtain the best fit with a minimum number of sources. The approach is, in principle, valid for the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna. 相似文献
13.
A. F. Drennov V. I. Dzhurik S. P. Serebrennikov 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2008,2(1):59-69
Two methods are discussed for determining changes in ground displacement spectra and the velocity and acceleration spectra derived from these when recorded on solidly frozen bedrock (T < ?3°C) versus epicentral distance and energy class. The first of these methods characterizes the entire epicenter field of earthquakes, while the second aims at studying possible differences between spectra in different source zones. We have found the maximum spectral level as a function of epicentral distance and energy class. The calculated spectra are compared with the available records of large earthquakes. The manner in which near and comparatively small earthquakes can be used to find ground motion spectra is shown for solidly frozen bedrock for earthquakes as large as the 15–17 energy class, as well, determination of the differences between the spectra of seismic signals due to earthquakes occurring in different source zones is performed. The results can be used both directly and for the zonation and prediction of seismic hazard within the zone of solidly frozen rock, and also for the case where the temperature regime of the frozen rock has been changed or disturbed. 相似文献
14.
Introduction It has been known that each soil type responds differently when it is subjected to ground mo-tion from earthquakes. So, the study of local site effects on seismic ground motions is one of the most important goals of earthquake engineering. It is practical importance to develop methods for assessing the nature and potential of sediment amplification, especially when choosing the location and design of critical and essential facilities. At present, however, the method by which site … 相似文献
15.
Stochastic finite-fault simulations are effective for simulating ground motions and are widely used in engineering to determine the impacts of ground motion and develop relevant predictive equations. In this study, the source, path, and site amplification coefficient of western Sichuan Province, China, and stochastic finite-fault simulations were used to simulate the acceleration time series, Fourier amplitude spectra, and 5% damped response spectra of 28 strong-motion stations with rupture dist... 相似文献
16.
Attenuation of seismic waves, quantified by the seismic quality factor Q, holds important information for seismic interpretation, due to its sensitivity to rock and fluid properties. A recently published study of Q, based on surface seismic reflection data, used a modified spectral ratio approach (QVO), but both source and receiver responses were treated as isotropic, based on simple raypath arguments. Here, this assumption has been tested by computing apparent attenuation generated by frequency-dependent directivity of typical marine source and receiver arrays and acquisition geometries. Synthetic wavelet spectra were computed for reflected rays, summed over the first Fresnel zone, from the base of a single interval, 50–3000 m thick and velocity 2000 m/s, overlying a 2200 m/s half-space, and for offsets of 71–2071 m. The source and receiver geometry were those of an actual survey. The modelled spectra are clearly affected by directivity, most strongly because of surface ghosts. In general, the strong high-frequency component, produced by the array design, leads to apparently negative attenuation in individual reflection events, though this is dependent on offset and target depth. For shallow targets (less than 400–500 ms two-way traveltime (TWT) depth), apparent Q-values as extreme as ?50 to ?100 were obtained. For deeper target depths, the directivity effect is far smaller. The implications of the model study were tested on real data. QVO was applied to 20 true-spectrum-processed CMPs, in a shallow (405–730 ms TWT) and a deeper (1000–1300 ms TWT) interval, firstly using a measured far-field source signature (effectively isotropic), and secondly using computed directivity effects instead. Mean interval Q?1-values for the deeper interval, 0.029 ± 0.011 and 0.027 ± 0.018 for conventional and directional processing, respectively, suggested no directivity influence on attenuation estimation. For the shallow interval (despite poor spectral signal-to-noise ratios and hence scattered attenuation estimates), directional processing removed directivity-generated irregularities from the spectral ratios, resulting in an improvement from Q?1int = ?0.036 ± 0.130 to a realistic Q?1int = 0.012 ± 0.030: different at 94% confidence level. Equivalent Q-values are: for the deeper interval, 35 and 37 for conventional and directional processing, respectively, and ?28 and 86 for the shallow interval. These results support the conclusions of the model studies, i.e. that source/receiver directivity has a negligible effect except for shallow targets (e.g. TWT depth ≤ 500 ms) imaged with conventional acquisition geometry. In such cases directivity corrections to spectra are strongly recommended. 相似文献
17.
Influencing factors of seismic signals generated by un-tuned large volume airgun array in a land reservoir 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7 
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下载免费PDF全文 Meng Chen Wei Yang Weitao Wang Baoshan Wang Hongkui Ge Li Chen Yansheng Ding Jiyan Qiao Yong Chen 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(4):365-376
Un-tuned large volume airgun array in a water reservoir is recently proposed as a new way to generate seismic waves on land. It can be used to explore the earth velocity structure and its temporal variations as well. However, the characteristics of seismic signals (especially far-field signals) from an airgun array in a reservoir and its affecting factors (firing pressure, airgun towing depth, water level of the reservoir, etc.) has not been adequately studied. We analyzed the seismic data collected from field experiments at Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station in 2011 and 2013 and found that (1) The similarity of seismic signals decrease with distance, which is most likely induced by the decay of signal amplitude and signal to noise ratio (SNR); (2) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are almost linearly proportional to the firing pressure; (3) The towing depth of airgun has less effects on the far-field signals; (4) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are proportional to the water level of the reservoir. 相似文献
18.
本文应用位错模型地震震源波谱理论和观测资料,论证了远场体波质点位移或速度最大值（地震震级）决定于彼此独立的两个震源动力学参数地震矩M0和体波波谱特征频率f0。因此,仅以地震矩表征地震强度或仅以断层尺度（体波波谱特征频率）分类地震大小,只在另一个震源参数保持为常数时才有可能。体波波谱特征频率携带着震源体波脉冲持续时间的信息。据此,探讨了地震震级的物理含义。 相似文献
19.
L. Sirovich 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1997,16(6):353-362
Recent tests on a series of earthquakes in California and Nevada suggest that in some regions the approximate shapes of the territories with equal earthquake-induced damage (expressed in terms of macroseismic intensity) could be synthetically traced out with a simple formula. This formula takes into account some gross features of the source: depth and length, unilateral or bilateral rupture, radiation patterns, rupture velocity, and directivity. Having been formulated on an empirical basis, the formula is however compatible with the so-called asymptotic approach, in which the far-field component of the Green's function is used. This paper presents the synthetic isoseismals of the earthquakes at Cedar Mountain, Nevada, 1932; Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley, Nevada, 1954; and Coalinga, California, 1983. An overall consistency, from acceptable to remarkable, between the observed intensity patterns and the synthetically back-predicted intensity has been obtained for them. Where the detailed modelling techniques available today are inapplicable, due to insufficient information on the features of the seismic sources, or to save time and money, the new formula may be utilizable for improving seismic hazard calculations.The formula was also used inversely for back-predicting geometric-kinematic parameters of the Coalinga 1983 earthquake from macroseismic maps. This gave characteristics for its source which are in good agreement with the majority of data inferred from modelling and from analyzing modern instrumental recordings. This striking result opens new perspectives in retrieving information on the source of ancient earthquakes for which only macroseismic information is available. 相似文献
20.
利用中、小容量气枪组成的立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源和海底地震仪(OBS)在我国北部浅海海域开展了人工地震深部地球物理探测试验.基于水深条件和压制水体虚反射、提升低频能量的需要,使气枪震源有足够的输出能量和高品质子波特性,研究了立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源工作机理,经远场子波理论模拟优选了组合参数并进行了海上试验工作.结果表明,中、小容量气枪组成的立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源,适应了浅水海域的激发环境,降低了由虚反射造成的局部陷波和干扰作用,有效地改善了OBS信号的品质,获得了Ps,Pg,PmP,Pn等多种震相.创新了由中、小容量气枪组成的立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源在浅海区OBS探测中的应用,也填补了南黄海海域深地震探测数据的空白,为南黄海、渤海深部地壳结构研究及含油气盆地形成演化研究提供了重要的基础资料. 相似文献